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Topic: Clostridia

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	Medmicro Chapter 18
		Clostridia are strictly anaerobic to aerotolerant sporeforming bacilli found in soil as well as in normal intestinal flora of man and animals.
		Clostridia are ubiquitous in the soil and in the normal microbial flora of humans and animals.
		Many clostridia are transient or permanent members of the normal flora of the human skin and the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and animals.
	gsbs.utmb.edu /microbook/ch018.htm (9599 words)

	Tetanus and Botulism
		Most clostridia will not grow under aerobic conditions and vegetative cells are killed by exposure to O2, but their spores are able to survive long periods of exposure to air.
		The clostridia are ancient organisms that live in virtually all of the anaerobic habitats of nature where organic compounds are present, including soils, aquatic sediments and the intestinal tracts of animals.
		Clostridia are able to ferment a wide variety of organic compounds.
	www.tjclarkinc.com /bacterial_diseases/tetanus_and_botulism.htm (2601 words)

	Understanding Silage Fermentation
		Clostridia bacteria are also on the forage when it is mowed and are put in the silo with the forage.
		Clostridia bacteria consume forage carbohydrates, forage proteins, and lactic acid as their energy source and excrete butyric acid.
		Situations that might benefit clostridia growth are insufficient forage carbohydrate levels (rain while forage is wilting, extended respiration period due to poor packing, seepage due to excessive forage moisture) to complete the fermentation process and/or low lactobacillus bacteria levels.
	www.forages.psu.edu /topics/hay_silage/preservation/silage_preserv (339 words)

	EPA: Clostridium acetobutylicum Final Risk Assessment - Biotechnology Program Under Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)
		However, McNeil and Kristiansen (1986) stated that the taxonomy of solventogenic clostridia based on end product analysis is an unreliable means of species classification because solvent production is a highly variable trait (George et al., 1983), and solvent production can change or be manipulated depending on the composition of the fermentation medium.
		However, other closely related solventogenic, nontoxigenic clostridia have acquired the abilityto produce botulism toxin types E and F. There are three cases of infant botulism which were caused by a strain of C.
		Lipid composition in the classification of the butyric acid-producing clostridia.
	www.epa.gov /docs/opptintr/biotech/pubs/fra/fra003.htm (4903 words)

	Chapter 17
		Principal emphasis was placed on isolation and identification of Clostridia since these organisms, in addition to their classical role in gas gangrene, offer a potential source of toxins which may contribute to the development of secondary shock and to the kidney damage connected with posttraumatic anuria.
		Clostridia were isolated in 67 percent of the tissue specimens.
		The Clostridia found in the three environmental areas (skin, clothing, and soil) presented data of interest when it was compared with the flora isolated in wounds shortly after injury.
	history.amedd.army.mil /booksdocs/korea/Vol3-BattleCasualties/Chap17.htm (4266 words)

	Clostridium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Clostridia cause disease primarily through the production of numerous exotoxins.
		Clostridia employ butyric fermentation pathways to generate energy and, as a result, often produce a foul odor.
		The clostridia are ubiquitous in the soil and some are part of the normal human flora.
	www.cehs.siu.edu /fix/medmicro/clost.htm (808 words)

	Chapter 19
		Clostridia were never isolated from the remaining wound (Patient 10).
		The rich aerobic and anaerobic flora demonstrated in most wounds confirmed the results of similar studies since World War I. The absence of clostridia in two-thirds of cultures taken subsequent to initial surgery suggests that the present methods of débridement devitalized tissue are important factors in reducing the bacterial flora.
		Pathogenic and nonpathogenic clostridia were isolated in 9 of 11 wounds at the time of initial surgery.
	history.amedd.army.mil /booksdocs/korea/Vol3-BattleCasualties/Chap19.htm (1364 words)

	THE MERCK MANUAL, Sec. 13, Ch. 157, Bacterial Diseases (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Clostridia are anaerobic, spore-forming, gram-positive bacilli found widely in dust, soil, vegetation, and the GI tracts of humans and animals.
		Clostridia may become pathogenic when the tissues show a lowered oxidation-reduction potential, a high lactate concentration, and a low pH.
		Wound exudate should be cultured for anaerobic and aerobic organisms; clostridia may be isolated in pure culture or associated with other anaerobes, aerobes, or both.
	www.merck.com /mrkshared/mmanual/section13/chapter157/157e.jsp (5115 words)

	Clostridial - Dairy Cattle Health Information
		The genus Clostridia comprises a variety of bacterial species that cause disease and death in cattle and sheep.
		Clostridia spores are commonly found in soil and are ingested preformed in animal feed.
		Clostridia enter the organism through wounds of the skin, damaged mucosal surfaces, or galactogenically.
	www.productionvalues.us /ProductionValues/dairy_info/clostridial/clostridial_info.html (220 words)

	Are you treating your patients for GI Clostridia overgrowth or beneficial bacteria and for eating blueberries and other ...
		Gonthier et al (1) identified the metabolite DHPPA reported as a Clostridia indicator by Metametrix to be a byproduct of chlorogenic acid, a common substance found in beverages and in many fruits and vegetables including apples, pears, tea, coffee, sunflower seeds, carrots, blueberries, cherries, potatoes, tomatoes, eggplant, sweet potatoes, and peaches.
		As a result of this testing, antibiotics such as vancomycin or metronidazole may have been used to treat a nonexistent Clostridia overgrowth when they may only be “suffering” from eating fruits, vegetables, sunflower seeds, or drinking coffee and wine.
		Physicians using the so-called “Clostridia marker” of these laboratories are really killing off the beneficial gut flora and/or fighting an overdose of fruits and vegetables.
	www.greatplainslaboratory.com /newevidence/Clostridiametabolite.html (1011 words)

	eMedicine - Gas Gangrene : Article Excerpt by: Hoi Ho, MD
		Clostridia have been isolated from the mucous membranes of humans, including the GI tract and the female genital tract.
		Clostridia also may colonize the skin, especially around the perineum.
		Clostridia are obligate anaerobes, but some species are relatively aerotolerant.
	www.emedicine.com /med/byname/gas-gangrene.htm (500 words)

	University of Wisconsin - Madison, Veterinary Mycology
		Clostridia species are very large Gram positive rods.
		On blood agar at 24 hours, most clostridia produce flat, gray, spreading colonies somewhat resembling those of Bacillus sp.
		In thioglycolate, it grows almost throughout the tube since it is the most aero-tolerant of the clostridia.
	www.vetmed.wisc.edu /pbs/courses/bact/labmanual/aclos.html (81 words)

	SLUDGE STUDY SETTLES ON NO AIRBORNE PATHOGENS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		His lab analyzed the samples for salmonella, fecal coliforms, viruses, and sludge indicators called hydrogen sulfide producers and clostridia, but no significant amounts of any of those pathogens were found.
		Since sludges have gone through a heat digestion process, the clostridia originating from sludges are heat tolerant.
		So, by comparing the genetic fingerprint of airborne heat tolerant clostridia with that of the clostridia isolated directly from the sludges and surrounding soils, it is possible to identify the sources of airborne clostridia, according to Pillai.
	agnews.tamu.edu /stories/PATH/sludge.htm (864 words)

	Anaerobic Nitrogen-Fixing Consortia Consisting of Clostridia Isolated from Gramineous Plants -- Minamisawa et al. 70 ...
		induced nitrogen fixation of the clostridia in culture.
		fixation of clostridia with nondiazotrophs and culture filtrate.
		clostridia, which is seemingly suitable to their life in plants.
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/70/5/3096 (2970 words)

	Vaccine Against Clostridia in Swans Shows Promise. The Royal Windsor Web Site.com
		Clostridia titre testing was conducted by Pfizer Animal Health to determine the levels of clostridial antibodies in swans inoculated with Pfizer,s Ultrabac CD® vaccine.
		Botulism, tetanus and gas gangrene are diseases caused by a family of microbes known as clostridia.
		Gas gangrene is caused by a bacterium known as Clostridia perfringens.
	www.thamesweb.co.uk /swans/swan_projectPR02.htm (824 words)

	Expert: Food Microbiology, Toxicology, Preservation, and Spoilage; Yeasts; Clostridia; Botulinum Toxin Expert
		Professor Expert's primary area of research is the study of botulinum toxin in the gram-positive pathogen Clostridium botulinum.
		Botulinum neurotoxin is produced in foods, in wounds, and in the intestine of susceptible infants and adults.
		Botulinum neurotoxins are produced by certain strains of clostridia.
	www.intota.com /viewbio.asp?bioID=604231&perID=715577 (979 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: The Ability of Acidic Ph, Growth Inhibitors and Glucose to Increase the Proton Motive Force ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Clostridia ferment amino acids, produce ammonia and increase silage pH.
		Amino acid fermenting clostridia were isolated from fresh alfalfa, fresh corn, and silages, and all of them could ferment amino acids at acidic pH values.
		Our experiments indicated that the clostridia took up amino acids, produced ammonia and grew even if they did not have a membrane potential.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/Publications.htm?seq_no_115=175822 (424 words)

	Clostridia \| Clostridium \| Nottingham University \| Nigel Minton
		Thanks to EU and the Marie Curie Actions programme, funding has been awarded to hold a series of 6 conferences and 4 workshops over the next 3 years focused on the genus Clostridium.
		The programme will initiate with a general conference on the ‘Molecular Biology and Pathogenesis of Clostridia’ in Nottingham, in the UK.
		This will encompass the cutting edge developments made on an international scale in recent years throughout all clostridial pathogens, and set the scene for the specific conferences to come.
	www.clostridia.net (135 words)

	BD - Diagnostic Systems: Lecithin Lactose Agar
		Lecithin Lactose Agar is recommended for the isolation and differentiation of histotoxic clostridia from clinical specimens.
		In order to further refine the growth-promoting and selective properties, Ellner and O’Donnell developed the formulation, designated as Lecithin Lactose Agar in which a decreased concentration of neomycin was employed and to which sodium azide was added.
		This medium continues to be an important one for visualizing and characterizing the histotoxic clostridia.
	www.bd.com /ds/productCenter/221858.asp (794 words)

	Clostridia
		Clostridia are group of anaerobic, spore-forming organisms found in the soil/environment, which produce rapidly fatal disease by secretion of potent toxins.
		Conditions such as botulism, flleg, bacillary haemoglobinuria, malignant oedema and tetanus are all caused by clostridia.
		Botulism is a lethal food poisoning in cattle caused by eating material that contains Clostridium botulinum toxins.
	www.organic-vet.reading.ac.uk /Cattleweb/disease/clostr/clostr.htm (684 words)

	Use of preferentially replicating bacteria for the treatment of cancer -- Sznol et al. 105 (8): 1027 -- Journal of ...
		Clostridia spores were abandoned, but, in the past several years,
		Thiele, E.H., Arison, R.N., and Boxer, G.E. Oncolysis by Clostridia.
		Effects of Clostridia and chemotherapeutic agents on rodent tumors.
	www.jci.org /cgi/content/full/105/8/1027 (2381 words)

	[No title]
		Furthermore, clostridia are more susceptible to a low availability of water (i.e.
		Finally, clostridia will also be inhibited by nitrite and NO or compounds that are degraded in silage to nitrite and NO (Spoelstra 1983; 1985).
		Nevertheless, they can easily be distinguished from clostridia due to the fact that they are (facultative) aerobes, whereas all clostridia are obligate anaerobes (Claus and Berkeley 1986; Cato et al.
	www.fao.org /WAICENT/FAOINFO/AGRICULT/AGP/AGPC/gp/SILAGE/TEXT/Paper2.txt (5785 words)

	Rare Bacteria Claims Life Of Area Teen (Indiana) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The bacteria that caused Backlund's death was determined to be clostridia septicum, also known as gangrene.
		In the US: Clostridia species are ubiquitous and widely distributed in the soil, especially in cultivated land.
		A lot of the clostridia family are everywhere, like anthrax, particularly around farm animals.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/1260432/posts (2002 words)

	Wiley::Clostridia: Biotechnology and Medical Applications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Furthermore, even these have since become valuable tools in the treatment of severe diseases.
		Clostridia belong to the avant-garde of biotechnologically important microbes.
		This book will correct the misconception of generally "bad" clostridia by providing a comprehensive and up-to-date overview, while also detailing applications of these bacteria, whether already in use or soon to be introduced in the fields of biotechnology and medicine.
	www.wiley.com /WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-3527301755,descCd-description.html?print=true (197 words)

	stubborn clostridia - ACN Forums
		In addition, he has had elevated markers for yeast continuously (though these markers seem to change), despite a trial with nystatin and now some pleo homeopathic remedies.
		Dear Phyl: Deeply colonized clostridia must be treated vigorously as it is very serious, interfering with normal brain chemistry.
		After you get the clostridia defeated, you may also need a systemic anti-fungal for the yeast, and my favorite and very safe one is Diflucan 4/mg/Kg/day for three weeks.
	www.latitudes.org /forums/index.php?showtopic=202&view=new (582 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: Inhibition of Non-Proteolytic Psychrotophic Clostridia and Anaerobic Sporeformers by Sodium ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Publication request: Inhibition of Non-Proteolytic Psychrotophic Clostridia and Anaerobic Sporeformers by Sodium Diacetate and Sodium Lactate in Cook-in-Bag Turkey Breast
		Citation: Meyer, J.D., Cerveny, J.G., Luchansky, J.B. Inhibition of Non-Proteolytic Psychrotophic Clostridia and Anaerobic Sporeformers by Sodium Diacetate and Sodium Lactate in Cook-in-Bag Turkey Breast.
		Because refrigeration is the primary antimicrobial barrier, undesirable microbes, such as clostridia, capable of fgrowth at low temperatures in vacuum-packaged foods are often implicated i the spoilage of such products.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=129804 (463 words)

	Pseudomembranous colitis: isolation of two species of cytotoxic clostridia and successful treatment with vancomycin -- ...
		Pseudomembranous colitis: isolation of two species of cytotoxic clostridia and successful treatment with vancomycin -- Marrie et al.
		Pseudomembranous colitis: isolation of two species of cytotoxic clostridia and successful treatment with vancomycin
		Treatment with vancomycin, to which all the clostridia were
	www.ecmaj.com /cgi/content/abstract/119/9/1058 (215 words)

	Handbook on Clostridia, edited by Peter Duerre
		Handbook on Clostridia takes a global approach by presenting information on both Clostridia of biotechnological importance and Clostridia of medical importance.
		Handbook on Clostridia provides a comprehensive resource on the complete field of Clostridium, and serves as a compilation of critical reviews on the advantages of using Clostridia for new medical and biotechnological applications.
		Ecology and activity of clostridia in the intestine of mammals
	www.chipsbooks.com /hbclost.htm (183 words)

	Amazon.com: Clostridia-Biotechnology and Medical Applications: Books: Hubert Bahl,Peter Dürre (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In the public, bacteria of the genus Clostridium are often misconceived as being a biological threat and a foe to mankind.
		clostridial oncolysis, cpe gene, cpe expression, histotoxic infections, cpe plasmid, junction rearrangements, solventogenic clostridia, clostridial stage, botulinum toxin genes, cpe sequences, progenitor toxins, clostridial strains, spore stocks, plc gene, histopathologic damage, ganglioside binding, butanol production, perf ingens, solvent production, perfringens enterotoxin, nontoxic proteins, clostridial cytotoxins, perfringens type, clostridial species, pathogenicity locus
		The Clostridia and Biotechnology (Biotechnology) by D. Woods on 14 pages
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/3527301755?v=glance (740 words)

	Discussion Forum: Clostridia Bacteria from Vacination (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		He contracted a clostridia bacterial infection from an infected needle when the first vet gave him his shots.
		His prognosis was "fair" and the attending hospital vet said she never personally saw a horse survive this type of infection.
		In my discharge papers, the reaon for admittance is listed as "Clostridia infection from vacinations".
	www.aldf.org /forum/display_topic_threads.asp?ForumID=7&TopicID=881&PagePosition=1 (695 words)

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