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Topic: Clostridium botulinum

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	Clostridium botulinum - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Clostridium botulinum is a bacterium that produces the toxin botulin, the causative agent in botulism.
		Clostridium botulinum is also used to prepare Botox, used to selectively paralyze muscles to temporarily relieve wrinkles.
		Botulin toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum is often believed to be a potential bioweapon as it is so potent that it takes less that 1 microgram to kill a person.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Clostridium_botulinum (286 words)

	Botulin toxin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Botulinum (botulinus) toxin is the toxic compound produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum.
		In 1944, Edward Schantz cultured Clostridium botulinum and isolated the toxin, and, in 1949, Burgen's group discovered that botulinum toxin blocks neuromuscular transmission.
		Other uses of botulinum toxin type A that are widely known but not approved by FDA include urinary incontinence, anal fissure, spastic disorders associated with injury or disease of the central nervous system including trauma, stroke, multiple sclerosis, or cerebral palsy and focal dystonias affecting the limbs, face, jaw, or vocal cords.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Botulinum (1510 words)

	Medmicro Chapter 18
		Clostridium difficile is a major nosocomial pathogen that causes a spectrum of intestinal disease from uncomplicated antibiotic-associated diarrhea to severe, possibly fatal, antibiotic-associated colitis.
		Clostridium butyricum, C clostrdioforme, C innocuum, and C ramosum are isolated with some frequency from clinical specimens and may have an unrecognized clinical significance.
		Lyerly DM, Krivan HC, Wilkins TD: Clostridium difficile: Its disease and toxins.
	gsbs.utmb.edu /microbook/ch018.htm (9599 words)

	Clostridium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Clostridium tetani is the etiological agent of tetanus, Clostridium botulinum is the etiological agent of botulism, and Clostridium perfringens is one of the etiological agent of gas gangrene.
		Because clostridium spores can be airborne, they often find their way onto food that is going to be canned, which provides a pleasant anaerobic environment for the spores to germinate and release their toxin.
		Clostridium perfringens is one of several species of clostridia known to cause gas gangrene and is the causative agent in 95% of gas gangrene cases.
	biology.kenyon.edu /Microbial_Biorealm/bacteria/gram-positive/clostridium/clostridium.htm (1471 words)

	Disease Listing, Botulism, General Information \| CDC Bacterial, Mycotic Diseases
		Wound botulism is caused by toxin produced from a wound infected with Clostridium botulinum.
		Infant botulism is caused by consuming the spores of the botulinum bacteria, which then grow in the intestines and release toxin.
		Clostridium botulinum is the name of a group of bacteria commonly found in soil.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/botulism_g.htm (1084 words)

	CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM (PIM 858)
		Equine botulinum antitoxin is not used in infant botulism because of the potential risk of anaphylaxis, serum sickness, or the sensitization of the infant to horse antigen.
		Botulinum neurotoxin reaches nerve terminals at the neuromuscular junction, where it binds to the neuronal membrane, moves into the cytoplasm of the axon terminal, and acts to block excitatory synaptic transmission, leading to flaccid paralysis (Halpern and Neale, 1995).
		The parenteral median LD of botulinum toxin in monkeys and mice is 0.4ng/kg (Gill 1982).
	www.intox.org /databank/documents/bacteria/closbot/pim858.htm (7611 words)

	Clostridium botulinum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Clostridium botulinum is an anaerobic, Gram-positive, spore-forming rod that produces a potent neurotoxin.
		Botulinum toxin causes flaccid paralysis by blocking motor nerve terminals at the myoneural junction.
		botulinum, determination of the source of an outbreak is based on detection and identification of toxin in the food involved.
	www.food-micro.nl /Pathogenen/Bacteria/Clostridium_botulinum.htm (1504 words)

	Botulinus: Clostridium botulinum -- Description, Vector, Mechanism, Outbreak Notes, and so on...
		Clostridium botulinum is an anaerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium that is relatively large.
		Botulinus occur as both bacterium and spores in soils, in marine sediments, on the surfaces of fruits and vegetables, in the intestinal tracts of mammals and fish, and in the gills and vixcera of shellfish, such as crabs.
		This led to Van Ermengen's discovery in 1897 of the pathogen, Clostridium botulinum, that was responsible for the "sausage poison." The bacterium is called botulism (the Latin word for sausage is "botulus"), not because the bacterium is rod-shaped, but because of its association with poisonings caused by eating badly prepared sausages.
	www.tarakharper.com /b_botuln.htm (3249 words)

	FOOD POISONING IN DAIRY HERDS ASSOCIATED WITH CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM TYPE B
		Toxicological examinations were negative for botulinum toxins but Clostridium botulinum type B was isolated from the abomasum contents and from the liver of one animal.
		Clostridium botulinum type B was isolated from the abomasum and liver of one cow.
		The isolation of a large quantities of Clostridium botulinum type B from the rumen and faeces of diseased cows further strengthened the diagnosis.
	www.isrvma.org /article/56_3_4.htm (2318 words)

	Botulinum (BOTOX) Toxin Injection or BOTOX Therapy - neurologychannel
		Botulinum toxin injection therapy (also known as "BOTOXÂ® therapy") is used to treat dystonia—a neuromuscular disorder that produces involuntary muscle contractions, or spasm—that affects muscles that control movement in the eyes, neck, face, voice box, or the smooth muscle in the bladder.
		This potent neurotoxin is produced by Clostridium botulinum, a bacterium that causes food poisoning (botulism).
		Botulinum toxin therapy is a safe and effective treatment when given in very small amounts by a qualified neurologist.
	www.neurologychannel.com /botulinum/index.shtml (310 words)

	C. Botulinum bibliography by Guy Skinner, National Center for Food Safety & Technology
		Baird-Parker, A.C. and Baillie, M.A.H. The inhibition of Clostridium botulinum by nitrite and sodium chloride.
		Bakry, N., Kamata, Y., Simpson, L.L. Lectins from Triticum vulgaris and Limax flavus are universal antagonists of botulinum neurotoxin and tetanus toxin.
		Botulinum in the soil of the shores of Lake Balkash][RUSSIAN].
	www.ncfst.iit.edu /CBOT/cbotbibl.html (10136 words)

	Clostridium botulinum - Book Information
		Clostridium botulinum produces a neurotoxin which causes the severe, often fatal illness, botulism.
		As a spore-forming bacterium requiring anaerobic conditions for growth, C. botulinum is a potential hazard associated with a wide range of both ambient stable and chilled foods.
		Despite the knowledge and understanding accumulated about C. botulinum since 1897 when the organism was first isolated from a food responsible for a fatal botulism outbreak, foodborne botulism still occurs in countries all around the world.
	www.blackwellpublishing.com /book.asp?ref=0632055219 (355 words)

	Clostridium botulinum
		Clostridium botulinum is an obligate anaerobe and a gram-positive bacterium.
		botulinum and its spores are often found in all types of soils, in the sediments of many bodies of water, in the intestinal tracts of fish and animals, and in the gills and viscera of many types of shellfish.
		C. botulinum, its toxin, or both have been found in the bowel contents of several infants who have died suddenly and unexpectedly.
	www.arches.uga.edu /~gloxyl (689 words)

	safefood (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Clostridium botulinum are anaerobic, Gram-positive spore-forming rods, with the spores being very heat resistant.
		botulinum was present in the baked potatoes used for the salad.
		botulinum was the hazelnut puree used in the yogurt.
	www.safefood.net.au /content.cfm?sid=472 (929 words)

	eMedicine - Botulinum Toxin: Overview : Article by Divakara Kedlaya, MBBS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Botulinum toxin is broken into 7 neurotoxins (labeled as types A, B, C [C1, C2], D, E, F, and G), which are antigenically and serologically distinct but structurally similar.
		The botulinum toxin molecule is synthesized as a single chain (150 kd) and then cleaved to form the dichain molecule with a disulfide bridge (see Image 1).
		Botulinum toxin type B (MyoBloc) was approved by the FDA on December 8, 2000 for treatment of cervical dystonia to reduce the severity of abnormal head position and neck pain.
	www.emedicine.com /pmr/topic216.htm (3655 words)

	Preventing Foodborne Illness: Clostridium botulinum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		botulinum in the United States is rare, due to increasing knowledge and education in proper storage and handling of foods, the bacterium and its spores are ubiquitous and often unavoidable in nature.
		Clostridium botulinum is present in the water and soil, so potentially any food which comes into contact with such vectors presents a potential hazard.
		Clostridium botulinum spores are extremely heat resistant, so while cooking at proper temperatures would destroy most foodborne pathogens, it does not destroy C.
	edis.ifas.ufl.edu /FS104 (2903 words)

	Clostridium definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		Clostridium difficile is one of the most common causes of infection of the large bowel (the colon) in the US affecting millions of people yearly.
		Clostridium perfringens, also known as Clostridium welchii), this is the most common agent of gas gangrene and also causes food poisoning as well as a fulminant form of bowel disease called necrotizing colitis.
		Clostridium botulinum is the culprit responsible for the food poisoning and other problems associated with botulism.
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=6539 (383 words)

	4
		botulinum are identified by complete neutralization of their toxins by the homologous antitoxin; cross-neutralization by heterologous antitoxins does not occur or is minimal.
		botulinum is widely distributed in soils and in sediments of oceans and lakes.
		Clostridium botulinum in honey, syrups, and dry infant cereals.
	seafood.ucdavis.edu /haccp/compendium/chapt12.htm (1881 words)

	Clostridium
		Clostridium - Clostridia are anaerobic (meaning unable to grow in the presence of free oxygen), gram positive, spore-forming, bacteria.
		Clostridium botulinum - The organism that causes botulism is common in nature and is widely present in soils.
		The toxin produced by C. botulinum, the causative agent of botulism, is considered one of the most potent poisons known.
	www.avianbiotech.com /diseases/clostridium.htm (819 words)

	H:\MURIANAP\FS591I\LECT21\21LECT.SAM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		botulinum is an anaerobic spore-former, introduction of either cells or spores into a deep wound may result in growth of the organism and production of toxin.
		All 8 botulinum toxins are proteins and all, except for C2, exhibit neurotoxicity.
		These studies indicate that the actual mode or mechanism of the botulinal neurotoxins is the binding and cleavage of membrane proteins of synaptic vesicles that may be involved with fusion to neural membranes that would result in exocytosis of acetylcholine involved with neural transmission.
	www.okstate.edu /ag/fapc/fsw/cbot/cbotpm.htm (1838 words)

	Clostridium-- Biotechnology Encyclopedia
		Clostridium difficile, which can overgrow other bacteria in the gut during
		Clostridium perfringens, which gets into wounds, and is an important cause of gas gangrene.
		Van Ermengem and is commonly found in soil.
	www.pipelinedrugs.com /biotechnology_encyclopedia/clostridium.htm (200 words)

	CLOSTRIDIUM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Clostridium tetani is the bacterium that causes tetanus (lockjaw) in humans.
		Clostridium botulinum produces one of the most potent toxins in existence and the cause of the deadly botulism food poisoning.
		Clostridium difficile is a motile bacterium that can be part of the natural intestinal flora.
	medic.med.uth.tmc.edu /path/00001496.htm (587 words)

	Clostridium Botulinum
		Clostridium botulinum has eight different serotypes of neurotoxins (labelled A to H) although cases caused by type G have not yet been reported in humans.
		botulinum is able to grow in such various environments as animal feeds, carcasses of dead animals or invertebrates, and sediments in lakes or ponds.
		Such wildlife outbreaks, where the deaths of hundreds of thousands of wild ducks, for example, are commonly caused by the botulinum toxin types C and D. Botulism is the Latin word for sausage (botulus) named about 200 years ago after an outbreak in Europe was linked (no pun intended) to bad sausage and fish.
	www.innvista.com /health/microbes/bacteria/clbotu.htm (991 words)

	Clostridium botulinum
		botulinum is a Gram-positive, anaerobic spore-forming rod that produces one of the most potent toxins known.
		botulinum produces a powerful neurotoxin that prevents the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, thereby inhibiting muscle contraction and causing paralysis.
		The pathogenesis of wound botulism, the rarest form of botulism infection, is very similar to that of tetanus, except a different toxin is produced.
	microbes.historique.net /bot.html (379 words)

	FDA/CFSAN - BAM * Chapter 17 - Clostridium botulinum
		Clostridium botulinum is an anaerobic, rod-shaped sporeforming bacterium that produces a protein with characteristic neurotoxicity.
		botulinum from at least one of the selected colonies means that its population in relation to the mixed flora is probably low.
		Dilute sera 1:5 with sterile saline for mouse injection.
	vm.cfsan.fda.gov /~ebam/bam-17.html (8457 words)

	Purification of Fully Activated Clostridium botulinum Serotype B Toxin for Treatment of Patients with Dystonia -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Identification and characterization of functional subunits of Clostridium botulinum type A progenitor toxin involved in binding to intestinal microvilli and erythrocytes.
		Characterization of the genes encoding the botulinum neurotoxin complex in a strain of Clostridium botulinum producing type B and F neurotoxins.
		Molecular cloning of the Clostridium botulinum structural gene encoding the type B neurotoxin and determination of its entire nucleotide sequence.
	iai.asm.org /cgi/content/full/71/3/1599 (2587 words)

	Healthopedia.com - Botulism in Adults and Children (Food Poisoning)
		It is caused by a toxin, or poison, produced by the bacteria Clostridium botulinum.
		Botulinum toxins are among the most powerful poisons known.
		Botulism is caused by a toxin made by the Clostridium botulinum bacteria.
	www.healthopedia.com /botulism-in-adults-and-children (361 words)

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