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Topic: Clostridium difficile

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Clostridium

Pseudomembranous colitis

Diarrhoea

Antibiotic

Firmicutes

Metronidazole

Bacterium

Diarrhea

Gram positive

Ferrisburg, Vermont

7E7

Emre Belozoglu

Gastroenteritis

Nikolay Yakovlevich Sonin

Virus

	Clostridium difficile - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		difficile is a commensal bacterium of the human intestine in a minority of the population.
		Clostridium difficile overgrowth has been linked to use of broad-spectrum antibiotics such as cephalosporins and clindamycin, which are frequently used in hospital setting.
		"Clostridium difficile and the aetiology of pseudomembranous colitis".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Clostridium_difficile (1899 words)

	Clostridium difficile (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		difficile to flourish in the intestinal tract and produce a toxin that causes a watery diarrhea.
		difficile disease are characterized by frequent, foul smelling, watery stools.
		difficile diarrhea is confirmed by the presence of a toxin in a stool specimen.
	healthlink.mcw.edu /article/954992292.html (405 words)

	Clostridium difficile (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Clostridium difficile - introduction, pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control by Lori Hamm, Pharm.D. Clostridium difficile Infections - by John G. Bartlett, M.D. Probing the action of Clostridium difficile toxin B in Xenopus laevis oocytes - Medline articles.
		Clostridium difficile Toxin - from New York Presbyterian Hospital, The University Hospital of Colombia and Cornell.
		Clostridium difficile 8810 M - histological examination demonstrates focal necrosis of the superficial mucosal epithelium with an intense infiltration of neutrophils.
	www.genomelink.org /clostridium (913 words)

	Clostridium difficile - Information, Expert Epidemiology Services
		Clostridium difficile is a spore anaerobic gram-positive bacterium which is a normal part of the human gastrointestinal tract.
		Clostridium difficile manifests as a disease causing organism when other normal intestinal flora is diminished by the use of antibiotics, allowing Clostridium difficile to flourish.
		Clostridium difficile spores survive in the environment for up to 70 days and can be transmitted by direct spread from an infected surface.
	www.ehagroup.com /epidemiology/illnesses/clostridium-difficile.asp (337 words)

	Clostridium Difficile (C. Difficile or C. Diff) Infection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Clostridium difficile, or C. difficile (a gram-positive anaerobic bacterium), is now recognized as the major causative agent of colitis (inflammation of the colon) and diarrhea that may occur following antibiotic intake.
		Laboratory Diagnosis - The laboratory diagnosis of C. difficile infection is primarily related to the demonstration of C. difficile toxins in the stool of suspected patients.
		Since there is no correlation between levels of C. difficile toxins in the stool and severity of the disease, the results are reported simply as "positive" or "negative." However, time is a drawback of this assay since it requires 24 to 48 hours to read the results.
	www.aboutibs.org /Publications/CDifficile.html (1467 words)

	Clostridium difficile definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		Clostridium difficile: A bacterium that is one of the most common causes of infection of the large bowel (colon).
		In 2003 and 2004, C. difficile spread through hospitals in Quebec and Alberta and contributed to the deaths of 100 patients, mainly older patients, in one institution alone.
		Clostridium Difficile Colitis (Antibiotic-Associated Colitis, C. difficile colitis) - Clostridium difficile, or C. difficile colitis symptoms include severe diarrhea, abdominal pain, and deydration.
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=2760 (560 words)

	American Family Physician: Clostridium difficile—associated diarrhea
		Clostridium difficile infection is responsible for approximately 3 million cases of diarrhea and colitis annually in the United States.
		Clostridium and nearly all cases difficile is a gram-positive, spore-forming rod that is responsible for 15 to 20 percent of antibiotic-related cases of diarrhea of pseudomembranous colitis.
		Until recently, C. difficile infection was thought to result from an overgrowth of commensal organisms in the colon; however, studies have shown that fewer than 3 percent of adults carry this pathogen.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m3225/is_5_71/ai_n13783900 (1274 words)

	CPS: Position Statement: Inf.Dis.Imm.Comm.: Clostridium difficile - Pathogen or pest?
		Clostridium difficile is found frequently in the stool of children with antibiotic-associated diarrhea; however, its role as an etiological agent in children is controversial.
		The high frequency of C difficile and its toxins in the GI tract of healthy infants and children confounds the diagnosis of C difficile disease in a child with mild to moderate watery diarrhea with a toxin present in the stool.
		C difficile toxin in the stool, discontinuation of the offending antibiotic is usually adequate therapy.
	www.cps.ca /english/statements/ID/ID00-02.htm (2227 words)

	Postgraduate Medicine: Recurrent Clostridium difficile colitis
		C difficile is a spore-forming, gram-positive bacillus discovered in 1935 as part of the normal colonic flora of newborn infants.
		Antibiotics are known to disrupt the colonic microflora, facilitating C difficile colonization and growth--primarily in hospitalized patients.
		Clostridium difficile toxin B is more potent than toxin A in damaging human colonic epithelium mucosa in vitro.
	www.postgradmed.com /issues/2002/11_02/joyce3.htm (2544 words)

	Clostridium difficile
		Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) is a bacterium that causes inflammation of the colon (colitis) and diarrhoea in humans.
		A large number of studies in vivo and in humans indicate that immunity against C. difficile toxin A is a key defense mechanism against both initial episodes of CDAD as well as relapses [3].
		We have successfully produced and tested a batch of an injectable vaccine containing inactivated C. difficile toxins A and B. Four doses of this toxoid vaccine was shown to be immunogenic and well tolerated in a Phase I clinical study on healthy young adults.
	www.acambis.com /?id=938 (629 words)

	Clostridium definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		Clostridium: A group of anaerobic bacteria (bacteria that thrive in the absence of oxygen).
		Clostridium difficile is one of the most common causes of infection of the large bowel (the colon) in the US affecting millions of people yearly.
		Clostridium perfringens, also known as Clostridium welchii), this is the most common agent of gas gangrene and also causes food poisoning as well as a fulminant form of bowel disease called necrotizing colitis.
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=6539 (383 words)

	Clostridium difficile in Long Term Care Facilities
		difficile is a spore-forming, gram-positive, strictly anaerobic bacillus that causes diarrhea and colitis in humans and in a number of animal species.
		Since C. difficile is a spore forming bacteria, alcohol-based hand gels and lotions are not effective in reducing the spread of the organism and are not recommended.
		Laboratory diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis.
	www.edcp.org /guidelines/clostdiff.html (1657 words)

	Clostridium Difficile
		Clostridium difficile is a bacteria that lives in your bowel.
		When Clostridium difficile is suspected as the cause of diarrhea, a sample of the diarrhea is sent to the laboratory to be tested.
		To prevent the spread of Clostridium difficile in the hospital, all patients who have diarrhea caused by Clostridium difficile are moved to a private room and/or placed on special infection control precautions while in the hospital, until free from diarrhea.
	www.ottawahospital.on.ca /spotlight/cdifficile/index-e.asp (482 words)

	Clostridium difficile–associated colitis
		Originally isolated in 1935, C difficile was initially thought to be a component of normal flora, and was not identified as a pathogen until the 1970s when colitis associated with clindamycin use was further investigated.
		Clostridium difficile toxin B is more potent than toxin A in damaging human colonic epithelium in vitro.
		Characterization of a toxin A–negative, toxin B–positive strain of Clostridium difficile responsible for a nosocomial outbreak of Clostridium difficile–associated diarrhea.
	www.cfpc.ca /cfp/2004/Nov/vol50-nov-cme-1.asp (4145 words)

	Facts about C. difficile infection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Clostridium difficile (so called because when it was first discovered it was difficult to grow in the laboratory) is a cause of diarrhoea, which is usually acquired in hospital.
		difficile infection is usually acquired in hospital, and almost all patients who develop C. difficile diarrhoea are taking, or have recently been given, antibiotic therapy.
		difficile infection should be considered in any patient who develops diarrhoea and who is taking an antibiotic, or who has received a course of antibiotics in the past few weeks.
	www.amm.co.uk /newamm/files/factsabout/fa_cdiff.htm (967 words)

	Clostridium difficile disease (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Clostridium difficile is a gram-positive spore-forming obligate anaerobic bacterium which is present in the environment.
		C difficile overgrowth most commonly occurs as a result of antibiotic therapy (especially oral antibiotics), but can also be seen with chemotherapeutic agents given for cancer and occasionally with no obvious precipitating cause.
		The gold standard for diagnosis is the presence of C difficile toxin B (cytotoxin) in the stool; this test is expensive because it involves tissue culture technology and there is a delay of 24 to 48 hours.
	drkoray.hekim.net /pgc5.php (1598 words)

	eMedicine - Clostridium Difficile Colitis : Article by Craig A Gronczewski, MD
		C difficile was first described in 1935 as a component of the fecal flora of healthy newborns and was initially not thought to be a pathogen.
		Pathophysiology: C difficile colitis results from a disturbance of the normal bacterial flora of the colon, colonization with C difficile, and release of toxins that cause mucosal inflammation and damage.
		Causes: C difficile colitis results from a disruption of the normal bacterial flora of the colon, colonization with C difficile, and release of toxins that cause mucosal inflammation and damage.
	www.emedicine.com /med/topic3412.htm (3227 words)

	CLOSTRIDIUM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Clostridium tetani is the bacterium that causes tetanus (lockjaw) in humans.
		Clostridium botulinum produces one of the most potent toxins in existence and the cause of the deadly botulism food poisoning.
		Clostridium difficile is a motile bacterium that can be part of the natural intestinal flora.
	medic.med.uth.tmc.edu /path/00001496.htm (587 words)

	Clostridium difficile colitis (C. difficile) symptoms, diagnosis and treatment on MedicineNet.com
		difficile) is a bacterium that is related to the bacterium that cause tetanus and botulism.
		difficile bacterium has two forms, an active, infectious form that cannot survive in the environment for prolonged periods, and a nonactive, “noninfectious” form, called a spore, that can survive in the environment for prolonged periods.
		difficile) colitis is an infection of the colon caused by C.
	www.medicinenet.com /clostridium_difficile_colitis/article.htm (442 words)

	CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Clostridium difficile is a Gram-positive anaerobic bacterium that was first described in 1935 when it was isolated from stool samples of new-born babies.
		Clostridium difficile is a spore-forming bacterium that produces exotoxins that are pathogenic to humans.
		Epidemic strain: C. difficile typically has affected older or severely ill patients who are hospital inpatients or residents of long-term care facilities.
	www.bioquell.com /us/microbiology.asp?id=139 (567 words)

	Clostridium difficile Vaccine and Serum Immunoglobulin G Antibody Response to Toxin A -- Aboudola et al. 71 (3): 1608 ...
		Clostridium difficile Vaccine and Serum Immunoglobulin G Antibody Response to Toxin A -- Aboudola et al.
		Serum antibody response to Clostridium difficile toxins in patients with Clostridium difficile diarrhoea.
		Antibodies to recombinant Clostridium difficile toxins A and B are an effective treatment and prevent relapse of C.
	iai.asm.org /cgi/content/full/71/3/1608 (1807 words)

	Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in adults -- Poutanen and Simor 171 (1): 51 -- Canadian Medical Association ...
		Identification of Clostridium difficile as a cause of pseudomembranous colitis.
		Diminished Clostridium difficile toxin A sensitivity in newborn rabbit ileum is associated with decreased toxin A receptor.
		Epidemiology of recurrences or reinfections of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea.
	www.cmaj.ca /cgi/content/full/171/1/51 (4393 words)

	HPA \| Clostridium difficile \| General Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		difficile is a spore forming bacterium which is present as one of the 'normal' bacteria in the gut of up to 3% of healthy adults.
		difficile infection on the basis of its symptoms alone, therefore the infection is normally diagnosed by carrying out laboratory testing which shows the presence of the C.
		difficile to flourish and produce a toxin that causes a watery diarrhoea.
	www.hpa.org.uk /infections/topics_az/clostridium_difficile/gen_info.htm (821 words)

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