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Topic: Clostridium tetani

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	Clostridium tetani - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Clostridium tetani is a bacterium of the genus Clostridium.
		Like other Clostridium species, it is Gram-positive, and its appearance on a gram stain is said to resemble tennis rackets or drumsticks.
		tetani is an obligately anaerobic bacillus that stains gram positive in fresh cultures, but may stain gram negative in older cultures.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Clostridium_tetani (358 words)

	Medmicro Chapter 18
		C tetani actually produces two toxins: tetanolysin, a hemolysin that is inactivated by cholesterol and has no role in pathogenesis, and tetanospasmin, a spasmogenic toxin responsible for the classical symptoms of the disease.
		Isolation of C tetani from the intestinal flora of horses, coupled with the high frequency of equine tetanus, led to the erroneous assumption that the horse was the animal reservoir of C tetani.
		Clostridium difficile is a major nosocomial pathogen that causes a spectrum of intestinal disease from uncomplicated antibiotic-associated diarrhea to severe, possibly fatal, antibiotic-associated colitis.
	gsbs.utmb.edu /microbook/ch018.htm (9599 words)

	Tetanus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Tetanus is a serious and often fatal disease caused by the exotoxin tetanospasmin which is produced by the Gram-positive, anaerobic bacterium Clostridium tetani.
		tetani can be found in soil (especially agricultural soil), and the intestines and feces of horses, sheep, cattle, rats, dogs, cats, guinea pigs, and chickens.
		Therefore, stepping on an old forgotten nail in a stable could easily result in tetanus, partly because C. tetani is found in animal feces (which is abundant in a stable) and the puncture wound would effectively create an ideal breeding ground for the bacteria (because of the lack of oxygen).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tetanus (737 words)

	Clostridium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Clostridium tetani is the etiological agent of tetanus, Clostridium botulinum is the etiological agent of botulism, and Clostridium perfringens is one of the etiological agent of gas gangrene.
		Clostridium difficile adhering to the microvilli of the gut.
		Clostridium perfringens is one of several species of clostridia known to cause gas gangrene and is the causative agent in 95% of gas gangrene cases.
	biology.kenyon.edu /Microbial_Biorealm/bacteria/gram-positive/clostridium/clostridium.htm (1471 words)

	Clostridium tetani, Clostridium tetani infection
		tetani is a strict anaerobe without a capsule.
		A variety of species of clostridium are associated with invasive infection in humans i.e.
		They are not highly pathogenic when introduced into healthy tissues; but in the presence of tissue injury, in particular damaged muscle, they can cause a rapidly progressive devastating infection characterised by the accumulation of gas and the extensive destruction of muscle and connective tissue.
	virology-online.com /Bacteria/Clostridium3.htm (1042 words)

	Clostridium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Clostridium is a large genus of Gram-positive bacteria, belonging to the Firmicutes.
		These characteristics traditionally defined the genus, but they are not phylogenetically significant, and many species originally classified as Clostridium have been moved elsewhere.
		Clostridium includes common free-living bacteria as well as important pathogens.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Clostridium (173 words)

	CLOSTRIDIUM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Clostridium tetani is the bacterium that causes tetanus (lockjaw) in humans.
		Clostridium botulinum produces one of the most potent toxins in existence and the cause of the deadly botulism food poisoning.
		Clostridium difficile is a motile bacterium that can be part of the natural intestinal flora.
	medic.med.uth.tmc.edu /path/00001496.htm (587 words)

	Tetanus and Botulism
		Clostridium perfringens, which produces a huge array of invasins and exotoxins, causes wound and surgical infections that lead to gas gangrene, in addition to severe uterine infections.
		Clostridium tetani is the causative agent of tetanus.
		After inoculation of a wound with C. tetani spores, only a minimal amount of spore germination and vegetative cell growth are required until the toxin is produced.
	www.tjclarkdirect.com /bacterial_diseases/tetanus_and_botulism.htm (2601 words)

	Isolation Clostridium tetani in Puntarenas City...
		Objective: To determine the occurrence of Clostridium tetani in soil samples collected from the city of Puntarenas, Costa Rica, and to evaluate strain toxigenicity using a capture ELISA technique.
		tetani from Costa Rican soil samples, as was described in a previous study of soil samples from the University of Costa Rica, in which 43% of strains isolated were identified as C.
		From the standpoint of public health policy, the high prevalence of this agent in soil is a reminder of the importance of strict adherence to vaccination schedules and the application of tetanus toxoid to any patient with a traumatic lesion, to prevent cases of clinical tetanus.
	www.imbiomed.com.mx /Uay/Yuv12n2/english/Zyu012-01.html (338 words)

	Encyclopedia: Clostridium tetani
		Species Clostridium acetobutylicum Clostridium aerotolerans Clostridium botulinum Clostridium colicanis Clostridium difficile Clostridium formicaceticum Clostridium novyi Clostridium perfringens Clostridium tetani Clostridium is a genus of Gram positive anaerobic spore-forming bacteria.
		Tetanospasmin is the neurotoxin produced by the vegetative spore of Clostridium tetani in anaerobic conditions, causing tetanus.
		Categories: Firmicutes Tetanus is a serious and often fatal disease caused by the exotoxin tetanospasmin which is produced by the Gram-positive, anaerobic bacterium Clostridium tetani.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Clostridium-tetani (1193 words)

	Pathogenic Clostridia
		Clostridium perfringens is a common cause of outbreaks of foodborne illness in the United States, especially outbreaks in which cooked beef is the implicated source.
		Clostridium difficile infections can usually be treated successfully with a 10 day course of antibiotics including metronidiazole or vancomycin (administered orally).
		Clostridium tetani characteristic terminal endospores in a swollen sporangium.
	textbookofbacteriology.net /clostridia.html (3688 words)

	January 15 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Clostridium tetani - General Practice Notebook This site contains the classification and describes the travel of the bacterium in the body.
		One is entitled "Retargeting of Adenoviral Vectors to Neurons Using the HC Fragment of Tetanus Toxin".
		Provides a history of this therapeutic use of bacteria (which includes clostridium) and the mechanisms by which it is manipulated and how it works to target specific sites and to amplify genes encoding factors.
	home.wlu.edu /~schmidtl/bio182/log.html (1195 words)

	Hernandez Isolation swarmer clostridia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Five species of Clostridium (C. tetani, C. botulinum G (C. argentinense), C. novyi, C. septicum, and C. sporogenes) are known to swarm, i.e.
		The behavior was employed in the isolation of C. tetani from soil samples (Smith and Williams 1984).
		The procedure apparently favoured the isolation of C. tetani: because in a previous paper, using the standard method, its frequency of isolation for the Central Valley of Costa Rica was 7% (Rodríguez et al.
	rbt.ots.ac.cr /revistas/45-3/hernande.htm (703 words)

	Clostridium - Clostridium tetani - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Clostridium difficile-associated disease occurs when the normal intestinal flora is altered, allowing the bacteria to flourish in the intestinal tract and
		Clostridium botulinum are anaerobic, Gram-positive spore-forming rods, with the spores being very heat resistant.
		Clostridium botulinum strains produce botulinum neurotoxin, which is the cause of foodborne botulism.
	publicwindow.com /pw/clostridium.html (201 words)

	Clostridium
		Clostridium - Clostridia are anaerobic (meaning unable to grow in the presence of free oxygen), gram positive, spore-forming, bacteria.
		Clostridium botulinum - The organism that causes botulism is common in nature and is widely present in soils.
		Clostridium tetani - This bacterium causes tetanus (lockjaw) in humans.
	www.avianbiotech.com /diseases/clostridium.htm (819 words)

	Clostridium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		tetani produces terminal spores, giving it the appearance of a squash racket.
		tetani produces a spasmogenic toxin that fixes to gangliosides thereby blocking the release of the neurotransmitter glycine.
		Laboratory: Members of the genus Clostridium can be differentiated from other bacteria by laboratory techniques including enzymatic digestion on egg-yolk agar plates and by using mice treated with or without antitoxin.
	www.cehs.siu.edu /fix/medmicro/clost.htm (808 words)

	Clostridium-- Biotechnology Encyclopedia
		Clostridium difficile, which can overgrow other bacteria in the gut during
		Clostridium perfringens, which gets into wounds, and is an important cause of gas gangrene.
		Van Ermengem and is commonly found in soil.
	www.biotech100.com /biotechnology_encyclopedia/clostridium.htm (200 words)

	AllRefer.com - tetany (Pathology) - Encyclopedia
		Tetany occurs when the concentration of calcium ions (Ca) in extracellular fluids such as plasma falls below normal.
		Mild tetany is characterized by tingling in the fingers, toes, and lips; acute tetany, consisting of severe muscular contractions, tremors, and cramps, can result in death.
		Muscle tetany is also caused by the pathogenic bacterium Clostridium tetani in the disease tetanus.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/T/tetany.html (201 words)

	kompetenznetze.de - Sequencing of the genomes of Methanosarcina mazei and Clostridium tetani
		Sequencing of the genomes of Methanosarcina mazei and Clostridium tetani
		Clostridium tetani: The genes for the tetanus toxin are located on the plasmid.
		The genome of Clostridium tetani consists of a 2.95 Mb chromosome and a 74 kb circular plasmid.
	www.kompetenznetze.de /navi/en/root,did=27352.html (326 words)

	Tetanus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Tetanus is a disease caused by the toxin of the bacterium Clostridium tetani that affects the central nervous system, sometimes resulting in death.
		Spores of the bacterium Clostridium tetani live in the soil and are found around the world.
		tetani (other antibiotics such as clindamycin, erythromycin, or metronidazole can be used in patients who are allergic to penicillin).
	www.shands.org /health/information/article/000615.htm (969 words)

	CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI
		Clostridium tetani est également très proche de Clostridium cochlearium et la distinction entre ces deux espèces est difficile.
		Clostridium tetani est également présent dans le tube digestif des animaux (singe, cheval, vache, mouton, chèvre, porc, chien, chat, souris, cobaye, lapin, volaille...) ou de l'homme (notamment chez les individus en contact permanent avec les chevaux).
		Clostridium tetani produit deux exoprotéines, une hémolysine ou tétanolysine et une neurotoxine ou tétanospasmine.
	www.bacterio.cict.fr /bacdico/cc/tetani.html (3997 words)

	► Tetanus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A disease caused by the toxin of the bacterium Clostridium tetani that affects the central nervous system, sometimes resulting in death.
		Spores of the bacterium Clostridium tetani live in the soil and are distributed worldwide.
		In the spore form, Clostridium tetani may remain dormant in the soil, but can be infectious for periods longer than 40 years.
	www.marylandhospital.org /ency/article/000615.htm (362 words)

	tetanus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Tetanus is very unusual in countries like the United States, where use of the tetanus vaccine is widespread.
		The bacterium that causes tetanus, Clostridium tetani, normally lives in the soil and in animal and human intestines.
		Tetanus is caused by a toxin made by the bacteria, Clostridium tetani.
	www.northmemorial.com /HealthEncyclopedia/content/395.asp (333 words)

	Low prevalence for Clostridium tetani..
		tetani, the causative agent of tetanus, is a strict anaerobic Gram positive bacillus found in animal intestine and soil.
		tetani was isolated from a toxigenic sample and from an additional sample not detected before.
		This may be due to the low pH of the soil samples analyzed and it correlates with the few reported tetanus cases in Costa Rica.
	www.imbiomed.com.mx /Uay/Yuv08n4/english/Zyu74-04.html (192 words)

	Annual report of Anaerobe Bacteria and Toxins for year 2004
		Regulation of the toxinogenesis in Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium tetani, evidence that BotR and TetR are alternative sigma factors controlling the expression of toxin and associated protein genes.
		Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium tetani respectively produce potent toxins, botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) and tetanus neurotoxin (TeTx), which are responsible for severe diseases, botulism and tetanus.
		Clostridium sordellii lethal toxin (LT), a 250 kDa protein which is the bacterium's major virulence factor, belongs to a family of large clostridial cytotoxins which glucosylate small GTP-binding proteins.
	www.pasteur.fr /recherche/RAR/RAR2004/Batox-en.html (1189 words)

	Clostridium tetani, Tetanus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Clostridium tetani is a bacteria that causes tetanus in humans.
		Clostridium tetani are Gram-positive, spore-forming rods that are anaerobic.
		Being punctured by a rusty nail is a common the source of an infection, but infections can also occur from a wound, a burn, an ulcer, a compound fracture, operative wounds (aquired during operations), or a drug injection.
	www.lcusd.net /lchs/mewoldsen/tetanus.htm (344 words)

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