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	Charles de l'Écluse - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Charles de l'Écluse, L'Escluse, or Carolus Clusius (Arras, February 19, 1526–Leiden April 4, 1609), seigneur de Watènes, was the Flemish doctor and pioneering botanist, perhaps the most influential of all 16th century scientific horticulturists.
		Clusius, as he was known to his contemporaries, published two major original works: his Rariorum plantarum historia (1601) is the first record for approximately 100 new species and his Exoticorum libri decem (1605) is an important work on exotic flora, both still often consulted.
		Clusius was also among the first to study the flora of Austria, under the auspices of Emperor Maximilian II.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Carolus_Clusius (504 words)

	Clusius
		He is the author of innovative, internationally famous botanical publications, he introduced exotic plants such as the tulip and potato in the Low Countries, he was advisor of princes and aristocrats in various European countries, professor and director of the hortus botanicus in Leiden, and central figure in a vast European network of exchanges.
		Carolus Clusius, Curae posteriores, seu plurimarum non antè cognitarum, aut descriptarum stirpium, peregrinorumque aliquot animalium novae descriptiones: Quibus and omnia ipsius opera, aliaque ab eo versa augentur, aut illustrantur (Leiden: Raphelengius, 1611).
		The portrait by Jacob II de Gheijn, depicts Clusius in an oval cartouche incorporating a coat-of-arms and surrounded by pots of tulips, lilies, fritillaries, etc. The 1109 woodcuts, including 233 from the Spanish flora and 356 from the Austro-Hungarian flora, were cut by Gerard van Kampen after drawings by Clusius and Pieter van der Borcht.
	bc.ub.leidenuniv.nl /bc/tentoonstelling/Clusius/Clusius.html (1700 words)

	Patten 20 - Clusius (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Clusius' plant descriptions were the best for this time period, especially for their rich detail.
		Clusius was born in Arres, then a part of Flanders.
		Clusius, however, was not embittered by this, stating that "whatever friends possess ought to be freely shared." Clusius achieved recognition not only for his writings, but also for introducing the potato to Germany, Austria, France, and the Low Countries.
	www.asu.edu /lib/speccoll/patten/html/20.html (397 words)

	Florissa :: Canada's First Choice For Bulbs and Perennials \| Bulb History \| Carolus Clusius (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Dutch tulip history traditionally begins in 1593 when botanist Carolus Clusius, who had been known for his work in Prague and Vienna with medicinal herbs, came to Leiden in Holland to become head botanist of the new botanical garden or "hortus" at the University of Leiden.
		Clusius left Vienna in 1593 to go to the Netherlands, a country more tolerant of his Protestant religious beliefs.
		Clusius seems to have looked at the value of tulip bulbs strictly in terms of a scientific perspective.
	www.florissa.ca /wcms/index.php?id=7,29,0,0,1,0 (761 words)

	ZoomInfo Web Summary: Carolus Clusius (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Clusius became court gardener to Maximilian II in Vienna, remaining in that position until 1587.
		Clusius is said to have taken the yellow-flowered Rosa foetida to Holland from Vienna, where it became known as the Austrian Briar (the orange-red cultivar 'Bicolor' is still known as Austrian Copper.) (Grimshaw, 1998) [See 1900]
		Carolus Clusius, having relocated to Leiden, established the Hortus Academicus, said to be the first botanical garden dedicated to ornamental plants.
	www.zoominfo.com /directory/Clusius_Carolus_169069091.htm (458 words)

	Farlow Library of Cryptogamic Botany exhibit on mycological Illustration (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Jules-Charles l'Escluse [Latinized as Carolus Clusius] (1526-1609) was born in Arras (Province of Artois, Northern France) on 19 February 1526.
		In 1593 Clusius was finally awarded a professorship of botany at the University of Leiden in 1593, a chair which he occupied until his death.
		Clusius died on the 4 April 1609 and was buried in the Vrouwekerk in Leiden.
	www.huh.harvard.edu /libraries/mycology/1601.htm (376 words)

	How A Turkish Blossom Enflamed the Dutch Landscape
		Clusius, while generous to fellow scientists with his plant samples, had a limited supply and refused to sell to anyone outside the profession.
		Clusius may have been the father of the Dutch tulip industry but he wasn't, despite his fondness for the flower, a tulipomaniac.
		From top; A fanciful gazebo and a bust of the founder are features of the Clusius Garden, part of the University of Leiden's Hortus Botanicus.; a young woman regards her tulip-crowned counterpart in the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
	partners.nytimes.com /library/magazine/traveler/20010304tra-netherlands.html (2822 words)

	Virtual Vienna Net Community - The Dutch Tulip Isn't Dutch
		Clusius was also the author of the very first treatise on Alpine plants, a work which was to remain the standard source of information on flora in Austria and Hungary for a hundred years.
		Vienna owes a great deal to Clusius, for it was he who introduced to the city not only the horse chestnut (1576) and the potato (1588), but also the tulip.
		It was not until 1593, the year that Clusius became a professor of botany at the University of Leyden, that the first tulips came to Holland.
	www.virtualvienna.net /community/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=367 (544 words)

	Clusius Garden
		The Clusius Garden is a reconstruction of the original garden.
		In the autumn of 1593, Carolus Clusius arrived in Leiden from Frankfurt.
		Clusius contributed hundreds of previously unknown wild plants and ornamental shrubs from the Mediterranean, Central Asia and America.
	www.hortus.leidenuniv.nl /english/index.php3?m=13&c=22 (271 words)

	Flower of the Month Club
		Traditionally, Holland's tulip history begins in 1593 when botanist Carolus Clusius, who was well known for his work in Vienna and Prague with medicinal herbs, came to Holland to become head botanist of the new botanical garden at Leiden University.
		Clusius left Vienna in 1593 to go to the Netherlands, a country more tolerant of his Protestant religious practices (because of his principals, he could no longer function at his job in Vienna and Prague).
		Clusius, looking at the value of tulip bulbs only in terms of a scientific perspective, was very stingy with them and refused to give bulbs away or to even sell them.
	www.flowermonthclub.com /newsletters/vol3no4.htm (1902 words)

	ŤuĻiÞ: Tulips
		There, Clusius had met a man called De Busbecq who was the ambassador to the court of the Sultan Suleiman in Constantinople, the seat of the Ottoman Empire.
		Clusius was mostly interested in the tulip’s scientific importance, probably hoping to find medicinal uses for the bulbs.
		Clusius fueled the fire by being very secretive and protective with his bulbs, and after awhile, the public was so determined to have the tulips that some were even stolen from his gardens.
	royalflower.blogspot.com /2005/12/tulips.html (824 words)

	BBC - Renaissance Secrets
		Carolus Clusius is also tied into a vast network of correspondence, is himself a very distinguished correspondent in the world of science at the end of the sixteenth century.
		And in all of the published letters by Carolus Clusius there is not a single mention of his owning a collection of water colours that could correspond to those in Krakow.
		Although Carolus Clusius was the man who inspired this garden, it was another very famous man, an apothecary from Delft, Dirck Outgaertszon Klout who was the man who actually dug and planted the plants.
	www.open2.net /renaissancesecrets/secret_script4.html (810 words)

	Talking Travel Grassroots Travel Stories Carol Matthews Great Cities Delft and Leiden (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Clusius, a well-known doctor in Frankfurt, was asked to set up a medicinal garden in 1590 for the researchers studying to become doctors at Leiden University.
		Instead of creating a Hortus medicus, Clusius ended up developing a Hortus botanicus instead, and added a new science to the world – botany – the study of individual plants and how they perform in their surroundings.
		But Clusius also added many strange new plants and shrubs that he had found on his travels to the Mediterranean, Central Asia, and America; including the bulbous plants, and the soon-to-be famous tulip.
	www.ttrn.com /grassrootscarolmatthewsdelftandleiden.htm (1448 words)

	Scaliger Institute - Clusius - Introduction
		Carolus Clusius (1526-1609) was one of the most important naturalists of the European Renaissance.
		Clusius’ valuable correspondence is largely preserved in Leiden University Library and forms a source of major importance for the history of European science.
		The Clusius Project, which started in 2003 at the Scaliger Institute of Leiden University, endeavours to create a platform for new research concerning this eminent naturalist.
	athena.leidenuniv.nl /ub/bc/index.php3?c=23 (356 words)

	History of Horticulture - De L'ecluse, Charles 1526-1609
		Clusius studied at various universities and traveled extensively with botany his principal interest.
		Clusius knew eight languages and was acquainted with a number of fields of knowledge.
		He was Director of the Botanical Garden in Vienna, which was part of the Imperial Gardens for 14 years.
	www.hcs.ohio-state.edu /hort/history/040.html (244 words)

	Carolus Clusius
		Clusius (also known as Carlus Clusius, Charles de L'Écluse, and Jules-Charles L'Écluse) is most famous among mycologists for a picture of a
		On a more substantive note, Clusius made many contacts while wandering Europe after fleeing France (he was a protestant, and the French Church went on one of its periodic rampages), and used them to obtain plants unavailable in Western Europe at the time:
		Carolus Clusius (1601) Rarorium Plantarum Historia: Fungorum in Pannoniis observatorum brevia historia (A brief account of my observations of fungi in Panonia) pp.
	www.ilmyco.gen.chicago.il.us /Authors/Clusius1430.html (224 words)

	Scaliger Institute - Clusius - correspondence
		Of this total of circa 1500 letters the majority (some 1200) were sent to Clusius; the remaining circa 300 are letters from Clusius to various correspondents.
		The range of Clusius’ correspondence network was wide in a social sense as well.
		On account of its size, vast geographical range and the long period spanned it is one of the most important extant correspondences by a sixteenth-century naturalist.
	athena.leidenuniv.nl /ub/bc/index.php3?m=24&c=154 (361 words)

	Royal Horticultural Society - RHS Flower Show at Tatton Park 2004: Clusius College with Tatton Park Back-to-Back Garden (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Clusius College is a Dutch landscaping college which has been partnered with Tatton Park for four years.
		Sun 4 Ever has been designed by Clusius College students, who are gaining practical experience through working at Tatton Park and through their involvement in the show.
		The garden makes a statement about modern waste, concentrating on the beauty of materials that have outlived their original purpose.
	www.rhs.org.uk /tatton/2004/exhibitors/back2back_gardens/clusius.asp (221 words)

	Rijksherbarium/Hortus Botanicus: Catalog of publications
		It immediately became of great botanical significance thanks to its first director, Carolus Clusius, and curator Cornelis Clutius who jointly introduced many exotics, and saw to it that the scientific value of the Hortus far transcended that of a medical garden.
		The Garden was to play an important role in botanical research and teaching, and was also instrumental in the introduction of many ornamental plants from the Mediterranean and the Far East to the Netherlands.
		Clusius and his successors, including Boerhaave, turn the Leiden Botanical Garden into an international center of botany, which also attracts the young Linnaeus for a study visit.
	www.balogh.com /dutch/rijksherbarium.html (3745 words)

	Origins of the Dutch Bulb Industry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Meanwhile, Busbecq had used his influence to have Carolus Clusius appointed as head of the Imperial Gardens in Vienna in 1573.
		Born in France in 1526, Clusius had traveled widely and acquired medical and botanical training by the time of his appointment.
		In his gardens Clusius developed a private tulip collection, from which he sold specimens for outrageous prices.
	pss.uvm.edu /ppp/articles/dutch.htm (554 words)

	Tulips
		Antwerp, Brussels, Augsburg, Paris, and Prague are among some of the cities where such tulips first began to circulate.
		Clusius, who had achieved great recognition for his work with medicinal herbs in Prague and Vienna, accepted a position as head botanist of the Dutch university in Leiden in the year 1593.
		At Leiden’s innovative hortus botanicus, or botanical garden, Clusius cultivated the bulbs and seeds and thus introduced the flower to Holland.
	bell.lib.umn.edu /Products/tulips.html (984 words)

	RNW: Designing Eden
		To understand how the Dutch developed the know-how of growing exotic plants and flowers and why they built their gardens in a particular style, we must go back to the end of the 16th century.
		He was a keen gardener and collector of plants from around the world - he was the man who introduced the first tulip to the Netherlands - and he was invited to establish a university garden in Leiden to grow herbs and plants for medicinal study
		Clusius began importing plants from around the world and managed to grow exotic species in the cold Dutch climate.
	www.radionetherlands.nl /documentaries/060412doc (292 words)

	BelleWood-Gardens - Diary
		Its first director, Carolus Clusius, was appointed in a professor of botany at the university in 1594.
		Tulips were introduced into the North of Europe by Clusius, who raised the original plants in 1573, from seed sent to him by his friend Olgier Gislain de Busbecq, ambassador from Emperor Ferdinand I to the court of Suleiman the Magnificent.
		A small wooden fence surrounds specimens of Clusius' bulbs (the choicest of which, in his day, were stolen by theirves who crept into the garden by night.)
	www.bellewood-gardens.com /11_2005.html (2684 words)

	Patten 109 - Clusius (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Volume two also includes Clusius' translations of Monardes' Libri tres and the Altera appendix ad rariorum plantarum historia.
		In this work Clusius continues his discussion of plants, but also has descriptions as well as illustrations of various birds, animals, and reptiles.
		There is an index of all items covered, followed by Clusius's translation of Monardes' three medical tracts: "On the Bezoar Stone and the Herb Scorzonera (Viper-grass)," "The Dialogue on Iron," and "Of the Snow and the Virtues Thereof." There are numerous printed margin notes which guide the reader and serve as finding aids.
	www.asu.edu /lib/speccoll/patten/html/109.html (156 words)

	Tulipmania (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In the mid-1500s, he brought back a collection of tulip bulbs and seeds to Vienna, where he gave some to his friend Carolus Clusius, then Prefect of the Imperial Herb Garden there.
		Perhaps because of the scientific nature of the tulip's introduction in Clusius' university garden, the Dutch have always been meticulous about cataloguing and preserving important tulip species and their hybrids, called cultivars.
		At the museum, it is still possible to see one of Clusius's original hybrids, the 'Duc van Tol', created in 1595.
	www.dirtgardener.com /TipSheets/Bulbs/Tulipamiana.html (1077 words)

	Ons Erfdeel vzw
		In the botanical world of the sixteenth century Carolus Clusius played a key role.
		The empirical approach to botany with a growing emphasis on observation, practical experience, registration and classification that took root under Clusius’s guidance was a forerunner of the scientific revolution of a century later.
		Perhaps the Leiden Scaliger Institute’s ‘Clusius in a New Context’ will upgrade his role to that of mastermind.
	www.onserfdeel.be /fr/uit_archief_detail.asp?artikel_id=13344 (102 words)

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