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Topic: Cluster mission

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	Phoenix and Cluster II - Towards a recovery
		The four-spacecraft Cluster mission was to aim, for the first time ever, at 3-dimensional measurements of small-scale processes (scale lengths ranging from a few hundred to thousands of kilometres) in the magnetosphere and the solar wind.
		ESA's Cluster mission was to be a four-spacecraft mission to study the interaction between the solar wind and the Earth's magnetosphere in unprecedented detail.
		Cluster and SOHO measurements were to be co-ordinated with an international fleet of spacecraft through the Inter-Agency Consultative Group to form a unique set of data on the interaction between the Sun and the Earth.
	www-ssc.igpp.ucla.edu /IASTP/06 (2217 words)

	Cluster - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cluster mission, an ESA mission to study the magnetosphere
		Cluster (file system), is a group of disk sectors used in a File Allocation Table (FAT)
		lost cluster, refers to a cluster marked as being used even though it is not assigned to any file.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cluster (170 words)

	Cluster II
		The joint ESA-NASA Cluster II mission is to study, in three dimensions, the small-scale structures of the Earth's plasma environment.
		While the original Cluster mission was lost on June 4, 1996, due to an expolsion of the Ariane-5 test flight, the ESA's Science Program Committee approved on April 5, 1997 the reflight of the full mission by mid-2000.
		The Cluster mission will be the first mission to fly four identical spacecraft in a roughly pyramidal configuration with the goal of clearly separating spatial and temporal changes in the measurements.
	www-ssg.sr.unh.edu /tof/Missions/Cluster/clustermain.html (613 words)

	Missions
		Cluster II is a four spacecraft mission aiming to study the Earth’s magnetic field and its interaction with the Sun.
		The mission consists of four identical crafts each carrying a set of 11 identical instruments and seeks to investigate the physical connection between the Earth and the Sun.
		Over the first three years of operations, Cluster II has studied several events, has allowed scientists to shed light on the phenomena occurring in the Earth’s magnetic field and has revealed that they are by far more complex that has been predicted by the scientific community.
	www.spacenow.org.uk /cluster.cfm (389 words)

	ESA Science & Technology: Five Years of Formation Flying with Cluster
		Cluster is indeed a complex mission to manage, in particular for the fuel consumption.
		It is the first scientific mission ever launched in space composed of 4 spacecraft flying in close formation, from 19 000 to 119 000 km altitude (see Orbit view on left-hand side).
		No doubt that the ESOC Cluster team and their mascot (Images 5 and 6) will be there to provide essential advice beforehand and implement the changes according to plan.
	clusterlaunch.esa.int /science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=37680 (1281 words)

	ScienceDaily: ESA's Cluster Mission Establishes Why Earth's Aurorae Shine
		Science Daily — ESA's Cluster mission has established that high-speed flows of electrified gas, known as bursty bulk flows, in the Earth's magnetic field are the carriers of decisive amounts of mass, energy and magnetic perturbation towards the Earth during magnetic substorms.
		Using observations of the central plasmasheet collected by three satellites of ESA's Cluster mission during July – October of 2001 and 2002, Cao and colleagues found 67 substorms and 209 BBFs.
		However, by combining the data from three of the Cluster spacecraft, the observations reveal an average duration almost twice as long: 18 minutes and 25 seconds.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2006/08/060824222120.htm (1008 words)

	ESA Science & Technology: 1000th Orbit for the Cluster Mission
		Cluster is the first scientific mission in space history composed of four spacecraft flying in formation able to map the Earth's environment in 4 dimensions, both space and time.
		This knowledge is of crucial importance to accurately forecast the occurrence of magnetic storms and their consequences on critical technology infrastructure both in space and on Earth (satellite failures, inaccurate GPS positioning, pipeline corrosion...).
		The Cluster project scientist at the European Space research and TEchnology Center (ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands) of ESA is in charge of coordinating the input of the different PIs in order to maximise the scientific return of the mission.
	sci.esa.int /jump.cfm?oid=40465 (976 words)

	ESA's Cluster Mission Extended - Space - RedOrbit
		Cluster is the first spacefleet, flying in close formation, to study the magnetosphere.
		The Cluster mission is a project of international collaboration between ESA and NASA, and the mission involves a larger scientific community.
		The importance of the Cluster data to space plasma physics is underlined by the actual development of the Cluster Active Archive (CAA), funded by ESA, NASA and the Member States.
	www.redorbit.com /news/display?id=129054 (1236 words)

	ESA - Space Science - Cluster overview
		Their mission will be to complete the most detailed investigation ever made into the ways in which the Sun and Earth interact.
		Cluster will determine the physical processes involved in the interaction between the solar wind and the magnetosphere by visiting key regions like the polar cusps and the magnetotail.
		Cluster was expected to benefit from a 'free' launch on the first test flight of the newly developed Ariane-5 booster.
	www.esa.int /esaSC/120383_index_0_m.html (1242 words)

	The Resurrection of the Cluster Scientific Mission (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The launch of Cluster, one of the Cornerstone missions of the ESA Scientific Programme, was scheduled for the early morning of 4 June 1996.
		The original Cluster mission was planned to conduct an in-situ investigation of plasma processes in the Earth's magnetosphere using four identical spacecraft simultaneously.
		The Cluster community anxiously awaited the outcome of the 3 July meeting, at which the SPC was briefed on the costs of potential recovery missions for Cluster.
	esapub.esrin.esa.it /bulletin/bullet91/b91cred.htm (3387 words)

	SPACE.com -- Cluster Takes New Look at Near-Earth Space
		Clusters first glimpsesof the continuously fluctuating magnetic battleground came on November9, when the quartet made their first crossings of the magnetopause, theboundary between interplanetary space (where the solar wind reigns supreme)and the Earths region of magnetic domination.
		The first Cluster observationsof the north polar cusp were made on January 14, when shifts in the solarwind caused the spacecraft to pass right through this narrow "window" inthe magnetic envelope at an altitude of about 64,000 km.
		Preliminary analysis of datafrom Cluster indicates that the upper regions of the cusp were moving throughspace at around 30 km/s.
	www.space.com /missionlaunches/missions/esa_cluster_010221.html (1105 words)

	From ‘macro’ to ‘micro’ — turbulence seen by Cluster
		Cluster is revolutionising our understanding of the ways and the mechanisms by which solar activity affects Earth.
		Besides, Cluster’s study of the turbulence in Earth’s plasma, with the dynamics and the energies involved, is contributing to the advancement of fundamental theories on plasma.
		For example, Cluster’s data are complementing research on plasma physics in the international ITER project, an experimental step involving several research institutes around the world for tomorrow’s electricity-producing power plants.
	www.innovations-report.com /html/reports/earth_sciences/report-47721.html (618 words)

	Cluster Mission Publications
		With Cluster II affording simultaneous four-point measurements the reliance on minimum variance analysis is removed and for the first time the determination of wave propagation directions directly from the instrument measurements is possible.
		The magnetic footprint of the Cluster craft, mapped to the ionosphere using the Tsyganenko T96 model (with input conditions prevailing during this event), was to the east of the ESR beams.
		From a detailed analysis of the coordinated Cluster and ground-based data it was found that this extraordinary transient convection pattern, indeed, moved the cusp from its former pre-noon position into the late post-noon sector, allowing for the first and quite unexpected encounter of the Cusp by the Cluster spacecraft.
	cluster.irfu.se /publications (5273 words)

	ANGEO - Abstracts
		The Cluster mission, ESA’s first cornerstone project, together with the SOHO mission, dating back to the first proposals in 1982, was finally launched in the summer of 2000.
		The main goal of the Cluster mission is to study the small-scale plasma structures in three dimensions in key plasma regions, such as the solar wind, bow shock, magnetopause, polar cusps, magnetotail and the auroral zones.
		Cluster’s payload consists of state-of-the-art plasma instrumentation to measure electric and magnetic fields from the quasi-static up to high frequencies, and electron and ion distribution functions from energies of nearly 0 eV to a few MeV.
	www.copernicus.org /EGU/annales/19/10_12/1197.htm (305 words)

	cluster magnetospheric mission
		Cluster, a four spacecraft flotilla of magnetospheric research spacecaft, and the solar observatory SOHO, are the spacecraft of the first European Space Agency 'Cornerstone' mission.
		A new set of four spacecraft (Cluster II) was launched on 16 July 2000 and 09 August 2000 by Soyuz-Fregat rockets (the first ESA spacecraft to be launched by Russian rockets).
		Also the Cluster orbit is designed to visit regions in the magnetosphere where solar wind plasma may enter and where clues to the energy release processes are most likely to be found.
	www.mssl.ucl.ac.uk /www_plasma/missions/cmm.php (449 words)

	Cluster Mission Overview
		Cluster is an international space mission designed to study small-scale structures (from a few gyro-radii to tens of gyro-radii) in the Earth's vicinity.
		To be launched in December, 1995, Cluster consists of four spin-stabilized spacecraft which will orbit the Earth in a near polar orbit (4 Re X 20 Re) in a tetrahedron formation with spacecraft spacing ranging beween a few hundered kilometers and a few Re.
		Cluster mission is part of an international effort named International Solar Terrestrial Physics (ISTP) to study the processes of momentum and energy transfer and generation in the near Earth plasma space.
	www.igpp.ucla.edu /ssc/cluster/overview.html (964 words)

	Cluster-II
		Cluster II is part of an international collaboration to investigate the physical connection between the Sun and Earth.
		Cluster's role is to investigate the interaction between the solar wind - a continuous stream of plasma (electrified gas) that flows from the Sun - and the magnetosphere.
		Cluster II is a replacement for the original Cluster mission, which was lost during the maiden launch of Ariane 5 in June 1996.
	www.xs4all.nl /~carlkop/cluster2.html (5274 words)

	Exploring Earth's Magnetosphere: The Cluster Mission
		"Cluster is a completely new type of scientific mission, so it took us a while to find out how to get the best out of the satellites and their suite of instruments.
		"Cluster's new three-dimensional 'picture' of the magnetosphere is rather like looking at photos of an old familiar scene, but instead of the dull fl-and-white pictures, we now have the same view in brilliant colors," said Professor André Balogh of Imperial College, London, principal investigator for the FGM experiment on Cluster.
		The fluctuating fortunes of the magnetic field are monitored by the Cluster flotilla as it flies through different regions of this unpredictable teardrop -- the bow shock, the magnetopause, the cusps and the tail.
	unisci.com /stories/20013/0717012.htm (1158 words)

	Space Mission Acronym List and Hyperlink Guide (C through D): NASA Space Instrument and Sensing Technology
		The four Cluster satellites were destroyed on June 4, 1996, due to the failure of the Ariane 5 launcher.
		Cluster consisted of a set of four spacecraft to be operated as a single experiment to explore in three dimensions the plasma turbulance and small-scale structures in the Earth's plasma environment.
		It is a replacement of the original Cluster mission which was lost in a launch failure during the maiden flight of the Ariane 5 rocket on 4 June 1996.
	ranier.oact.hq.nasa.gov /Sensors_page/MissionLinks/mlcd.html (1512 words)

	BUspace \| Cluster II
		The Cluster mission, consisting of four identical spacecraft flying in formation between 25,000 and 125,000 km above the Earth, will study the planet's magnetic and electric fields and the behavior of plasmas and energetic charged particles in those fields.
		The Cluster mission was conceived by the European Space Agency [ESA] as one of their cornerstone missions and involvement by NASA funded investigations were welcomed.
		Following the destruction of the four Cluster satellites on the Ariane 501, an effort to replace the four Cluster IES sensors was undertaken with Boston University as the lead organization with effort within the USA required from LANL and the Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, CA.
	www.bu.edu /buspace/spacecraft/cluster.html (1153 words)

	Fairfax County Public Schools - Cluster 2 - Mission
		The cluster offices provide instructional and operational leadership and support to schools, promoting open communication among educators, parents, support staff, and School Board members.
		The charge of the cluster offices is to ensure educational excellence, equality, and high expectations for student achievement in a safe learning environment.
		The clusters provide support that contributes to a positive professional environment and encourages professional and personal growth among administrators, teachers, and support staff.
	www.fcps.edu /cluster2/mission.htm (127 words)

	Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research
		Cluster is an ambitious 4-spacecraft mission to Earth's magnetosphere and beyond.
		The scientific importance of the mission and the determination of all the participants led to a follow-up mission as a replication of the original.
		Cluster II, it reverted to the simple designation Cluster once it was launched mid-2000.
	www.mps.mpg.de /en/projekte/cluster (319 words)

	The Cluster Spacecraft Experiments (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		A good source for the latest status of the revived Cluster mission is from the European Space Agency.
		Cluster is to be launched by the European Space Agency (ESA) as part of the International Solar-Terrestrial Physics (ISTP) program.
		Additional details about the Cluster mission are available from ESA and NASA/Goddard.
	www.ess.washington.edu /Space/SpaceExp/Cluster (233 words)

	The Dominican Cluster
		The Dominican Cluster is a collaborative venture of seven congregations of Dominican Sisters in the United States who are exploring the possibilities of reconfiguring for the sake of Dominican life and mission.
		Currently, all Cluster Sisters are in a period of personal and communal discernment about whether their congregations should join a canonical union with other Cluster congregations.
		As members of the Cluster, we are committed to a process for the reconfiguration of Sister Congregations for Dominican life and Mission.
	www.dominicancluster.org (252 words)

	BBC News \| SCI/TECH \| Cluster II on launch pad
		The Cluster II spacecraft are designed to gather information on how the stream of charged particles coming from Sun interact with the Earth's protective magnetic shield.
		Cluster's role will be to investigate how the magnetosphere interacts with this solar wind, and the high-energy particles from more violent solar events such as flares and so-called coronal mass ejections (CMEs).
		Early in the mission, the spacecraft will spend most of their time flying on the side of the Earth that faces away from the Sun.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/sci/tech/832019.stm (839 words)

	SPACE.com -- The ESA's Cluster Satellite Mission Celebrates its First Year in Orbit
		This groundbreaking mission began exactly one year ago, on 16 July 2000, when two of the four Cluster spacecraft were launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan.
		"Cluster's new three-dimensional 'picture' of the magnetosphere is rather like looking at photos of an old familiar scene, but instead of the dull fl-and-white pictures, we now have the same view in brilliant colours," said Professor André Balogh of Imperial College, London, principal investigator for the FGM experiment on Cluster.
		The fluctuating fortunes of the magnetic field are monitored by the Cluster flotilla as it flies through different regions of this unpredictable teardrop - the bow shock, the magnetopause, the cusps and the tail.
	space.com /businesstechnology/technology/cluster_annivesary_010717.html (1350 words)

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