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	Cluster bomb - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A basic cluster bomb is a hollow shell (generally streamlined if intended for carriage by fast aircraft) containing anywhere from three to more than 2,000 submunitions.
		Modern cluster bombs and submunition dispensers are often multiple-purpose weapons, containing mixtures of anti-armor, anti-personnel, and anti-materiel munitions.
		Munitions specifically intended for anti-tank use may be set to self-destruct if they reach the ground without locating a target, theoretically reducing the risk of collateral damage to civilians and non-military targets.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cluster_munition (1007 words)

	U.S. Use of Clusters in Baghdad Condemned (Human Rights Watch Press release, New York, April 16, 2003)
		Cluster Munitions: Measures to Prevent ERW and to Protect Civilian Populations
		Despite the utility of cluster munitions in achieving certain military objectives, the wide dispersal pattern of their submunitions makes it very difficult to avoid civilians if they are in the area.
		Moreover, because of their high failure rate, cluster munitions leave large numbers of hazardous, explosive duds to terrorize civilians even after the attack is over.
	www.hrw.org /press/2003/04/iraqclusterbombs.htm (745 words)

	CCW 2001 Review Conference: US Delegation Homepage
		The military utility of cluster munitions has been recognized by those seeking restrictions on their use, as was made clear, for example, in Switzerland's intervention yesterday.
		In January of this year, the United States Secretary of Defense directed that, in the future acquisition of cluster munitions, the U.S. goal is to attain a reliable functioning rate of at least 99 percent.
		Application of the incendiaries principle to cluster munitions could pose greater risks to civilians and greater damage to civilian objects in the vicinity of a military objective because the principal alternative to the use of cluster munitions, a traditional unitary bomb, can cause much more significant damage.
	www.usmission.ch /ccw/ccw0405.html (1736 words)

	Global campaign launched to ban cluster bombs
		Cluster bombs are designed to widely scatter smaller explosive charges which, in theory, detonate when they hit their target, causing horrific injuries.
		The Cluster Munition Coalition, which including NGOs such as Human Rights Watch and Handicap International, said in a statement it wanted the production and trade of cluster bombs to be banned "until their humanitarian problems have been resolved".
		The Cluster Munitions Coalition deplored the stance taken by these countries, pointing out that cluster bombs could be as devastating as landmines, which are banned under a UN treaty.
	www.spacewar.com /2003/031113170938.14f95nzd.html (565 words)

	International Law: Persian Gulf: U.S. cluster bomb duds a threat (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Dangerous explosive duds from cluster munitions used by allied forces in the 1991 Persian Gulf War are still being found and destroyed in Kuwait at the startling rate of 200 per month, according to official documents obtained by Human Rights Watch.
		Documents from the Kuwait Ministry of Defense show that 2,400 explosive cluster munition duds were found and destroyed in Kuwait in 2002, and a similar number the previous year.
		This Vietnam-era cluster munition was used extensively in the 1991 Gulf War and has accounted for a very large percentage of the explosive duds subsequently encountered.
	electroniciraq.net /cgi-bin/artman/exec/view.cgi/6/331/printer (661 words)

	The use of cluster bombs
		While many of the older Vietnam-era cluster munitions that were used in large numbers in 1991 in Kuwait and Iraq are no longer serviceable and are prohibited from use, the U.S. military is retaining some older cluster munitions to make up for shortfalls in the inventories of newer, more reliable cluster munitions.
		Many of the cluster bombs reportedly dropped from the air by US forces on a civilian area of al-Hilla were of the type BLU97 A. Landmine Action, a UK-based non-governmental organization, has stated that pictures from al-Hilla show unexploded BLU97 A cluster submunition.
		An initial review of all cluster munitions used and the targets they were used on indicate that only 26 of those approximately 1,500 hit targets within 1,500 feet of civilian neighborhoods.
	www.informationclearinghouse.info /article3463.htm (2962 words)

	Cluster Munitions and Explosive Remnants of War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		This is particularly the case with cluster munitions that disperse hundreds of small bomblets over an area, known as a footprint, comparable to the size of several football fields.
		Dispensed from an aircraft, missile, rocket, or artillery projectile, a cluster munition is a munitions container that breaks open in mid-air and disperses typically hundreds of small bomblets over a broad area, creating a "footprint" (coverage area) sometimes the size of several football fields.
		Cluster munitions' lack of precision and unreliability, in addition to the sheer number of bomblets dispensed causes serious UXO contamination.
	www.minesactioncanada.org /clusters/index.cfm?fuseaction=Start (1315 words)

	Cluster Munition Coalition, Stop Cluster Munitions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Cluster munitions spread bomblets or submunitions over wide areas threatening civilians as well as soldiers during attacks.
		This page provides information and resources for individuals and organisations to take action to stop cluster munitions, a weapon with indiscriminate effects that is proliferating rapidly around the world.
		The CMC is an international civil society movement committed to stopping cluster munitions, a weapon type that kills indiscriminately and that is stockpiled in the billions by over 50 countries.
	www.cmc-international.org (99 words)

	Cluster bombs kill in Iraq, even after shooting ends
		Cluster munition: A piece of ordnance that contains dozens or hundreds of small explosives and is fired by ground-based howitzers or rocket launchers.
		Rather than call upon their artillery to hit a target with cluster munitions, U.S. ground forces preferred either to use other weapons, such as M-16 rifles or tank rounds, or to summon the Air Force to hit Iraqi targets from the sky with precision bombs.
		Cluster munitions landed in north Baghdad's al-Hurriyah neighborhood on April 8, apparently aimed at anti-aircraft batteries in a nearby park.
	www.ccmep.org /2003_articles/Iraq/121003_cluster_bombs_kill_in_iraq.htm (4250 words)

	County Kildare Anti-War Movement
		Cluster munitions are weapons, delivered from the air or ground, that disperse dozens and often hundreds of submunitions (often called "grenades" in surface-delivered weapons and "bomblets" in air-delivered weapons) over a large area, thereby increasing the radius of destructive effect over a target.
		In addition, cluster bomblets have a high initial failure rate-five percent or more-which results in numerous explosive "duds" scattered about the landscape, which pose similar risks to civilians as antipersonnel landmines.
		Human Rights Watch believes cluster bombs should not be used in a conflict with Iraq because of their high dud rate.
	kildare.ie /peace/media-centre/clusters-hrw.htm (878 words)

	Aid agencies launch united front against cluster bombs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Cluster bombs are designed to disperse a number of smaller explosive charges over a large area, which in theory then detonate when they hit their target.
		Cluster bombs have been used recently in wars in Iraq, Kosovo, and Afghanistan.
		It also wants the production and trade of cluster bombs to be banned "until their humanitarian problems have been resolved," according to an NGO press statement.
	www.spacewar.com /2003/031113150820.qa7zp16r.html (305 words)

	Miltary Equipment Guides -CBU87
		Background: The CBU-87 Combined Effects Munition (CEM) cluster bomb was introduced in 1986 as a replacement for earlier, Vietnam War-era cluster bombs.
		The bomblete dispersal pattern and impact area can be modified by adjusting the rate of spin on the munition dispenser and the altitude at which it opens.
		The munition itself is essentially a small anti-armor shaped charge housed inside a scored steel case, designed to break up into 300 pre-formed fragments upon detonation.
	www.military.com /Resources/EQG/EQGmain?file=CBU87&cat=o&lev=2 (346 words)

	Pentagon's Outdated Cluster Submunitions Pose Great Risk to Civilians (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Despite some positive developments in its cluster munition policy, the United States retains-and still is willing to use-at least 728 million old, unreliable and inaccurate cluster submunitions, Human Rights Watch said today in a briefing paper.
		Cluster munitions are large weapons that usually contain hundreds of smaller submunitions.
		Cluster munitions are particularly ubiquitous in the stores of U.S. ground forces.
	www.yubanet.com /artman/publish/article_23036.shtml (850 words)

	Human Rights Watch Documents on Cluster Bombs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Despite some positive developments in its cluster munition policy, the United States retains—and still is willing to use—at least 728 million old, unreliable and inaccurate cluster submunitions, Human Rights Watch said today in a briefing paper.
		Cluster munitions have been used in at least twenty countries and while this number is still relatively limited, the harm to the civilian population is striking in nearly every case.
		U.S. claims that cluster munitions have not caused significant damage to civilians in Iraq are highly misleading since the Pentagon is evidently citing only figures on air-dropped cluster bombs.
	www.hrw.org /arms/clusterbombs.php (1309 words)

	Handicap International.be - HI and CMC say states must do more on cluster munitions and other explosive remnants of war (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Cluster munitions pose an especially high risk to civilians in the growing number of conflicts where they have been used.
		The Cluster Munition Coalition (CMC), a new international coalition dealing with the serious humanitarian impact of cluster munitions and other explosive remnants of war (ERW) was launched on 13 November 2003 in The Hague, the Netherlands.
		Users of cluster munitions and other munitions that become ERW accept special responsibility for clearance, warnings and markings, risk education, provision of information and victim assistance.
	www.handicapinternational.be /content.asp?lng=3&cID=257 (846 words)

	Mines Action Canada (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Cluster Munition Coalition came together in November 2003 to respond to the increasingly devastating humanitarian impact of cluster munitions.
		On behalf of a wide range of civil society organizations from all continents, we call upon States Parties to cease using cluster munitions and to negotiate without delay a protocol to deal with this widely recognized humanitarian concern.
		The calls for action on cluster munitions will not fade as time goes on and the CCW continues to discuss, or not discuss this humanitarian problem.
	www.minesactioncanada.com /home/index.cfm?fuseaction=News&ID=91 (709 words)

	Conflict with Iraq: Cluster bombs 'just like a minefield' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Cluster bombs are believed to have been used Tuesday in an attack on the small town of Hilla, where 33 civilians, including children, reportedly were killed and as many as 300 were wounded, Hodgett said.
		The munitions are equipped with thousands of "bomblets" that can scatter over an area the size of two football fields, enabling troops to inflict widespread damage to the enemy.
		At least 80 U.S. casualties during the war were attributed to cluster munition duds, and more than 4,000 civilians were injured by the weapons after the war, according to Human Rights Watch.
	www.bonitanews.com /03/04/naples/d926998a.htm (682 words)

	Cluster Munitions WCMD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Wind-Corrected Munitions Dispenser WCMD is a tail kit which can be fitted to CBU 87/89/97 dispenser weapons.
		The USAF is planning to modify 40,000 standard tactical munition dispensers with guidance kits to compensate for wind drift on downward flight from high altitudes.
		The munition was used again on the night of 07 May 1999 to counter Serbian efforts to restore damage caused by the initial attack.
	www.danshistory.com /cluster.shtml (439 words)

	US Using Cluster Munitions in Iraq - Global Policy Forum - UN Security Council (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		U.S. air forces used cluster bombs, notably the CBU-87 Combined Effects Munition, extensively in the first Gulf War in 1991, in Yugoslavia/Kosovo in 1999 and in Afghanistan in 2001 and 2002.
		Short of that commitment, Human Rights Watch has urged the United States and others that may deploy cluster munitions in Iraq to prohibit the use of any cluster munitions in attacks on or near populated areas and to suspend use of cluster munitions that have been tested and identified as producing high dud rates.
		If cluster munitions are used, it is crucial that the U.S. record, report, track, and mark known or suspected cluster munition strike areas and preserve the information so it can be disseminated quickly in clearance efforts.
	www.globalpolicy.org /security/issues/iraq/attack/consequences/2003/0401cluster.htm (825 words)

	MCC - Cluster Bombs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		NEW YORK, Jun 30 (Tierramérica) - Growing international demands to suspend the use of cluster munitions, which scatter hundreds of small ''bomblets'' over a wide area and are blamed for thousands of civilian deaths around the world, appear to be falling on deaf ears among the governments that stockpile them.
		There are numerous news reports of injury and death from unexploded cluster munitions in Iraq, and there is growing international concern about the use of these weapons.
		• Clusters of Death U.S. and Russian cluster munitions are described, along with accounts of their use in Serbia/Kosovo, Chechnya, Laos and Sudan.
	www.mcc.org /clusterbomb (508 words)

	Sample Letter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		When DU weapons impact on their target, thousands of particles of uranium dust are released in a mist, and may be borne for miles by the wind.
		Toxic, radioactive uranium-238, so-called depleted uranium, used in munitions, missiles and tank armor may be responsible for deadly health consequences among U.S. and allied troops and populations in bombed areas, and has probably caused permanent radioactive contamination of large parts of Iraq, Bosnia, Kosovo and perhaps Afghanistan.
		Dangerous explosive duds from cluster munitions used by allied forces in the 1991 Persian Gulf War are still being found and destroyed in Kuwait at the startling rate of 200 per month, according to official documents obtained by Human Rights Watch, 1996.
	www.geocities.com /realwmd/sample2.html (482 words)

	Iraq: Clusters Info Needed from U.S., U.K
		The U.K. Ministry of Defense admitted on April 24 that its forces had used 2,100 cluster munition artillery projectiles and at least 66 BL-755 cluster bombs in the conflict.
		In Yugoslavia/Kosovo, the United Kingdom used 500 cluster bombs, and in the 1991 Gulf War, it used 395 cluster bombs and an unknown number of surface-delivered cluster munitions.
		Several of the ground-launched cluster munitions in service with U.S. and U.K. forces produce an unacceptably high percentage of de facto landmines when they fail to function on impact.
	www.iansa.org /news/2003/april/hrw_pr290403.htm (543 words)

	Copenhagen conference - March 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		When cluster bombs are used in civilian areas as recently happened in Iraq, cluster bombs - by way of their nature as a "wide area weapon" - cannot distinguish between military and civilian targets as international humanitarian law proscribes.
		Large areas in the world are infested by great quantities of highly explosive and volatile unexploded cluster sub-munitions, which continue to endanger entire populations and deprive them of their fundamental human rights long after the conflict.
		Their practical effect is just the same as the one of anti- personnel landmines, the use of which, contrary to cluster bombs, is specifically prohibited or strictly regulated by treaty law.
	www.noedhjaelp.dk /usr/noedhjaelp/klyngebomber.nsf/0/357FF0EDF164100AC1256E1C0056F1D0 (849 words)

	The use of cluster bombs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Each cluster bomblet is activated by an internal fuze, and is set to explode above ground, on impact, or to be time-delayed — that is, they can be made into time bombs or mines.
		The bodies of the men, women and children – both dead and alive – brought to the hospital were punctured with shards of shrapnel from cluster bombs.
		They are mostly victims of unexploded munitions that are strewn throughout various residential neighborhoods — along streets, in family homes, in school playgrounds, in the fields belonging to farms...
	www.iacenter.org /franks-bombs.htm (2949 words)

	Varieties of American Bombs
		This cluster bomb is also used to butcher human bodies and destroy light skinned military or civilian vehicles.
		A newer version of the MK-20 Rockeye cluster bomb, the CBU 59 is used against both modern armor and human bodies.
		This cluster bomb is intended to destroy both lightly armored vehicles and human beings.
	www.againstbombing.org /Washbombs.htm (1221 words)

	Pax Christi Ireland
		In April 2003, after an international conference in Dublin, Ireland, the NGOs present met and agreed that a co-ordinated international NGO effort was required to address the problems caused by explosive remnants of war (ERW) and thus also address cluster munitions as being the dominant cause for ERW in countries where they have been used.
		It was agreed to recommend to the global NGO community that a new coalition be formed to address the issues of ERW and cluster munitions.
		Users of cluster munitions and other munitions that become erw to accept special responsibility for clearance, warnings, risk education, provision of information and victim assistance.
	homepage.eircom.net /~cmcinternational/cmc/membership.htm (268 words)

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