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Topic: Coarticulated consonant

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	Voiceless palatal-velar fricative - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The voiceless palatal-velar fricative (also voiceless dorso-palatal velar fricative, voiceless postalveolar and velar fricative, voiceless coarticulated velar and palatoalveolar fricative) is a term used for a range of similar sounds used in most dialects of Swedish to realize the phoneme /ɧ/.
		It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.
		It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the center of the tongue, rather than the sides.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Voiceless_dorso-palatal_velar_fricative (987 words)

	CRL Newsletter Article 4-1
		Anticipatory coarticulation is of special interest to speech researchers because it is considered to be a measure of the planning of upcoming speech segments.
		Coarticulation in normal, adult speech The most widely studied forms of anticipatory coarticu- lation involve the motion of the lips, tongue, and velum.
		Katz, W.F. Anticipatory labial and lingual coarticulation in aphasia.
	crl.ucsd.edu /newsletter/4-1/Article1.html (5873 words)

	Approximant consonant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Approximants are speech sounds that could be regarded as intermediate between vowels and typical consonants.
		However, such frication is generally slight and intermittant, unlike the strong turbulence of fricative consonants.
		Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Approximant_consonant (467 words)

	On the "locus equation" and the consonant place of articulation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The release of the consonant was detected at the abrupt variation of the signal amplitude.
		In the case of the consonant /d/, the anticipation of the second vowel is more pronounced in the interval of time of the transition toward the occlusion.
		She showed that for homorganic consonants sharing the same place of articulation, the corresponding locus equations don't approach the average coefficients of the locus equation deduced from Sussman and al.'s data (1991).
	www.caip.rutgers.edu /~chenoukh/MyPhDThesis/REVISE11.htm (3136 words)

	Definitions
		An acoustic consonant is an acoustic segment that corresponds to oral closure, frication, burst, or aspiration.
		Coarticulation is generally used to refer to any phonetic characteristics which are simultaneously determined by more than one underlying unit.
		Defining ``acoustic consonant'' and ``acoustic vowel'' allows us to say that coarticulatory effects on an acoustic vowel are effects of an underlying (articulatory or phonological) consonant, without implying that the ``actual'' consonant and vowel are realized elsewhere.
	www.tomveatch.com /Veatch1991/node41.html (1208 words)

	VIEW ROA 635
		Contrary to previous approaches that assume that vowel deletion is a condition for the syllabization of the consonant, it is argued that the vowel that disappears in the process of syllabizing a consonant is not deleted but either absorbed by that consonant or assimilated to it.
		It is shown that syllabic consonants are subject to two universal alignment constraints that govern their distribution by forcing them to be coarticulated with another consonant.
		Although languages may vary as to whether the syllabic consonant is coarticulated with a preceding or with a following consonant, there are no languages where syllabic consonants appear between two vowels or between a vowel and a pause, precisely because in such environments there is not an adjacent consonant available for coarticulation.
	roa.rutgers.edu /view.php3?roa=635 (265 words)

	Perisegmental information
		The consonant identification results were evaluated with respect to the correctness of the identification using different criteria.
		For post-vocalic consonants, the effects of adding the vowel kernel in front of the token were larger than those of adding more of the consonant at the back.
		For the CVC-type tokens, the consonants were audible and this in itself seemed to have helped the listeners identifying the vowels, as was shown by the strong relation between correct identification of vowels and consonants in CV-type tokens (figures 5 and 6).
	fonsg3.let.uva.nl /Proceedings/Proceedings_19/Perisegmental_RvS/Perisegmental.html (7773 words)

	The Frame/Content Theory of Evolution of Speech Production
		They found in a survey of the consonant inventories of languages, that languages with small inventories tended to only have their "simple" consonants, languages with medium-sized inventories differed mainly by also including "complex" consonants, and languages with the largest inventories tended to also add "elaborated" consonants, the most complex subgroup in the classification.
		It seems that the only way that the beyond-chance allocation of difficult consonants to languages with larger inventories can be explained is by arguing that they tended to employ consonants of greater complexity as the size of their inventory increased.
		The proposed consonants are the voiceless unaspirated stops [p], [t], [k] (as in "bill", "dill", "gill") and the nasals [m] and [n] (as in "man").
	www.bbsonline.org /Preprints/OldArchive/bbs.macneilage.html (13500 words)

	Effective Decoding Instruction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		A spoken unit that must have a vowel and that includes the consonants that precede or follow that vowel.
		One vowel, one consonant, final e; the first vowel sound is long, the e is silent.
		One vowel followed by an r; vowel sound is neither long nor short, it is coarticulated with the r.
	www.cs.oswego.edu /~borgert/OCM/rdsyll-1.html (166 words)

	RSRL WIP8 Coleman
		The final consonant of /sit/ in isolation is slightly aspirated, and is followed by silence.
		We model these as containing an identical syllable-final and syllable-initial consonant, with the closure of a single consonant, so that the vowel-to-consonant and consonant-to-vowel transitions can be generated locally to each of the two syllables.
		Overlaying fixed-duration consonants on a compressed vowel causes less of the inter-consonantal portion of the vowel to be audible.
	www.rdg.ac.uk /app_ling/wip8/coleman.html (4418 words)

	project outlines
		For example: 'when' is often pronounced as /weN/ with a final consonant as in 'sing' when it precedes 'could'; it might be pronounced as /wem/ before 'may' etc. Assimilation happens word- internally across morpheme boundaries too e.g., 'hambag' for 'handbag' and some of these assimilations have become lexicalised (e.g.
		The experiments use the most sophisticated techniques in Australia for analysing speech physiology and acoustics that include an electromagnetic system for tracking the movement and velocity of small pellets that are fixed to the tongue and external vocal organs.
		Our research which is published in the Journal of the Acoustical Society of America shows that speakers vary the timing of their consonants and vowels in subtle ways to communicate word salience which often has dramatic effects on the acoustic signal that can be detected by the listener.
	www.ling.mq.edu.au /ling/units/slp813/archive/projects2001.html (1532 words)

	Title of Abstract
		The coarticulated speech in question is the consonant-vowel-consonant combination that occurs in words such as ``deed'' or ``bib'' where the two consonants are the same.
		These coarticulated words along with their vowels spoken in isolation are recorded digitally and processed to create the wavelet system model of coarticulated speech.
		Synthesizing new utterances using the coarticulation model from one word and using isolated vowels that are different from the vowel used in that word produces utterances that are consistently identified as the original word.
	www.personal.psu.edu /students/b/c/bct111/msabs.html (345 words)

	Research ~ Lori L. Holt ~ Carnegie Mellon University (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		For English listeners, stop consonant labeling boundaries are congruent with the positive auditory discontinuity, while Spanish speakers place their VOT labeling boundaries and discrimination peaks in the vicinity of 0 ms VOT.
		Subsequent to training, participants accurately identified consonants based solely on the newly-learned visual cues, and their accuracy in identifying consonants presented in noise was improved when the visual cues were present.
		When the final consonant was required for word identification, subjects showed clear contrastive effects; more [d]-initial words were heard with higher-frequency tones approximating a [g] third formant location, and vice versa.
	www.psy.cmu.edu:16080 /~lholt/php/researchConference.php (5235 words)

	PPT Slide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Some coarticulation is physiologically necessary: an articulator cannot move from position A to position B instantaneously.
		In languages with no oral vs. nasal contrast on vowels, e.g., Swedish, this is about how much coarticulated (assimilated) nasality one finds on vowels before nasal consonants.
		Thus it is strongly suspected that vowel nasality — though conditioned by a contextual nasal consonant — is phonological, and is not due purely to coarticulation.
	trill.berkeley.edu /PhonLab/classes/ling110/PowerPoint/nasals/tsld016.htm (134 words)

	- - - - - Abstracts från QPSR nr 1, 2 och 3/1996 klara - - - - -
		A number of VCV coarticulation experiments are described using a vocal tract area function model and a coarticulation function.
		Coarticulation in apical consonants: acoustic and articulatory analyses of Hindi, Swedish and Tamil
		This is a preliminary report on the phonetic interaction of tone and consonant voicing in Kammu, a language where some dialects use Fo for producing distinctive word tones, while others do not have tones but rely on the contrastive voicing of initial consonants to distinguish words which tonal dialects distinguishes with tones.
	www.speech.kth.se /docs/qpsr/abstracts96.htm (7204 words)

	Speech to print
		Semi-Vowels/Syllabic Consonants: A vowel is a phoneme that carries syllabic length and emphasis; a consonant is a phoneme that does not.
		The consonants are all the other letters which stop or limit the flow of air from the throat in speech.
		The semi-vocalic consonants are easy to remember because their letter name [aar, el, em, en] does not start with the letter sound.
	www.foolswisdom.com /~sbett/speech-print.html (9057 words)

	1pSP30 Jaw height and consonant place. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Since the jaw's vertical displacement is largely due to rotation about the condyle, its contribution to a consonant's constriction should depend on distance from the condyle.
		Moreover, in Korean the jaw was higher in velars coarticulated with a neighboring central vowel [(barred eye)] than coarticulated with the fronter [i].
		The greater contribution to coronal fricatives may be because the lower incisors must be positioned to impinge on the air stream, whereas the greater height for dorsal stops next to [(barred eye)] may be because the opposing surface (the hard palate) is furthest away from the tongue in that place.
	www.auditory.org /asamtgs/asa94mit/1pSP/1pSP30.html (192 words)

	Text-To-Visual/Auditory Speech (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Coarticulation refers to changes in the articulation of a speech segment depending on preceding (backward coarticulation) and upcoming segments (forward coarticulation).
		An example of backward coarticulation is the difference in articulation of a final consonant in a word depending on the preceding vowel, e.g.
		An example of forward coarticulation is the anticipatory lip rounding at the beginning of the word ``stew''.
	hms.upenn.edu /pelachaud/workshop_face/subsubsection3_8_4_4.html (688 words)

	BCC Concatenation Method - paper for ICSLP '98 Speech Synthesis Workshop
		The first is coarticulation which extends beyond the scope of a single diphone and entails some degree of contextual mismatch for virtually any diphone in at least some concatenation contexts.
		The first problem stems from the presence of coarticulation, which entails that the influence of segments external to a diphone may be present in the acoustic structure of the diphone; diphones cannot be viewed as context independent units.
		Consistent with procedures used for automatic diphone extraction, the stop consonants of the present corpus were labeled as a single acoustic phonetic region, beginning at the closure of a preceding vowel and ending at the onset of a subsequent vowel.
	www.asel.udel.edu /speech/workshop.htm (4522 words)

	Acoustic analysis of singleton and geminate affricates in Italian
		The analyzed words in the present study were therefore 3 for each affricate consonant (which are [ʧ, ʤ, ʦ, ʣ] and their geminate version) and 6 for each speaker in three repetitions, leading to a total of 3x4x2x6x3=432 utterances (216 singletons and 216 geminates).
		These consonants have peculiar and very distinctive characteristics that made necessary a split of the consonant itself into two parts: the first is named C1 and indicates the stop phase, while the second, named C2, indicates the fricative phase.
		The general tendency of shortening the pre-consonant vowel and of lengthening the consonant in geminate utterance, observed on stops, fricatives and nasals in previous studies, is confirmed for affricates.
	www.essex.ac.uk /web-sls/papers/01-01/submission.htm (3460 words)

	[No title]
		They change considerably depending on such context effects as coarticulation, whether the sounds are being produced by a man a woman or a child, and the fact that speech sounds are rarely pronounced the same way twice.
		Consonants, particularly stop consonants, tend to be bound to vowels; the phonetic segment consisting of the consonant and vowel is said to be encoded.
		Discrimination tasks using voiced and unvoiced initial stop consonants present the listener with a continuum of sounds going from a voiced to an unvoiced consonant and ask the listener to determine when the voiced consonant becomes an unvoiced one.
	www.bsos.umd.edu /hesp/facultyStaff/ratnern/hesp300nbr/WKBKCHAP3.HTM (2938 words)

	[No title]
		The aim is to gradually bring the student through basic acoustics, spectrum analysis, vowel and consonant acoustics, and into the research literature of speech perception and technology.
		Distinctive acoustical patterns for vowel and consonant perception by listeners are summarized in detail based on the research literature.
		Consonant and vowel recognition by the hearing-impaired is described in relation to acoustic phonetic distinctions.
	www.ablongman.com /catalog/academic/EZPrint_Product/0,2989,0205198872,00.html (1120 words)

	New Page 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		That is, there is no precise, acoustic form for a particular vowel or consonant.
		This is a problem for a listener, but only a small one, which can be solved by simply noting the frequency of the 's' sound.
		However, the vowel or consonant which follows the 's' can alter the nature of the 's'.
	www.uclan.ac.uk /psychology/Helen/ps3483/t3b_part2.html (521 words)

	HCS 7367 Speech Perception Lab - papers
		Auditory-visual speech recognition by hearing-impaired subjects: consonant recognition, sentence recognition, and auditory-visual integration.
		Effects of consonant environment on vowel formant patterns.
		Lotto, A.J., Kluender, K.R. and Holt, L.L. "Perceptual compensation for coarticulation by Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)," J.
	www.utdallas.edu /~assmann/hcs7367/readings.html (3959 words)

	LINGUIST List 8.798: Functionalism
		My intuition, which can only have limited applicability, does not suggest that p and t would ever be coarticulated in English, although the tongue is universally entirely free to take the [t] position at any point during the [p] articulation (which only involves the lips after all).
		By "coarticulated" allow [p] to be formed FIRST but let [t] be articulated BEFORE release of [p].
		Finally, Geoff's comments on the issue of "cluster": > While it is true that syllable-final stops are unreleased when >followed by other consonants in English, it is by no means clear that >all first consonants in clusters are unreleased--stop plus liquid and >glide clusters are indeed released, with the aspiration spreading over >the liquid/glide.
	www.sfs.nphil.uni-tuebingen.de /linguist/issues/8/8-798.html (1554 words)

	Reading Fluency
		Consonants especially vary with their syllabic context as they are coarticulated with adjacent sounds.
		Suddenly consonant sounds, in fact individual letter sounds, are said to have clear identities independently of any other letter or sounds in the syllable.
		You would eliminate the production of the b-sound in a way that is coarticulated with the wrong vowel sound, starting instead by forming the /b/ to be coarticulated with the correct vowel as it is in the word bought.
	educational-advisor.com /rdfluencypaper.html (4804 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		"Three experiments were designed to investigated how listeners to coarticulated speech use the acoustic speech signal during a vowel to extract information about a forthcoming oral or nasal consonant.
		According to one account, listeners hear nasalization in the vowel as such and use it to predict that a forthcoming nasal consonant is nasal.
		According to a second, they perceive speech gestures and hear nasalization in the acoustic domain of a vowel as the onset of a nasal consonant.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /~takeshi/p-workshop/JournalClub1/percep-psych-turk.htm (750 words)

	5aSC10. Perceptual parsing of coarticulated F0 information in speech. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		When the consequences of separate gestures converge on a common acoustic dimension, as during coarticulation, perceptual parsing of overlapping spoken gestures, rather than associations of acoustic features, is required to resolve the distinct gestural events.
		Direct tests of this theory were conducted in which mutual influences of (1) fundamental frequency during a vowel on prior consonant perception and (2) consonant identity on following vowel stress and pitch perception were found.
		The results of these converging tests lead to the conclusion that speech perception involves a process in which coarticulated segments are parsed from the acoustic stream of speech along gestural lines.
	www.auditory.org /asamtgs/asa96haw/5aSC/5aSC10.html (166 words)

	Method of teaching reading patent (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The initial sound is composed of the consonant "c" and the vowel sound "a" which are articulated together.
		The phonemes for "coot" are /k/ /u/ /t/ and represent the sounds "kuh" "oo" "tuh." The initial sound of the word "coot" is articulated with the tongue touching or near the soft part of the roof of the mouth and staying in the back of the mouth.
		The consonant and vowel sounds are co-articulated obscuring the segmentation between the two sounds.
	www.freshpatents.com /Method-of-teaching-reading-dt20050331ptan20050069848.php (2428 words)

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