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Topic: The Evolution of Cooperation

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	BREAKTHROUGH - The Evolution of Cooperation*
		For example, what made cooperation possible in the trench warfare of World War I was the fact that the same small units from opposite sides of no-man's-land would be in contact for long periods of time, so if one side broke the tacit understandings, then the other side could retaliate against the same unit.
		For example, it means that cooperation on the control of the arms race does not have to be sought entirely through the formal mechanism of negotiated treaties.
		When the conditions are right, the players can come to cooperate with each other through trial-and-error learning about possibilities for mutual rewards, through imitation of other successful players, or even through a blind process of selection of the more successful strategies with a weeding out of the less successful ones.
	www-ee.stanford.edu /~hellman/Breakthrough/book/chapters/axelrod.html (2700 words)

	A new theory of the evolution of cooperation
		The full benefits of cooperation will be captured by the cooperators, the barrier to the evolution of cooperation will have been overcome, and the potential advantages of cooperation can be exploited.
		But when the barriers to cooperation in human society are overcome, and when all individuals capture in full their beneficial effects on others, the provision of food to the starving will be a lucrative way to make a living.
		Management was also essential for the evolution of the close cooperative relationship that developed between cells and the bacterial ancestors of mitochondria that began to live inside the cells.
	users.tpg.com.au /users/jes999/5.htm (9079 words)

	Barriers to the evolution of cooperation
		For example, where the cooperation is a business venture we might insist on an enforceable contract, or that the investments and profits are not solely under the control of the stranger.
		And in the few cases where cooperation is more extensive, it is nowhere as complex as the cooperative division of labour found within the bodies of individuals and within human society.
		So if evolution is to progress, it must meet this central challenge: it must discover ways of building cooperative organisations out of self-interested components—it must learn how to make it in the interests of individuals to cooperate.
	users.tpg.com.au /users/jes999/4.htm (3705 words)

	Evolution of Cooperation
		Everybody will agree that cooperation is in general advantageous for the group of cooperators as a whole, even though it may curb some individual's freedom.
		Cooperation can increase the fitness of the cooperators, when the cooperators together can collect more resources than the sum of resources collected by each of them individually (synergy).
		Since evolution tries to optimize first of all at the subsystem level, we need additional mechanisms to explain global optimization at the level of the cooperating system.
	pespmc1.vub.ac.be /COOPEVOL.html (599 words)

	Unintended Consequences: Reading: Axelrod's "The Evolution of Cooperation" (1984)
		Emergence of cooperation is not dependent upon consciousness or friendship, as Axelrod illustrates through documented examples and reasoning in his book.
		Axelrod also analyzed the chronology of the emergence of the success of the cooperative "Tit for Tat" strategy, developing theoretical propositions for when various strategies are "collectively stable." A strategy is "collectively stable" if it survives by continuing to outscore new strategies that attempt to invade its environment.
		Reliable identification of players is essential to the ability to verify which have cooperated or defected in the past and to act accordingly.
	www.dougsimpson.com /blog/archives/000248.html (1228 words)

	Learning about cooperation through modelling: the r
		The "multi-level" approach to teaching about evolution allows students to conceptualize the issues on adaptation in a way that is both more consistent with recent developments in the research literature and more rooted in related student interests and experience.
		The goal of project EACH (The Evolution of Altruistic and Cooperative Habits) was to develop sets of activities that would enable students to develop intuitions about the complex dynamics of individuals and groups in an evolutionary system.
		In refining this first cooperation model into a second cooperation model, Geoff researched the evolutionary biology literature on population viscosity The only change to the model was to add a slider variable called ‘Viscosity’ to the control interface.
	ccl.northwestern.edu /papers/Each/Each.html (4630 words)

	The Evolution of Cooperation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Evolution of Cooperation is a 1984 book and a 1981 article of the same title by political science professor Robert Axelrod.
		In one of these, Axelrod examined spontaneous instances of cooperation during trench warfare in World War I.
		The generals on both sides were satisfied that shelling was occurring and therefore the war was progressing satisfactorily, while the men in the trenches found a way to cooperatively protect themselves.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/The_Evolution_of_Cooperation (298 words)

	The Panda's Thumb: The Evolution of Cooperation: Hawks, Doves, Ravens and Starlings
		Cooperative doves ignore out-group critters bearing markers dissimilar to their own, but ‘cooperate’ with in-group critters by leaving cells with other doves bearing similar markers to avoid competing with them for food.
		Also, a model for the evolution of altruistic/cooperative behavior you forgot to mention is the “green beard” model, in which genes affecting altruism/cooperation are phenotypically detectable (either directly of via closely associated genetic loci) because they are reflected in traits that are physically distinguishable, and allow the direct identification of carriers.
		A new route to the evolution of cooperation.
	www.pandasthumb.org /archives/2006/05/the_evolution_o_4.html (8309 words)

	GBN: The Evolution of Cooperation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		They show that cooperation can get started by even a small cluster of individuals who are prepared to reciprocate cooperation, even in a world where no one else will cooperate.
		The analysis also shows that the two key requisites for cooperation to thrive are that the cooperation be based on reciprocity, and that the shadow of the future is important enough to make this reciprocity stable.
		But once cooperation based on reciprocity is established in a population, it can protect itself from invasion by uncooperative strategies.
	www.gbn.com /BookClubSelectionDisplayServlet.srv?si=25815 (949 words)

	Amazon.com: The Evolution of Cooperation: Books: Robert Axelrod (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Achieving socially efficient or Pareto-superior mutual cooperation in PD game is possible if the reciprocity works as times go by and the players consider the future consequences of their present actions with foresight (the reciprocity is emphasized much more than foresight).
		This means that cooperation is possible even in the world of All D, as long as small clusters of discriminating invaders with TFT have a small proportion of interactions in the Hobbes state-of-nature.
		As the institutional performance depends largely upon culture, so the speed and the range of the evolution of cooperation is determined greatly by the social structure such as labels, reputation, regulation, and territoriality.
	www.amazon.com /Evolution-Cooperation-Robert-Axelrod/dp/0465021212 (4301 words)

	Evolution breeds cooperation TRN 022801
		Evolution has certainly been good for human beings and it looks like it could be good for intelligent agents, too.
		Two teams of researchers have used genetic algorithms to develop groups of intelligent agents that use cooperative strategies to solve a shared task.
		However, the results from the NEC experiment suggest that the communication was not a full-blown language complete with grammar and semantics, he said.
	www.trnmag.com /Stories/022801/Evolution_breeds_cooperation_022801.html (853 words)

	[No title]
		The evolution of cooperation within the iterated Prisoner's Dilemma has been shown to follow different patterns, with significantly different outcomes, depending on whether the features of the model are classically perfect or stochastically imperfect (Axelrod 1980a, 1980b, 1984, 1985; Axelrod and Hamilton, 1981; Nowak and Sigmund, 1990, 1992; Sigmund 1993).
		The ideal strategy for an imperfect world, in fact, is a 'Generous Tit for Tat' <1-, 1/3>, returning cooperation for cooperation at a rate infinitesimally close to 1 but responding generously to defection with cooperation at a rate of 1/3.
		But from the point at which silence is reached, evolution of the array becomes simply a random matter of where food happens to fall, and thus of whether individuals with consistently open mouths get a better balance of 'gain' and 'loss' than the constant zero awarded to cells which never open their mouths (Figure 3c).
	www.sunysb.edu /philosophy/faculty/pgrim/evolution.htm (4796 words)

	Human Cultural Evolution
		Although biological and social evolution have been a strong influence on human responses to evolution, biology and being social is basic to all humans.
		However, his evolution did not parallel hers since his role in the evolving human culture was different.
		The last three, ballistics, touch and manual dexterity, are a result of the gradual evolution of the protohuman male to the human man.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~taflinge/culture1.html (4433 words)

	Evolution and Ecology Program - Evolution of Cooperation
		Such cooperation of selective units to form a higher-order unit is a central theme in the study of the major transitions in evolution, and thus offers a common thread for studying diverse adaptive processes in biological and cultural evolution.
		Recent research advances at IIASA have shed new light on the role of reputation for the evolution of indirect reciprocity, the importance of voluntary participation for sustaining high levels of cooperation, the joint evolutionary dynamics of cooperation and mobility, and on the effect of rewards and punishment in public goods games.
		The Evolution of Cooperation in Spatially Heterogeneous Populations.
	www.iiasa.ac.at /Research/EEP/Cooperation.html (983 words)

	context :: cooperation evolution: symbiotic organisms, social animals and inequity aversion
		Some legume plants, which rely on beneficial soil bacteria called rhizobia that infect their roots and provide nitrogen, seem to promote cooperation by exacting a toll on those bacterial strains that don't hold up their end of the symbiotic bargain.
		In this way, the host plant can control the environment of the symbiotic bacteria to favor the evolution of cooperation by ensuring that bacterial 'cheaters' reproduce less." >from Cooperation is a no-brainer for symbiotic bacteria.
		During the evolution of cooperation, it may have become worthwhile for individuals to compare their own payoffs to those of others, in an effort to increase relative fitness.
	www.straddle3.net /context/03/en/2003_10_08.html (448 words)

	Evolution of cooperation
		The ecology and evolution of ant association in the Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera).
		Social evolution in the Lepidoptera: ecological context and communication in larval societies.
		Pierce, N.E. The evolution and biogeography of associations between lycaenid butterflies and ants.
	www.oeb.harvard.edu /faculty/pierce/publicaciones/Cooperation.html (489 words)

	The God Gene and Genetic & Cultural Evolution of Cooperation.
		Hamer makes the case that religion is different from what he calls self-transcendence: religion is what is culturally transmitted, and one's leaning towards self-transcendence is primarily genetic—no god or religion required; so even the title of the book is misleading.
		He goes on to mention what decades of research by evolutionary psychologists now accept: that altruism, human cooperation, acceptance of group norms (like religion), disgust towards outsiders, blood lust, patriotism, ethnocentrism, and a host of other human tendencies are due to group evolutionary strategies.
		Evolution is slow, and such short respites from conflict and/or cooperation would not have altered human behavior (below I will discuss new research about tribal conflict leading to cooperative behaviors).
	home.comcast.net /~neoeugenics/GodGene.htm (4126 words)

	The Evolution of Cooperation: Single-move Game (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		An especially interesting form of cooperative behaviour is called "altruism" where it costs the individual performing the behaviour and benefits the recipient.
		Examples of apparent altruistic behaviour, such as the worker bees that forfit their chance to breed to help the queen raise more sisters were once explained as acts for "the good of the species".
		In game theory, cooperative behaviours such as the cleaner fish behaviour is called a non-zero-sum game; both individuals have a shared interest of survival.
	bio150.chass.utoronto.ca /pdgame/theory.html (368 words)

	Cooperation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cooperation is the antithesis of competition, however, the need or desire to compete with others is a very common impetus that motivates individuals to organize into a group and cooperate with each other in order to form a stronger competitive force.
		Cooperation in many areas such as, farming and housing may be in the form of a cooperative or, alternately, in the form of a conventional business.
		Thus, cooperation in the form of cartels or price-fixing may be illegal.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cooperation (511 words)

	The CALVIN BOOKSHELF Evolution Collection
		National Academy of Sciences report on the Teaching of Evolution is available on the web as well as in print from the National Academy Press.
		"Evolution is an enchanted loom of shuttling DNA codes, whose evanescent patterns, as they dance their partners through geological deep time, weave a massive database of ancestral wisdom, a digitally coded description of ancestral worlds and what it took to survive in them." [p.326]
		In a single stroke, the idea of evolution by natural selection unifies the realm of life, meaning, and purpose with the realm of space and time, cause and effect, mechanism and physical law.
	williamcalvin.com /bookshelf/evolution.htm (3214 words)

	Cooperation
		The Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma (IPD) is widely regarded as a standard model for the evolution of cooperation.
		The evolution of cooperation in the repeated prisoner's dilemma depends on the conditions under which the game is played.
		In conclusion, the most exciting feature about The Evolution of Cooperation is how the analysis of an extremely simple game, The Prisoner's Dilemma, can shed so much light on such diverse fields of study.
	www.aridolan.com /ad/Cooperation.html (872 words)

	evolution of cooperation \| MetaFilter
		May 8, 2006 12:43 AM evolution of cooperation apparently the evolution of cooperative behavior has been something of a rough spot for evolution researchers.
		I am interested in the idea of to what extent this may be predictive in evolution and also how, if this is accurate, it gives some biological support to some political philosophers who have argued that selfishness and altruism are false distinctions and we have to work together for our own sake.
		Since genetic evolution optimizes for the gene, not the individual, their genetic material is better served by a lifetime of chaste labor.
	www.metafilter.com /mefi/51455 (1945 words)

	Supernatural Punishment and the Evolution of Cooperation - FSI Stanford
		Supernatural Punishment and the Evolution of Cooperation - FSI Stanford
		Human cooperation remains a puzzle because it persists even in contexts where traditional theories predict it should not do so (i.e.
		This hypothesis offers an explanation for (a) geographic variation in religious practices as solutions to local cooperation problems; and (b) the power of political appeals to religion to elicit cooperation.
	fsi.stanford.edu /publications/20543 (169 words)

	The Scientist : Evolution Means Cooperation, Not Just Competition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		People bridle when they hear that evolution is a cooperative phenomenon, that the biosphere represents the joint activities of those organisms, past and present, adept at surviving in each other's presence.
		In fact, "individuals" such as animals are not individuals at all, but clones of billions of nucleated cells integrated with symbiotic colonies of bacteria.
		When an "individual" such as Andrew Knoll pays lip ser vice to the prevailing status quo that evolution is really competition and not cooperation, his physical constitution-his multicellular, multiancestral anatomy-belies his view.
	www.the-scientist.com /article/display/7188 (296 words)

	Co-operation (evolution) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Much research about reciprocity as leading to cooperation has concentrated on the 'prisoner's dilemma' known from game theory.
		One theory suggesting a mechanism that could lead to the evolution of cooperation is the "market effect" as suggested by Noe and Hammerstein (1994).
		Trading for the resource requires cooperation with the other partner and includes a process of bidding and bargaining.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Co-operation_(evolution) (669 words)

	on Graphical Game
		Francis Heylighen: Evolution, Selfishness and Cooperation; Selfish Memes and the Evolution of Cooperation,Journal of Ideas, Vol 2, # 4, pp 70-84.
		The effects and evolution of tag-mediated selection of partners in populations playing the IPD.
		or Annotated Bibliography on The Evolution of Cooperation
	www.cs.iastate.edu /~baojie/acad/reference/2003-04-10_evocoop.htm (566 words)

	IngentaConnect The evolution of cooperation and altruism a general framework and...
		IngentaConnect The evolution of cooperation and altruism a general framework and...
		The evolution of cooperation and altruism - a general framework and a classification of models
		To clarify the situation, we developed a synthetic conceptual framework that delineates the conditions necessary for the evolution of altruism and cooperation.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/bsc/jeb/2006/00000019/00000005/art00001 (252 words)

	Bart Stewart -- The Evolution of Cooperation
		And yet there are examples of cooperation all around us: no single person could build a skyscraper, or fight a war, or agree to an international treaty.
		For all of these things (and many others) to happen, sufficient numbers of self-interested individual human beings must agree to cooperate even when cheating is easy.
		The Complexity of Cooperation a study of Robert Axelrod's more recent paper, The Complexity of Cooperation.
	www.draftymanor.com /bart/cooperat.htm (359 words)

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