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	Coal - LoveToKnow 1911
		Coal then meant the carbonaceous residue obtained in the destructive distillation of wood, or what is known as charcoal, and the name collier was applied indifferently to both coal-miners and charcoal-burners.
		The Coal Measures which form part of the Palaeozoic or oldest of the three great geological divisions are mainly confined to the countries north of the equator.
		The uppermost portion of the Coal Measures consists of red sandstone so closely resembling that of the Permian group, which are next in geological sequence, that it is often difficult to decide upon the true line of demarcation between the two formations.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Coal (15211 words)

	[No title]
		Coal bearing rocks have been intersected in the drilling in the northern half of the permit but there is insufficient data to ascertain which formations are present.
		In the south, the seismic data are believed to indicate the occurrence of the Rangal Coal Measures in a number of fault blocks to the west.
		Coal seams of the Rangal Coal Measures probably occur in the southern part of the area but these have yet to be investigated by drilling.
	www.mininglife.com /operations/operationdetail.asp?Property=Bombandy (169 words)

	Information on Coal measures
		Coal gas, a variety of carbureted hydrogen, procured from bituminous coal, used in lighting streets, houses, etc., and for cooking and heating.
		Coal heaver, a man employed in carrying coal, and esp. in putting it in, and discharging it from, ships.
		Coal plant (Geol.), one of the remains or impressions of plants found in the strata of the coal formation.
	www.wkonline.com /d/Coal_measures.html (377 words)

	Australian Antarctic Division - The Bainmedart Coal Measures
		The Bainmedart Coal Measures, comprising the middle portion of the Permo-Triassic Amery Group sedimentary sequence, are exposed along the eastern side of Radok Lake, throughout Pagodroma Gorge, and along the western side of Beaver Lake.
		The Bainmedart Coal Measures comprise an ~1875m thick sedimentary sequence of repetitive fining-upwards cycles which are dominated by quartzose and feldspathic sandstones, with minor carbonaceous siltstone, coal and claystone.
		The period of deposition of the Bainmedart Coal Measures is presumed to have coincided with a relatively wet climate, resulting in high water tables and the formation of laterally extensive forest-mires and lakes within floodbasins.
	www.aad.gov.au /default.asp?casid=2824 (1835 words)

	Jevons, The Coal Question, Chapter 3: Library of Economics and Liberty
		Coal varies in specific gravity, from about 1.25 to 1.33, or is from one and a quarter to one and a third times as heavy as an equal bulk of water.
		Coal seams are more or less broken up by faults and hitches, and a greater or less quantity of coal must be sacrificed to the necessities of mining.
		The coal measures consist of many alternated beds of sand, mud, coal, and ironstone, deposited during a long interval of time in estuaries, great swamps, fresh-water lakes, deltas, or flat shores, which gradually sank as the beds were added.
	www.econlib.org /LIBRARY/YPDBooks/Jevons/jvnCQ3.html (3225 words)

	Indiana Geological Survey Annual Report 1870
		Coal I is worked by a drift, and coal G is worked by a shaft sunk at the foot of the hill on the bank of the creek.
		In fact, the misplacing of coal seams, and the confounding of sandstones at all levels with the Mahoning sandstone of Pensylvania and the Anvil Rock sandstone of Kentucky, I might continue to trace throughout the entire coal field of Kentucky, Indiana and Illinois.
		Coal K, at Washington, in Daviess county, is a bright, rich looking coal, quite free from sulphur; is extensively mined; and meets with a ready market at St. Louis, and all the towns along the Ohio and Mississippi Railroad.
	www.indiana.edu /~libgeol/cox1870/1870western.html (3595 words)

	Indiana Geological Survey Annual Report 1869
		The area of the coal measures in Indiana, which, in advance of a computation to be made from an actual detailed survey, may be stated to approximate (6,500) six thousand five hundred square miles, or one-fifth part of the entire State.
		The plants of the coal period were not sub-aqueous, but required the influence of the sun's rays to promote their growth, just as we see in the great peat-bogs of the present time.
		A single coal bed seldom exceeds five or six feet in thickness; when of greater thickness than this it is apt to contain a parting of fire-clay, which tends to show that it is a double seam, and liable, in other localities, to be separated by many feet of strata.
	www.indiana.edu /~libgeol/cox1869/69geolog.html (1443 words)

	Coal Measures: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		Coal Measures (stratigraphic unit) is the stratigraphic term used in Europe (especially in Great Britain) for the Upper Carboniferous System in Europe.
		The term coal measures is also used to describe a succession of sedimentary rocks ranging in thickness from a metre or so to a few thousand metres, that consists of mainly clastic rocks (claystones, shales, siltstones, sandstones, conglomerates), and limestones that are interstratified with beds of coal.
		For example the Permian coal measures of Australia and the late Cretaceous and early Tertiary coal measures found in New Zealand.
	www.winelib.com /wiki/Coal_Measures (139 words)

	Mining Technology - Portman Mining Ltd Coal Mine - Burton Coal - Queensland Australia
		Opencut coal resources in the Burton seam occur along a 16km strike length and are adequate to support a 12-year mine life, with at least the same again in underground resources.
		Raw coal is crushed to —50mm, with prime hard coking coal recovered using dense medium cyclones.
		At Mallawa, the coal is side-dumped from the trucks adjacent to the respective stockpiles, so as to minimise the requirement for bulldozing.
	www.mining-technology.com /projects/burton (745 words)

	DMR - Mineral Resources - Coal Glossary
		Material derived from heating bituminous coal in the absence of air and driving off the volatile constituents, so that the fixed carbon and ash are fused together.
		A cutting machine is pulled back and forth across a panel of coal 400 to 800 feet wide, and the broken coal is moved by conveyor belt to the surface.
		The classification of coals according to their degree of metamorphism or coalification (maturation) in the natural series from lignite to anthracite.
	www.mme.state.va.us /dmr/DOCS/MinRes/COAL/glos.html (1056 words)

	Coal: memorial to the Flood
		Yet the coal seams are so thick that they dwarf these massive excavators, which must traverse the seam several times before the coal is completely removed.
		Offshore the coal measures are estimated to be almost 5 km (3 miles) thick.
		Coal is a stark memorial to the Flood of Noah, and bears witness to the reliability of the Bible.
	www.answersingenesis.org /creation/v23/i2/coal.asp (3219 words)

	Wales Underground - Coal
		Coal is the remains of peat that has been compressed so that almost all that is left is carbon.
		The geological evidence for the Coal Forests in Wales is preserved in rocks known as the Coal Measures.
		Despite appearances to the contrary, a typical Coal Measures sequence should therefore be seen as representing vast thicknesses of peat separated by relatively thin intervals of sediment.
	www.wales-underground.org.uk /coal.shtml (1137 words)

	Coal Measures marilyn monroe biography Coal Measures
		A coal measure (stratigraphic unit) is the name given to any rock sequence that occurs in the upper part of the Carboniferous System in Europe.
		The term coal measure is also used to describe a succession of sedimentary rocks comprising of claystones, shales, siltstones, sandstones, conglomerates, and limestones that are interstratified with beds of coal.
		CJ Cleal and BA Thomas, Plants of the British Coal Measures, The Palaeontological Association, 1994.
	www.find-ask.com /C/Encyclopedia/Coal_Measures/Coal_Measures.html (319 words)

	All-round measures for coal mine safety
		A reduction in coal prices in the 1990s has brought many mine owners to the verge of bankruptcy, so they do not have enough money for safety expenses.
		Coal mines need to pass work safety examinations before their licences are granted.
		Coal gasification, whereby coal is converted to combustible gases underground, which are then pumped up and purified for industrial use, is especially important for China, as its geological structure means there is dangerous amounts of gas in the coal.
	www.chinadaily.com.cn /english/doc/2005-03/14/content_424470.htm (661 words)

	Coal Mining in Dunfermline
		The Dunfermline coal field is one of a series of small fields which link the East Fife coalfield, to the north and east of Kirkcaldy, and the Clackmannan / West Fife coalfield towards Stirling.
		The variable thickness coal seams that were worked tend to be found within the Carboniferous Limestone Coal Group, though the twenty foot thick Dysart Main seam is amongst those of the Coal Measures that were worked along the coast north of Kirkcaldy.
		With developments in technology the demand for coal evaporated: diesel replaced coal on the railways, North Sea gas replaced coal gas, alternative energy sources were preferentially developed and used.
	www.hometown.aol.com /pitreavieg/pitreavie/coalmining.htm (567 words)

	Geological Structure, Part 3
		The Coal Measures of Kansas are a part of an immense coal field which covers, as stated by Prof.
		The rich beds of the Coal Measures doubtless exist under a large part of the Upper Carboniferous; in some regions at such great depths as to be virtually inaccessible or valueless, since the cost of mining would exceed its extrinsic worth when obtained.
		The Leavenworth coal is taken from the strata of the lower group, after penetrating through the Upper Carboniferous to the moderate depth of 700 feet.
	www.kancoll.org /books/cutler/deschist/geolog-p3.html (3130 words)

	Newcastle Regional Museum - A History of the Greta Coal Measures
		Newcastle Regional Museum - A History of the Greta Coal Measures
		To improve the sound quality, accessibility and longevity of the Greta Coal Measure Oral History Collection, the Newcastle Regional Museum is digitising the collection and making the copies available as CDs only.
		coal mining cessnock heddon greta kurri aberdare abernock ayrfield branxton bellbird caldare abermain caledon cwmdu coal allied elrington east extended tunnel shaft greta little farthings pit hilldale hillend leconfield maitland main neath abernathy pelton pelaw richmond rutherford r w miller rothbury millfield new ringwood stanford methyr whitburn horse horses power generation history oral
	www.amol.org.au /newcastle/greta/index.html (192 words)

	Coal & Allied \| Business \| What We Do \| Geology
		Coal and Allied's mining operations are centred in the Upper Hunter Coalfield and form part of the larger Permian-aged (280 million years) coalfield known as the Sydney Basin.
		It contains the Newcastle and Tomago Coal Measures in the Newcastle Coalfield and the Wollombi, Wittingham and Greta Coal Measures in the Upper Hunter Coalfield.
		Coal and Allied's operations mine coal from the Wittingham Coal Measures.
	www.coalandallied.com.au /business/whatWeDo/geology.asp (192 words)

	First Biennial Report, 1878, Geology of Kansas
		This is, in part, owing to the fact, that the State has not been disposed to employ a geologist to examine the territory covered by the Coal Measures, as well as to the fact that the deposits near the coal beds are quite irregular.
		Thus, at Pleasanton, Linn county, coal was found in one lead shaft of a workable thickness, and less than eighty feet from the surface, while in another shaft, two hundred and sixty feet deep, and only two hundred yards distant, none was found.
		The width of the trackway is from eleven to twelve inches, measuring, as usual, from center to center.
	skyways.lib.ks.us /genweb/archives/1878/geology_coal_measures.shtml (2448 words)

	Restructuring The Coal Industries in Central and Eastern Europe
		As a new restructuring solution for the coal industry, measures to develop integrated systems with coal and electricity producers were initiated as part of the general energy sector strategy.
		These measures would be correlated with national programmes in the power sector and would satisfy special technical, economic and ecological criteria.
		In 1997 and 1998, firm restructuring measures were applied to the sector, determined by the necessity of diminishing or eliminating budget subsidies and losses.
	www.worldenergy.org /wec-geis/publications/reports/coal/country_profiles/romania_4.asp (2512 words)

	Coal\|Coke\|China Coal Resource
		Coal export quota will be assigned according to the actual results of companies in the last year.
		Coal export companies report the using condition of the last month’s export quota before 5th of every month to SDRC for the record.
		Coal export operators whose actions break the laws or principles, and punished by Customs, Tax,Commodities Inspection and Exchange Control Departments, will be deducted their coal export quota by SDRC according to the specific situation.
	www.sxcoal.com /en/doc/show.asp?typeid=289&f_id=6329 (640 words)

	Coal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		Coal occurs in the form of layers (‘seams') in sequences of sedimentary rocks.
		Almost all onshore coal resources in the UK occur in strata of the Carboniferous system, and coals of this age also extend into the North Sea basin.
		In Great Britain coals of Mesozoic and Tertiary age are insignificant onshore but occur over large areas, and in considerable thicknesses, in the North Sea basin and other offshore areas.
	www.bgs.ac.uk /mineralsuk/minequar/coal/home.html (728 words)

	Geology of the Blackburn Area
		These rocks are of the Upper Carboniferous series and are referred to as the Lower Coal Measures in England.
		But the bulk of the Coal Measures are of somewhat different character from the Millstone Grit: rhythmic deposition is still apparent, but sandstones are thinner and finer grained; marine bands are uncommon, non-marine shell-beds very common; plant-debris is ubiquitous and seams of coal are thicker and more abundant.
		A coal mine opening in the bedrock is located in the streambed of Grimshaw (Waterside) Brook near Luddington.
	www.grimshaworigin.org /WebPages/GeolBlak.htm (608 words)

	Coal
		The coal that is often mentioned in the County of Cavan has a somewhat curious history.
		Seeing that the strata are, at the latest, of Llandovery age, and that no plants likely to form coal existed at so remote an epoch, the continuity of the deposit is most improbable.
		Means of transport are still in a backward state; the upper and thicker seams have become already exhausted; and the coal as a rule contains a deleterious amount of sulphur, in the form of iron pyrites.
	www.travelinireland.com /ireland_guide/ireland_guide_coal1.htm (631 words)

	LORA, Coal Measures (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		The Third Coal "horizon", a name used in the Colón district, State of Zulia, was first published by Liddle (1928, p.
		It consists of grey sandy shales, lenticular sandstones, carbonaceous shales with coal seams, and mottled shales.
		The Third Coal formation rests conformably on the Mito Juan formation and is overlain by the Mirador formation which contact is transitional.
	www.pdv.com /lexico/1edic/l91ii.htm (405 words)

	pg b216a: Fourth annual report of the Geological Survey of Texas Publication 5235917-4
		In Indiana the Merome sandstones overlie the Coal Measures.
		In Missouri the Upper Coal Measures are overlaid by the drift, and are said to be older than the Measures in Kansas.
		In West Virginia the upper part of the Coal Measures has been referred to the Permian by Fontaine and White, upon the evidence of the flora found in the beds.
	www.lib.utexas.edu /books/landscapes/publications/txu-oclc-5235917-4/txu-oclc-5235917-4-b216a-print.html (713 words)

	Newcastle Regional Museum - Welcome to a History of the Greta Coal Measures (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		The Greta Coal Measures are a permian (245 million year old) coal bed located in the state of New South Wales on the east coast of the continent of Australia.
		This coal is part of a continuous band running from the Illawarra to Southern Queensland.
		The coal was used both within Australia and exported to overseas markets including Japan, Chile and the United States.
	www.amol.org.au /newcastle/greta/background.html (438 words)

	Stratigraphy of the Carboniferous
		Upper and Lower subdivisions were used to separate the coal measures dating from the late Carboniferous from the limestone strata of the early Carboniferous.
		Coal beds, which can be up to eleven to twelve meters thick, characterize the Upper Carboniferous.
		Index fossils used for the Pennsylvanian Period are fusulinid foraminifers and the pollen and spores from the coal forests prevalent during that time.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /carboniferous/carbstrat.html (1058 words)

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