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Topic: Coal Region

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	Links to other Coal Region sites of interest
		Coal Region Genealogy Info (good links to census, cemetery, and genealogy info)
		Coal Mining Stories and Pictures from the early 1900's
		Historical Coal Mine Disasters in the Anthracite Region
	www.coalregion.com /links.htm (361 words)

	Coal Energy
		Coal is a combustible fl or brownish-fl sedimentary rock composed mostly of carbon and hydrocarbons.
		Coal is mainly found in three large regions, the Appalachian Coal Region, the Interior Coal Region, and Western Coal Region (includes the Powder River Basin).
		Coal is used to generate roughly half of all electricity produced in the United States.
	www.eia.doe.gov /kids/energyfacts/sources/non-renewable/coal.html (1746 words)

	Solid Energy New Zealand Ltd : New Zealand Coal : Geology
		The West Coast coal region is situated on the West Coast of the South Island.
		The Brunner coal measures, formed in the Buller, have a lithological sequence of basal pebble-conglomerate, quartzose sandstone, mudstones and coal seams.
		Regional dip is to the southeast with moderate to steep angles, with the whole field plunging south.
	www.coalnz.com /nzcoal-westcoast.htm (619 words)

	Coal Over Geologic Time
		Coals have been discovered in rocks as old as the Precambrian, but it was not until the Devonian Period (some 400 million years ago) that woody plants became abundant on land and peat deposits were able to accumulate enough to make a minable coal.
		Permian coal (286 to 268 mya) Early Permian coal beds are known in the Appalachian Coal Region of western Pennsylvania, west Virginia, and eastern Ohio.
		Coals associated with the retreating sea tend to be higher in ash and sulfur.
	smtc.uwyo.edu /coal/swamp/geology.asp (753 words)

	Coal Region - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Counties of the Coal Region of Pennsylvania, known for anthracite mining.
		The Coal Region is a term used to refer to an area of Northeastern Pennsylvania in the central Appalachian Mountains comprising Lackawanna, Luzerne, Columbia, Carbon, Schuylkill, and Northumberland County, Pennsylvania.
		The Region lies north of the Lehigh Valley and Berks County Regions, south of the Endless Mountains, west of the Pocono Mountains, and east of the Susquehanna Valley, though the Susquehanna River passes through the Wyoming Valley located within the coal region in the central Appalachian Mountains.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Coal_Region (876 words)

	Historic Context
		Coal towns came to a region of Kentucky that was populated by family farms.
		Because these towns were isolated in a region of the country that was sparsely populated to begin with, the transformation from a camp populated by bachelor miners to more conventional town of families was a slow process (Allen: 77).
		The region's secondary waterways, less predictable as a means of transport, declined in importance for coal shipping though continued to serve as an important channel for vast timber resources taken from the area.
	www.coaleducation.org /coalhistory/coaltowns/historic_context.htm (12644 words)

	Coal Region travel guide - Wikitravel (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Pennsylvania's Coal Region has a rich heritage of coal mining and is, in fact, home to the largest deposits of anthracite coal in North and South America.
		Regional dialect in the Coal Region is a mixture of upstate New York, New York City, German, and Polish accents due to historical immigration to work in the mines.
		The Coal Region is served by Interstate 80 and the Northeast Extension of the Pennsylvania Turnpike.
	www.wikitravel.org /en/Coal_Region (741 words)

	Coal Region - Definition, explanation
		The Coal Region is a term used to refer to an area of Northeastern Pennsylvania comprised by Lackawanna, Luzerne, Carbon, Columbia and Schuylkill and Northumberland counties.
		The region is home to the largest known deposits of anthracite coal found in the Americas, with an estimated reserve of seven billion short tons (PA DEP Website).
		Settlement in the region predates the American Revolution, however the discovery of the anthracite coal for which it is named did not occur until the early nineteenth century.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/c/co/coal_region.php (524 words)

	Pennsylvania Coal Mine History
		Anthracite Coal was already discovered in parts of Wyoming County (which at that time was a part of the large Northampton County.) To get a better idea of when and where the first coal mines were, I will try to give a break down through the years about the finding and use of coal.
		The coal companies knew were the veins of coal were located but when it came to inclines, rolls or pitches this was something that was found out when the tunnels and chutes were driven.
		Coal and iron Policeman Harris, in getting off a trolley car while on the way to his home, was surrounded by a mob and accompanied as far as the door of his home.
	www.tccweb.org /penncoal.htm (21487 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Business \| Bangladesh coal divides region
		Apart from coal, the mine will also provide co-products such as kaolin, clay, sand, rock and aggregate, which can be put to productive use.
		Some of Phulbari's coal will be kept back for use in Bangladesh, replacing several millions of tonnes a year currently imported from India.
		He is concerned, however, that coal is a non-renewable energy source and that if it stayed in the country, it would serve the population for 50 or 100 years, rather than the expected 30-year life span Asia Energy is proposing.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/business/5080386.stm (1108 words)

	[No title]
		Barry Thacker’s Testimony before DNC A Report of the Eastern Coal Region Restoration Roundtable “If you are truly to improve water quality, you have to do it as a component of improving the quality of life of those who live in the watershed.” Barry Thacker, Coal Creek Watershed Foundation I.
		It was decided early with the Coal Region Roundtable to not call it Appalachia as the Eastern Coal belt extends to states beyond the Appalachian Mountain chain.
		Coal and timber companies are afraid that if they have exposure, they are opening themselves up to further controversy, liability, and additional regulation.
	filebox.vt.edu /users/erclark1/Eastern_Coal_Region_Final_Report.doc (5659 words)

	Xstrata Plc - Coal
		Xstrata Coal’s New South Wales operations include both underground and open cut mines, the majority of which are located in the Hunter Valley with the remainder in the western coalfields.
		Ulan coal mine is one of the most established coal mining operations in the western coalfields.
		Xstrata Coal is one of Australia's leading suppliers of semi-soft coal to the Japanese steel industry and the second largest supplier of thermal coal to Japan, positioning Japan as the company's largest customer.
	www.xstrata.com /prod_coal.php (1376 words)

	Waste Coal - Waste Dirtier than Coal :: Energy Justice Network
		Waste coal is called "culm" in the eastern Pennsylvania anthracite coal region and "gob" or "boney" in the bitiminous coal mining regions (western Pennsylvania, West Virginia and elsewhere).
		Waste coal burners have cleaner air emissions than antiquated coal plants due to their better pollution controls, but this only means that the ash is far more toxic, since the highly toxic particulates captured in pollution control equipment end up in the ash.
		The waste coal industry is pushing aggressively to include their proposed facilities in the Pennsylvania Renewable Portfolio Standard, despite the fact that waste coal is not renewable energy and that waste coal power plants are dirtier than coal power plants.
	www.energyjustice.net /coal/wastecoal (1450 words)

	Immigrants in Coal Country: Resources : Historical Society of Pennsylvania
		The result of the first in a series of symposiums to be held in the anthracite region to encourage interest in the regionâs history.
		As the anthracite regionâs mines were closing or reducing operations, ârunawayâ factories, left Manhattan and found willing workers among the wives and daughters of miners who were unemployed or underemployed.
		Their work points to the âregional legacy of personal problems and social injusticesâ that persist and contributes to an effort to correct injustices.
	www.hsp.org /default.aspx?id=238 (1610 words)

	coal mining
		The history of coal mining in the Southern region of Illinois is a vast one.
		For a long period of time, the extraction of coal and the business generated by that process have shaped multiple aspects of life in the state of Illinois, particularly in the southernmost part of the state.
		An interesting aspect of the coal mining tradition of southern Illinois is the wide array of culture it produced throughout its history.
	www.uhigh.ilstu.edu /soc/labor/coal_mining.htm (1554 words)

	District 1 History
		The estimations are that 16 billion tons of coal lie within the anthracite seams in northeastern Pennsylvania.
		Although production of coal was in constant decline in the area since its peak in 1917, this disaster is referred to as the event which ended deep coal mining in the northern anthracite fields of Pennsylvania.
		An inclined connection driven in coal or rock from the gangway to the return or monkey airway for the purpose of travel, ventilation and coal loading.
	www.msha.gov /District/Dist_01/History/history.htm (857 words)

	World Coal Regional Report July 2004: West Coast USA (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Coal produced from the PRB has the inherent advantages of low-sulphur content, low mining costs and availability of efficient (and in some cases multiple) rail transportation systems.
		The other six states had declines in coal ranging from 64,000 short t to 3.1 million short t, with the causes of these declines ranging from lost coal contracts to the closing of some mines in the region due to depleted reserves.
		Coal production in Utah fell to 23.1 million short t, a drop of 2.2 million short t, as a result of two mines experiencing problems of lower coal seam thickness or water intrusion, and one mine suspending production in the second half of last year.
	www.worldcoal.com /Coal/CL_regional_report_july04.htm (773 words)

	Exhibit highlights region's coal history - Pittsburgh Tribune-Review
		The younger Indof was himself a miner for nine years and he said he's "still around coal" in his job at a coke plant in Monessen.
		He said he's also reminded of the coal heritage of the region because his home in Rostraver Township is near the old Port Royal mine.
		An explosion at the mine killed 239 workers on Dec. 19, 1907, a time that was known as "the Dreadful Month" because of a series of deadly mine explosions across the country.
	www.pittsburghlive.com /x/pittsburghtrib/s_460783.html (899 words)

	PENNSYLVANIA COAL REGION
		The coal is here "dumped off" into a shute, which conveys it to the "landing," where there are other laborers stationed to break the larger pieces, when it passes on to the rollers of the breaker, which receiving it between their toothed surfaces, crush it, just as it happens, into various shapes and sizes.
		From the rollers the coal is passed down into screens, which allow its different sizes to pass through their correspondingly different apertures.
		After being "screened" the coal is passed through various shutes, at the bottom of which railway cars are stationed to receive it; when, over lateral railways, it is conveyed to the coal-yard of the Delaware, Lackawanna, and Western Railroad, or to the Lackawanna and Bloomsburg Railroad, to be shipped to market.
	www.catskillarchive.com /rrextra/stpaco.Html (4778 words)

	Never Yet Melted » Anthracite Region
		Anthracite coal was so ubiquitous, and so near the surface in some places, that in those days a man could go just up on the mountain with a pick and shovel and dig coal.
		These days, hard coal is back in fashion, being widely used for electrical generaton, and the small number of surviving bootleg miners are making a few bucks, but the government is closing them down, enforcing more new regulations with an iron hand.
		Anthracite coal mining was the Region’s sole economic engine, and cheaper and more convenient forms of energy began challenging hard coal’s position in the American economy as early as 1920.
	neveryetmelted.com /?cat=443 (1761 words)

	Sino German Coal fire project
		The British mining regions had problems with burning heap piles, but with the end of coal mining the fires were excavated and the heap piles were vegetated.
		Affected are the regions Kuzbass, Pechora basin and the Donetsk basin.
		The coal fires in Sumatra are limited to the southern region where coal is found in a large quantity.
	www.coalfire.caf.dlr.de /projectareas/world_wide_distribution_en.html (782 words)

	NEPA News - Largest waste coal plant in world sprouts from withered coal region
		Over the years, plant workers and miners dumped so much ash and low-grade coal _ a persistent smell of rotten eggs hung in the air from smoldering piles of waste coal _ that the heaps held off the waters of a devastating 1977 flood long enough for Robindale to evacuate.
		Kathleen McGinty, Pennsylvania's secretary for environmental protection, called waste coal "an important new source of electricity" during an industry conference earlier this month, and her department acknowledges the state does not have the resources to remove the boneys itself.
		And once the waste coal is burned, some of the calcium-rich, alkaline ash that is created by injecting limestone into the combustion process can be used to neutralize acidic drainage from Pennsylvania's 5,100 abandoned mines.
	www.zwire.com /site/news.cfm?newsid=10868146&BRD=2212&PAG=461&dept_id=465808&rfi=6 (1183 words)

	PANHANDLE FIELD
		The earliest coal mining in West Virginia was in this coalfield, as residents of Wheeling mined coal as far back as the 1810s.
		In this photo part of the old Windsor mine is seen in front of a newer conveyor bringing coal from a recently active part of the coal mining operations.
		A 1922 battle in Cliftonville between the striking miners and Brooke County deputies resulted in the death of the sherriff and the destruction of the tipple.
	www.coalcampusa.com /nowv/panhandle/panhandle.htm (360 words)

	coal advanced
		As the mountains were forced up east of the region, the crust of this area and that to the northeast were warped downward, allowing ocean water to enter and creating an inland sea.
		This is supported by an observation of the region's coal beds, which are separated by sandstones, shales, and limestones in an almost cyclical fashion.
		However, in order to laterally develop the vast Appalachian coal region, the shoreline of that sea must have experienced vast fluctuations, similar to that caused by the continental glaciation of the Pleistocene.
	www.cobweb.net /~bug2/vft/coal_advanced.htm (456 words)

	National Mining Association (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Washington, DC - Of the 93 billion short tons of original coal reserves in the Appalachian Basin Coal Region, about 66 billion short tons remain according to a new digitized mapping assessment compiled by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and released today.
		The coal mined in the region is used primarily for electric power generation within the Eastern United States, although some is suitable for metallurgical uses.
		One of the most important coal-producing regions in the world, the Appalachian Basin extends through Kentucky, Maryland, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia and West Virginia and is one of five U.S. coal-producing regions USGS is studying as part of the National Coal Resource Assessment.
	www.nma.org /newsroom/latest_pop/032802.shtml (331 words)

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