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Topic: Coal bed methane extraction

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	Coal bed methane extraction Summary
		Methane gas is formed during coalification, the transformation of plant material into coal.
		Coal bed methane extraction (CBM extraction) is a method for extracting methane from a coal deposit.
		The methane is chemically bound onto the coal macerals and is released when the coal seam is depressurised.
	www.bookrags.com /Coal_bed_methane_extraction (516 words)

	Methane
		CO The strength of the carbon-hydrogen covalent bond in methane is among the strongest in all hydrocarbons, and thus its use as a chemical feedstock is limited.
		Pure methane is odorless, but when used as a fuel is usually mixed with small quantities of strongly-smelling sulfur compounds such as ethyl mercaptan to enable the detection of leaks.
		Methane is a greenhouse gas with a global warming potential of 21 (meaning that it has 21 times the warming ability of carbon dioxide).
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/m/me/methane.html (417 words)

	Learn more about Methane in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		CH → CO The strength of the carbon-hydrogen covalent bond in methane is among the strongest in all hydrocarbons, and thus its use as a chemical feedstock is limited.
		Methane is a greenhouse gas with a global warming potential of 22 (meaning that it has 22 times the warming ability of carbon dioxide).
		Methane results from the decomposition of certain organic matters in the absence of oxygen.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /m/me/methane.html (315 words)

	NPCA \| Coal Developers Eyeing Glacier's Flathead Valley
		Canadian plan to mine coal a few miles upstream of Glacier National Park in the Flathead Valley has been stopped-again-but plans to extract coal bed methane in the same watershed are moving forward.
		He did not, however, express similar concerns about coal bed methane extraction, saying it was "not nearly as intrusive on the landscape." But critics counter that exploration would bring a vast industrial complex of roads, drilling pads, compress stations, and pipelines, creating tainted wastewater that would settle into Flathead Lake.
		Coal bed methane development is a relatively new technology that differs from conventional gas development.
	www.npca.org /magazine/2004/summer/news3.html (538 words)

	Coal Bed Methane Frequently Asked Questions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Often a coal seam is saturated with water, with methane is held in the coal by water pressure.
		Coal bed methane exists only in areas where the dominant chemistry of the water in the coal seam is sodium bicarbonate and where the coal seam is buried deeply enough to maintain sufficient water pressure to hold the gas in place.
		Extraction of CBM involves pumping large volumes of water from the saturated coal seam in order to release the water pressure holding the gas in the coal seam.
	waterquality.montana.edu /docs/methane/cbmfaq.shtml (4188 words)

	Coal bed Methane Information
		Coalbed methane (CBM) is natural gas found in coal beds and used for a variety of purposes that range from domestic, commercial, industrial to electrical power generation.
		During the earliest stage of coalification (the process that turns plant detritus into coal), biogenic methane is generated as a by-product of bacterial respiration.
		The coal resources of Wyoming currently being developed for CBM are predominately subbituminous and occur in the Wasatch (Eocene) and the Fort Union (Paleocene) formations.
	www.wsgs.uwyo.edu /Coal/CBM_Info.aspx (886 words)

	Methane Molecule
		Pure methane is odorless, but when used as a fuel it is usually mixed with small quantities of strongly-smelling sulfur compounds such as ethyl mercaptan to enable the detection of leaks.
		Methane is a greenhouse gas with a global warming potential of 22 (meaning that it has 22 times the warming ability of carbon dioxide).
		Methane results from the decomposition of certain organic matters in the absence of oxygen.
	www.worldofmolecules.com /fuels/methane.htm (359 words)

	COAL BED METHANE TECHNOLOGY SCAN
		Methane and coal are formed together during coalification, a process in which plant biomass is converted by biological and geological forces into coal.
		Most of the gas in coal reservoirs is adsorbed onto the internal structure of the coal, whereas most of the gas in conventional reservoirs is in a free state within the pore structure of the rock.
		Depending on gas quality, methane recovered from underground mines may be sold to natural gas companies, used to generate electricity, used on-site as fuel for drying coal, or sold to nearby industrial or commercial facilities.
	www.geocities.com /pemnq/cbm.html (3435 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		This is specifically the drilling for and the extracting of coal bed methane adjacent to the producing mines.
		Coal bed methane extraction involves drilling into the coal and pumping water from the coal in an attempt to lower the hydrostatic head on the coal.
		Since it takes many years to produce the coal bed methane, the coal companies are hindered by the coalbed methane operators and either have to buy the oil and gas wells out at inflated prices or bypass the coal which is not in the federal interest.
	www.blm.gov /rmp/WY/application/rmp_printpart.cfm?rmpid=101&idref=30296&level=4&mparentid=30218 (366 words)

	Wyoming Outdoor Council Newsletter: Coal Bed Methane: Gas Boom, Environmental Bust
		Dewatering of the coal seam to release and produce methane through the well bore also released methane to the surface that collected in homes, bubbled up in the river, killed vegetation and saturated the shallow soil with so much methane that rodents were asphyxiated.
		Methane was venting from the top of the well casing and creating a hissing sound now and then interrupted with a geyser-like frothing gurgle.
		Already 20,000 acre feet of water has been pumped out of the coal aquifer and with a life of 12 to 15 years for the project, hundreds of millions of barrels of water will be removed and either dumped into an existing drainage system or stored in newly created ponds or reservoirs.
	www.wyomingoutdoorcouncil.org /news/newsletter/docs/1999d/coalbedmethane.php (1360 words)

	Coal-Bed Methane (CBM) :: Energy Justice Network
		Coal beds are an attractive prospect for development because of their ability to retain large amounts of gas -- coal is able to store six to seven times more gas than an equivalent volume of rock common to conventional gas reservoirs.
		In CBM development, water is removed from the coal bed (by pumping), which decreases the pressure on the gas and allows it to detach from the coal and flow up the well.
		The coal fragments and gas that escape from the well are directed at an earthen berm, which is supposed to prevent the materials from entering the greater environment.
	www.energyjustice.net /naturalgas/cbm (2295 words)

	Billings, Montana Chamber of Commerce: Issues & Positions
		Many coal seams in the United States contain Methane, either in the traditional method as natural gas, or held within a seam of coal by the pressure of the water which permeates the coal seam.
		Since Methane travels with water in coal seams, extraction is made by pumping water from the seam in order to reduce the water pressure that holds the gas in the seam.
		The economic impact of Coal Bed Methane is substantial, both in economic development of areas in and near its production as well as substantially increasing revenues to the State of Montana.
	www.billingschamber.com /governmentaffairs/coalbedmethane.html (604 words)

	Durango Herald Online
		Methane gas producers, they say, should have well permits and a plan for replacing water taken in the course of their work.
		Coal-bed methane extraction is different from other oil and gas development because it can suck dry the water in areas where drilling occurs, Beatie said.
		In their lawsuit, the plaintiffs ask the court to find that coal-bed methane wells are subject to the state engineer's well-permit regulations; ground water used in methane extraction is connected to other water sources; and water used in the extraction process is a beneficial use.
	www.durangoherald.com /asp-bin/article_generation.asp?article_type=news&article_path=/news/05/news051202_1.htm (666 words)

	Coal Bed Methane, Saline-Sodic Water Management (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Several important U.S. coal bed methane areas are in the Rocky Mountain region, where extensive shallow coal beds have produced or have the potential to produce coal bed methane.
		A possible strategy to aid in processing coal bed methane product water is to construct wetlands composed of a variety of halophytic plants which have dense fibrous root systems, uptake salts and sodium, can be used as forage, have high ET and water use rates, or have a combination of these traits.
		To allow extensive use of saline water, a by-product of coal bed methane extraction, controlled greenhouse and field experiments have been used to determine survivability and plant biomass of forage species irrigated with saline water.
	waterquality.montana.edu /docs/methane.shtml (2313 words)

	Coal Bed Methane
		Methane is the primary constituent of natural gas.
		To get the methane out of the coal beds, water must first be extracted from the aquifers that are also found in the coal beds.
		However, with development of coal bed methane resources due in our canyon in the next few years, my own go-slow approach is challenged by market forces beyond my control.
	coloradoriparian.org /GreenLine/V12-2/Methane.html (1455 words)

	Coal Bed Methane Gas Wyoming-PowderRiverBasin.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Methane Emission section are far too brief for an environmental impact that has the potential of being the most disastrous of all impacts discussed in the DEIS, i.e., the loss of life due to methane explosions.
		Gillette is near the outcrop of the coal it is in a precarious position to be inundated by seeping methane (BLM 1999a).
		This may be true for the coal in the deeper portions of the basin (Lyman, and Volkmer, 2001), but the BLM (DEIS) neglects to address the most significant and obvious areas of potential coal fires; the edges of the basin where the coal is shallowest and dewatering of the coal is quite acute (BLM 1999a).
	www.powderriverbasin.org /cbm/expert_merschat.shtml (2866 words)

	Northern Cheyenne to vote on resource extraction : ICT [2006/10/30]
		To extract coal bed methane from the crevices in the coal beds, water must be removed from the coal and the gas extracted from it.
		The water that would be extracted from the coal beds on the Northern Cheyenne Reservation would be dumped into the Tongue River, which is the eastern boundary of the reservation.
		It is estimated that 1.85 billion gallons of water are pumped to the surface daily to extract coal bed methane in Wyoming.
	www.indiancountry.com /content.cfm?id=1096413898 (1172 words)

	High Country Citizens' Alliance - Coal Bed Methane (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Coal bed methane (CBM) is a gas that is locked under pressure in water filling fractures in the coal bed.
		At first, coal bed methane wells usually produce mostly water, but over time the amount of water declines and methane production rises as the bed is dewatered.
		Dewatering the coal seam lowers the water table, meaning folks in the Powder River Basin had to drill new water wells as their aquifer sank over 200 feet.
	www.completesite.com /hcca/page.cfm?pageid=2056 (900 words)

	Coal bed methane water researcher swims in controversy as he tests the waters
		Now the Powder River drainage is one of the focal points of potential coal bed methane development, and the water issues associated with its extraction have made Bauder's knowledge of soils and water a hot commodity.
		At present, extracting coal bed methane involves pumping out large amounts of underground water to reduce the water pressure that traps methane gas in the coal.
		This year he's working with 14 MSU graduate and undergraduate students on coal bed methane-related projects ranging from separating salt from water by the pressure that develops in tall water columns to finding plants that will tolerate conditions far saltier than usual.
	www.montana.edu /cpa/news/nwview.php?article=801 (1353 words)

	t r u t h o u t - Ranchers Bristle as Gas Wells Loom on the Range
		This is the cantankerous world of energy extraction in the Rocky Mountain West, where natural gas is abundant and cheap to remove, and where the Bush administration, in its aggressive push to increase domestic energy production, is on the brink of approving the largest-ever gas-drilling project on federal land.
		It is a 15-year-old drilling technique called coal-bed methane extraction, which can turn ranches and prairies into sprawling industrial zones, laced with wells, access roads, power lines, compressor stations and wastewater pits.
		While energy companies are vigorously challenging the county moratoriums in the courts, coal-bed methane extraction is continuing to hurtle forward across much of the West, thanks to policies put in place by the Clinton administration and accelerated under President Bush, with the encouragement of state governments that rely on tax money from gas drilling.
	www.truthout.org /docs_02/12.31H.wyo.gas.htm (3168 words)

	Coal bed methane extraction threatens Wyoming's Red Desert \| By Hal Clifford \| Grist \| Main Dish \| 09 Jan 2002
		Coal bed methane extraction threatens Wyoming's Red Desert
		The basin is believed to hold 314 trillion cubic feet of coal bed methane (CBM), a form of natural gas.
		Coal bed methane exploration has boomed in the state's Powder River Basin, where almost 11,000 CBM wells have been drilled in the last two years.
	www.grist.org /news/maindish/2002/01/09/to (1163 words)

	CPAWS Yukon - Articles - Colorado Tour Highlights the Perils of Coal-bed Methane
		For example, CBM extraction has been proposed for the Peel watershed and the Three Rivers area, in the absence of regulations or even guidelines to govern the industry in the Yukon.
		Noise from the pump jacks and generators, soil erosion resulting from poorly built roads, explosive releases of methane gas, and the constant strain of dealing with an ever-present industrial expansion have permanently altered the peaceful life of this family.
		Nearby, a methane seep caused by the expanding CBM extraction caused an evacuation of an entire neighbourhood adjacent to the Pine River.
	www.cpawsyukon.org /articles/colorado-coalbed-methane.html (835 words)

	Impacts of Coal Bed Methane Development on Human Health, Safety and Welfare
		Coal bed methane development has the potential to adversely impact many of these things that residents and visitors to our region value.
		With the discovery ten years ago of cost-effective extraction of coal bed methane gas, however, development of mineral rights has become a very real experience for many in our region, and the impacts have been greater than one might have imagined.
		Coal bed methane development, like any industrial activity, can be far from benign when it comes to impacts on human health, safety, and welfare.
	ehcitizens.org /cbmgas/is4_impacts_on_humans.htm (975 words)

	PRESS RELEASE Syngas's Innovative PyStR Technology's Carbon Capture Unit Useful for Clean Coal Technologies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Carbon dioxide sequestration in coal beds is even more efficient than sequestering it in oil wells because CO2 injected into a coalbed seam displaces adsorbed methane (CH4) from the coal surface with two cubic feet of CO2 adsorbed on the coal surface and micropores for every cubic foot of insitu CH4 released.
		Nearly ninety percent of the enormous coal resources in North America are unminable by today's mining standards, but carbon dioxide sequestration technology has the potential to change that.
		Surface coal can now be mined and gasified in Syngas' advanced gasification and PyStR systems, with the CO2 injected (sequestered) into unminable coal beds to bring out the methane.
	www.marketwire.com /mw/release_html_b1?release_id=111191 (563 words)

	Search Tuna Report for coal bed methane (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Coal bed methane CBM is simply methane found in coal seams.
		Coal Bed methane Extraction CBM Extration Is A Method For Extracting From A Deposit....
		Coal Bed methane Is Natural Gas Held Inside Underground Coal Seams By The Pressure Of The Water Above It....
	www.searchtuna.com /ftlive2/2055.html (2029 words)

	Tidepool \| ebbTIDE
		Coal-bed methane is coming to the West Coast and people from Wyoming say we are not as worried as we should be.
		Coal-bed methane is an almost pure form of natural gas found in coal deposits particularly the coast range from Oregon to Alaska.
		Water: The methane is trapped underground by water -- millions of gallons of which must be pumped out to get access to the methane.
	www.tidepool.org /ebbtide/ebb31403.cfm (1391 words)

	Clean Air Initiative: Asia -
		A Coal Mine Methane/Coal Bed Methane Utilization Project in Fuxin, PRC, is the first project under ADB's Clean Development Mechanism Facility to be presented to carbon buyers.
		The project will improve coalmine methane and coal bed methane extraction, distribution, and utilization, thus boosting coal mine safety, and supplying methane as a clean fuel to residents, industry, and electricity generation schemes.
		The CDM is a market-based financial instrument set up under the Kyoto Protocol that allows industrialized countries to invest in developing country projects and acquire greenhouse gas emission reduction credits, or carbon credits, that they can then use to meet their greenhouse gas reduction targets under the protocol.
	www.cleanairnet.org /caiasia/1412/article-59642.html (452 words)

	GARP : Risk News : Risk eNews Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The coalification process, whereby plant material is converted to coal of increasingly harder rank, generates large quantities of methane-rich gas that is stored within the coal seam.
		But, production of coal-bed methane is accompanied by significant environmental challenges, including prevention of unintended loss of methane to the atmosphere during underground mining, and disposal of large quantities of water, sometimes saline, which are unavoidably produced with the gas.
		The nation, which is estimated to have 1.36 trillion cubic meters of coal-bed methane reserves, has entered into multiple contracts with foreign companies to mine the resource.
	www.garp.com /risknews/newsfeed.asp?Category=6&MyFile=2005-03-30-10518.html (1162 words)

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