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	South Africa has a way to make oil from coal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		And the National Coal Council, an industry association, is pushing for government incentives to help generate some 2.6 million barrels of liquid fuel a day from coal by 2025.
		He is lobbying coal companies and others to build coal-to-liquid plants across his state, which has some of the biggest coal reserves in the U.S. Current estimates indicate the world has just 41 years of known oil reserves and 65 years of natural-gas supplies.
		Oil was trading for less than $25 a barrel at the time.
	www.post-gazette.com /pg/06229/714268-28.stm (2069 words)

	The Energy Story - Chapter 8: Fossil Fuels - Coal, Oil and Natural Gas
		Coal is found in many of the lower 48 states of U.S. and throughout the rest of the world.
		Oil and natural gas are found under ground between folds of rock and in areas of rock that are porous and contain the oils within the rock itself.
		Oil is made into many different products - fertilizers for farms, the clothes you wear, the toothbrush you use, the plastic bottle that holds your milk, the plastic pen that you write with.
	www.energyquest.ca.gov /story/chapter08.html (1853 words)

	COAL FOSSIL FUEL
		Coals are usually mined wet and may be stored wet to prevent spontaneous combustion, so the carbon content of coal is quoted as both a 'as mined' and on a 'moisture free' basis.
		Coal composition is determined by specific coal assay techniques, and is performed to quantify the physical, chemical and mechanical behaviour of the coal, including whether it is a good candidate for coking coal.
		Coal is coked at temperatures between 450 and 700 °C compared to 800 to 1000 °C for metallurgical coke.
	www.solarnavigator.net /coal.htm (3686 words)

	Alexander's Gas & Oil Connections - Coal-to-liquid fuel offers answer to energy woes
		Coal resources of 1 tn tons are widely distributed around the world.
		But coal is a highly polluting fuel when burned directly and also emits a lot of global-warming carbon dioxide.
		While true, the instability in oil prices -- as well as the threat of terrorist disruptions to supply -- are such that many nations might be happy to use their own resources to produce this vital input.
	www.gasandoil.com /goc/features/fex43159.htm (987 words)

	Print Article: Iron ore boom offsets surprise fall in coking coal, oil for BHP Billiton
		A 5 per cent slide in oil and condensate production and a 4 per cent fall in coking coal in the September quarter compared to the same period last year could force analysts to peg back their profit projections for 2002-03.
		A fall in BHP Billiton's oil and condensate production of 18.6 million barrels, down from 19.5 million a year ago, was attributed to scheduled shutdowns at Liverpool Bay in the UK and the Bruce and Keith fields, also in the UK, as well as natural field decline at Bass Strait.
		The fall in coking coal was blamed on adverse roof conditions at Crinum in Queensland and rescheduling of maintenance activities at some mines.
	www.smh.com.au /cgi-bin/common/popupPrintArticle.pl?path=/articles/2002/10/24/1035416934541.html (372 words)

	Submarine Oil Seep Study
		Oil seeps naturally all along the coast of California, notably in the Santa Barbara Channel near Coal Oil Point.
		The widespread nature of oil seeps historically is documented by early explorers and by coast-dwelling Chumash Indians.
		Tar seeps in the Coal Oil Point area near the underwater seep tents are characterized by gas bubbles and a white, sulfur-eating bacteria called Beggiatoia.
	www.mms.gov /omm/pacific/enviro/submarine-oil-seep-study/submarine-seeps.htm (307 words)

	www.businessinafrica.net \| news \| central africa China's crude oil and coal output up
		Currently coal accounts for about 70 percent of the country's primary energy consumption, over 40 percent points higher than the world's average level.
		Meanwhile, with domestic onshore oil reserves declining, energy-hungry China is turning its attention to the Middle East, Africa and other resource-rich regions and increasingly looking to deepwater hydrocarbon resources.
		It imported a record 47 percent of its oil last year, an increase of 4.1 percentage points from a year earlier, according to government statistics.
	www.businessinafrica.net /news/central_africa/621210.htm (295 words)

	OIL from COAL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Burning coal as coal is always a bad thing for humans and the environment and unnecessary for converting coal to oil.
		Coal mines, like existing nuclear power sites, are already established facilities (often in remote locations) and ready to go with road, rail, water, living quarters, and communications already up and running.
		Typically, as much coal was burned to produce the process heat as was used to produce the oil - an unacceptable amount from either an economic or pollution standpoint.
	www.pharmaciaretirees.com /oil_from_coal.htm (7812 words)

	How Oil Works
		Oil is not actually in pools underground; it is held in permeable rock, such as sandstone or ancient coral reefs, like a sponge.
		Oil and gas become concentrated in areas where there are high spots, or domes, under the layer of cap rock.
		After oil is brought to the surface, it is piped away from the rig to waiting boats or refineries.
	www.ucsusa.org /clean_energy/fossil_fuels/offmen-how-oil-works.html (2545 words)

	(GCPCQ2) Coal Oil Point - Natural Oil Seeps by TerryDad2
		The oil seeps off-shore of Coal Oil Point have been described as the one of most prolific in the world.
		Coal Oil Point is part of the University of California Natural Reserve System and is used for numerous on-going research projects.
		The oil and gas are pushed out through the cracks in the sea floor due to the pressure of all the oil and gas confined in the rock layers.
	www.geocaching.com /seek/cache_details.aspx?wp=gcpcq2 (1245 words)

	ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS WITH COAL, OIL, AND GAS
		Our problem is that burning coal, oil, and gas produces carbon dioxide, which adds to the supply already in the atmosphere, increasing the greenhouse effect and thereby increasing the temperature of the Earth.
		During combustion, some of the carbon remains unburned, and some other materials in coal and oil are not combustible; these come off as very small solid particles, called particulates, which are typically less than one ten thousandth of an inch in diameter, and float around in the air for many days.
		At younger ages, coal miners are healthier than the average person their age, but as they age the situation reverses; coal miners die an average of 3 years younger than the rest of the population of the same socioeconomic status.
	www.phyast.pitt.edu /~blc/book/chapter3.html (7364 words)

	Lewis Karrick: Low Temperature Carbonization of Coal
		Coal is a logical target for a national effort to achieve energy independence.
		Oil is thus distilled from the material, rather than burning as it would if oxygen were present.
		One, covering the underground distillation and gasification of coal and oil shale, was held jointly with brother Samuel, and another with Douglas Gould.
	www.rexresearch.com /karrick/karric~1.htm (4490 words)

	ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS WITH COAL, OIL, AND GAS
		Our problem is that burning coal, oil, and gas produces carbon dioxide, which adds to the supply already in the atmosphere, increasing the greenhouse effect and thereby increasing the temperature of the Earth.
		During combustion, some of the carbon remains unburned, and some other materials in coal and oil are not combustible; these come off as very small solid particles, called particulates, which are typically less than one ten thousandth of an inch in diameter, and float around in the air for many days.
		At younger ages, coal miners are healthier than the average person their age, but as they age the situation reverses; coal miners die an average of 3 years younger than the rest of the population of the same socioeconomic status.
	home.pacbell.net /sabsay/nuclear/chapter3.html (7364 words)

	Oil and Gas in Indiana
		The history of oil and gas development in the state of Indiana officially began in the mid-1800s with the early settlers' practice of drilling for salt water.
		Salt was a necessity for the preservation of foodstuffs and critical to the early state's agricultural industry; shallow wells were sunk in many parts of the state to obtain salt water that could be evaporated to produce salt.
		As gas and oil production quickly declined in northern Indiana, new discoveries were being made in the southwestern part of the state known as the Illinois Basin.
	igs.indiana.edu /geology/coalOilGas/oilandgas/index.cfm (933 words)

	DOE - Fossil Energy: auto created
		Oil was in tight supply in the United States during the war years.
		As demand for petroleum rose, the oil glut of the 1930s, which had driven the price of crude oil to less than 10 cents per barrel, had dissipated.
		From 1952 to 1956, the plant produced chemicals from coal, and hence its hydrogenation conditions were milder than those used in the Bureau's plants.
	www.fe.doe.gov /aboutus/history/syntheticfuels_history.html (2472 words)

	Coal & Oil » Celsias (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		This oil has a naturally thick consistency, as opposed to the more popular ‘light sweet’ crude found elsewhere, so it can’t be piped any distance.
		Oil major Exxon Mobil Corp. is engaging in industry talks on possible U.S. greenhouse gas emissions regulations and has stopped funding groups skeptical of global warming claims — moves that some say could indicate a change in stance from the long-time foe of limits on heat-trapping gases.
		Coal usage also happens to be the greatest contributor to greenhouse gas increases.
	www.celsias.com /blog/category/coal-oil (1906 words)

	Alexander's Gas & Oil Connections - Shell technology to be used in Inner Mongolia's coal-to-oil project
		Direct and indirect liquefaction of coal are the major two clean coal technologies in the world.
		The building of a coal-to-oil project is meant to lessen the country's dependence on conventional oil while curbing pollution caused by the increasing consumption of coal.
		One of those licenses is for a 2,000 ton a day coal gasification plant in Yueyang, Hunan Province, being built by a Shell and Sinopec joint venture to supply synthetic gas as feedstock to a nearby fertiliser plant.
	www.gasandoil.com /goc/company/cns41677.htm (567 words)

	The Oil Drum \| So will it be the Emperor Coal? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		From the beginning coal use was a hard choice between the pollution that it generates, and the heat and power that it provides.
		Because coal is not easily lit, greasy paper might be put into the fire box, along with wood shavings and then larger strips of wood, criss-crossed to allow airflow but to keep coal from falling through.
		Most of that time went to the basics of maintaining the fire—carrying the coal (292 pounds used over six days), setting and stoking the fire, and sifting and emptying the ashes—but a third of the time was spent rubbing fl-lead onto the stove’s surface to keep it from rusting.
	www.theoildrum.com /node/2359 (11887 words)

	Energy Resources: Fossil fuels
		Coal, oil and gas are called "fossil fuels" because they have been formed from the organic remains of prehistoric plants and animals.
		Coal is crushed to a fine dust and burnt.
		Burning coal produces sulphur dioxide, an acidic gas that contributes to the formation of acid rain.
	www.darvill.clara.net /altenerg/fossil.htm (706 words)

	The History of the Coal, Oil and Gas Industry in West Virginia
		While coal may not have the dominant role in West Virginia that it once had, it continues to shape the state’s economy and provide power to millions of people around the nation.
		Pennsylvania, the founders of the Parkersburg Oil and Gas Museum believe that actually the Mountain State should hold that honor and they have made it their mission to tell the forgotten story of West Virginia’s oil and natural gas heritage.
		Coal Heritage Museum – Showcasing mining records as well as mining tools, paintings, and photographs, this museum is a must-see for all serious mining fans.
	www.wvtraditions.com /coal/index.aspx?REF=&SCO=false (1299 words)

	Legislation & Regulations: Oil and Gas Resource Development: Key Concepts
		Coal miners originally considered coalbed methane a waste gas, producing it mainly to reduce the threat of methane explosions in coal mines, but commercial production started in 1981 and has grown rapidly.
		As the water is removed and water pressure in the seam decreases, the gas is released from the coal and flows through fractures in the coal to the well.
		A large share of the monies collected on federal oil and gas and geothermal leases is returned to the states where the resource was produced.
	www.redlodgeclearinghouse.org /legislation/oilandgas2.html (1755 words)

	Oil Facts and Information About World Oil Supply (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Worldwide, the oil shale resource base is conservatively estimated to be 2.6 trillion bbl and is located in about 26 countries.
		At 120 billion tons, Montana's coal is, in liquid terms, one quarter the size of the entire Middle East oil reserve, enough fuel to power every American car for decades.
		The initial product oil price would be in the range of $40 to $50 per barrel, but could be as low as $30 to $40 per barrel as the technology matures.
	home.earthlink.net /~oilandyou (3129 words)

	VoteMatch: Spend Resources to Stop Global Warming
		Conservatives favor drilling ANWR to extract the oil, while liberals favor maintaining its protected status.
		Liberals contend that gas and oil prices are kept artificially low by federal intervention (including military action in the Mideast), which results in policy prescriptions like President Clinton’s proposed ‘BTU Tax’ in the early 1990s, intended to foster alternative energy development.
		The most common greenhouse gas (GHG) is carbon dioxide (CO2), which comes from burning gasoline, wood, oil, etc. The evidence of rising CO2 levels is undisputed; the political dispute centers on how much of the rise is attributable to human activities versus how much is natural climatic fluctuation.
	www.ontheissues.org /VoteMatch/q11_2006.asp (1437 words)

	OIL
		They are responsible for our dependence on foreign oil, for our inability to maximize the use of coal, the inability to build nuclear plants faster than we do and our inability to exploit our very own resources for oil.
		The fundamentals of energy are coal, oil, natural gas (a by-product of oil) and the water flow.
		Bankruptcies continued to exert their influence on the coal industry as several producers and a few consumers were still trying to emerge from Chapter 11 during the year and another mid-sized coal company filed for bankruptcy protection in 2003 as it tried to realign its finances.
	www.parida.com /oil.htm (2305 words)

	CorpWatch : USA: Bush Calls for More Coal, Oil and Nukes
		With the United States facing ''the most serious energy shortage since the oil embargoes of the 1970s,'' Bush, a Republican and a former Texas oilman, unveiled a strategy weighted toward increasing supply rather than decreasing demand, immediately sparking a political firestorm likely to rage for months.
		Democrats and environmentalists lined up to oppose the policy developed under the direction of Vice President Dick Cheney, a former oil company executive, as a boon to Bush's industry allies, a threat to the nation's air, land and water, and an inadequate answer to immediate U.S. energy problems.
		So did the oil interests, although the American Petroleum Institute said it was disappointed the White House task force did not specifically recommend easing investment and trade sanctions for U.S. oil firms to develop supplies in Iran and Libya.
	www.corpwatch.org /article.php?id=100 (962 words)

	COAL AND OIL SANDS DIVISION - CIM
		Established in 1944, the Coal and Oil Sands Division was formed, at the request of the CIM Council, by the joint efforts of the Mining Society of Nova Scotia and the coal miners from Western Canada.
		The Coal and Oil Sands Division is an active participant in this convention by arranging technical centered sessions around the theme of the convention.
		A CIM membership in the Coal and Oil Sands Division is an investment that pays big dividends in terms of helping you attain the objectives you set for yourself in advancing your career.
	www.cim.org /coal/index.cfm (804 words)

	DISTANCE EDUCATION PROGRAMME FOR BOILER ENGINEER
		The coal and oil fired boilers has been commissioned in 1980 and 1998 respectively.
		With the changing scenario of increase in the price of oil as compared with the coal, the operation oil fired boiler is becoming costly and costly day by day.
		With Atmospheric Fluidized Bed Firing of Coal the absorption pattern of heat from fuel to water and steam will have to be reworked as radiant transfer is minimal in case of Atmospheric Fluidized Bed Firing of Coal.
	www.indiaboiler.com /Analyst_design_Ans7.htm (977 words)

	Coal-to-oil project approved
		Yanzhou Coal Mining, the mainland's second-largest listed coal miner, said its parent company Yankuang Group has received approval from the government to develop a 5-million-ton coal-to-oil project.
		Other mainland coal mines are also becoming active in transforming coal into oil products to cope with rising oil demand.
		Shenhua Group, the largest coal company on the mainland, is a pioneer of coal-to-oil technology and has poured 300 million (US$37 million) into the research and development of its liquefaction technology since 1997.
	www.chinadaily.com.cn /bizchina/2006-04/25/content_576103.htm (438 words)

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