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	Norwegian coastal artillery in the UK
		Norwegian coastal artillery in the UK Norwegian coastal artillery in the UK Between 1942 and 1945, Norwegian soldiers operated a coastal artillery battery in Scotland.
		A Norwegian coastal artillery training unit was established at Fort Nigg in the summer of 1944.
		Since anti aircraft artillery would be much more useful in the event of an invasion of Norway, it was decided to convert the coastal artillery units to one light and one heavy anti aircraft battery.
	home.online.no /~gestrom/history/cstaltxt.htm (0 words)

	CalendarHome.com - - Calendar Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This term includes coastal artillery which traditionally defended coastal areas against seaborne attack and controlled the passage of ships, using their ability to deny access through the threat of coastal fire.
		Modern artillery is most obviously distinguished by its large caliber, firing an explosive shell or rocket, and being of such a size and weight as to require a specialized carriage for firing and transport.
		The crowning achievement of naval artillery was the battleship, bristling with guns of up to 18 inches (45 cm), but the advent of airpower and missiles have rendered this type of artillery largely obsolete.
	encyclopedia.calendarhome.com /cgi-bin/encyclopedia.pl?p=Artillery (11302 words)

	Fort Taylor Welcome
		Two new batteries were constructed inside the fortress that would house the latest in coastal artillery guns.
		The fort served as a coastal artillery fort during World War I and later was manned by units of the Army Coastal Artillery Corps.
		In World War II the coastal artillery guns were removed and replaced with anti-aircraft guns.
	www.forttaylor.org (515 words)

	Fort Siloso — The Sole Restored Coastal Artillery Battery from ‘Fortress Singapore’.
		Fort Siloso — The Sole Restored Coastal Artillery Battery from ‘Fortress Singapore’.
		Fort Siloso is a coastal artillery battery and one of the twelve coastal batteries which made up ‘Fortress Singapore’ at the start of World War Two.
		The Fort is one of four coastal gun batteries which were constructed on Blakang Mati by the British.
	www.fortsiloso.com (0 words)

	Arsenal. Land forces. Artillery A-222 Bereg
		Modern coastal warfare primarily requires the development of mobile coastal artillery systems since they ensure the defense of large areas and can move undetected to combat positions in various regions.
		All coastal defense missile systems feature one common drawback, namely a dead zone from 25 (Rubezh) to 7 km (Redut) and their low efficiency against small-size mobile sea targets, including small landing ships, air-cushioned vessels, ekranoplans, etc. Consequently, coastal defense missile systems are unable to defend coastal zones alone.
		The Bereg coastal defense self-propelled artillery system incorporates the Podacha mobile artillery fire control system, which is the first such system to use the principle of gunnery without using the sights of the individual guns.
	topgun.rin.ru /cgi-bin/units.pl?field=8&unit=2353&lng=eng (557 words)

	FMP - Coastal Defence 1941 - 1944
		Coastal artillery battalion consisted of guard regions, coastal forts with coastal artillery batteries and subordinated (coastal) infantry units.
		Coastal Artillery Regiment (RTR 2) lost most of its heavy weapons in June 1944 when it was evacuated from Koivisto area and became Coastal Regiment 2 (RR 2) with one coastal battalion, three motorized coastal artillery batteries, three coastal anti-aircraft batteries and a boat company.
		Its coastal artillery and naval troops were either moved to the Lake Ladoga or the southern coast of Finland mainly to the Bay of Viborg to form at first a new Coastal Artillery Regiment 22 (RTR 22) and later 1st Coastal Division (1.RD).
	www.geocities.com /finnmilpge/fmp_coast_troops41_44.html (2289 words)

	The 59th Coastal Artillery in France
		Prisoners of the 104th Field Artillery Regiment state that on October 17th alone their regiment lost 150 men from shell fire on battery emplacements, and they are not informed as to additional losses in the regimental trains to the rear.
		Artillery prisoners state that they were unable to serve their guns.
		Although the Artillery has been constantly in action, day and night, sustaining the battle since the beginning of the present offensive, it has responded with a self-sacrificing devotion to duty and superb efficiency that is beyond all praise.
	www.worldwar1.com /dbc/coast59.htm (3734 words)

	Artillery Summary
		Artillery could no longer be deployed in the battle line, the large crews and stocks of ammunition were vulnerable to rifle fire, but had to either become smaller, lighter, more mobile and stay with the troops or get much further away.
		Modern artillery is distinguished by its large caliber, firing an explosive shell or rocket, and being of such a size and weight as to require a specialized mount for firing and transport.
		The crowning achievement of naval artillery was the battleship, bristling with guns of up to 18 inches (45 cm), but the advent of air-power and missiles have rendered this type of artillery largely obsolete.
	www.bookrags.com /Artillery (4291 words)

	1.JmA -Heavy artillery at Leningrad
		One of the most ferocious and large-scale battles employing the large number of heavy artillery units in the World War II took place in the vicinity of Leningrad, where the German advance was stopped on the outskirts of the city in autumn 1941, with the assistance of numerous coastal artillery of the Soviet navy.
		The first explosions of German artillery shells within the city were registered on September 4, 1941, and in autumn the German command deployed three artillery regiments with the guns of 105-150 mm, reinforced by the two heavy artillery units of the High Command Reserve and several railway artillery platforms.
		The 101st Coastal Artillery Brigade of the Red-banner Baltic Fleet is operatively subordinated to the commander of the Leningrad Counter-battery Artillery Corps, while regarding the special naval training activities, supply and maintenance, it is supervised by the Militaru Council of the Red-banner Baltic Fleet.
	www.1jma.dk /articles/1jmaarticlesWW2artyleningrad.htm (2224 words)

	FINNISH ARMY 1918 - 1945: ARTILLERY PART 1
		The artillery battery was sent to frontline in end of March and took part to battles fought in Carelian Isthmus until end of the Finnish Civil War.
		Artillery Battalion of Coastal Artillery Regiment 13 and Ladoga Coastal Brigade in northern shore of Lake Ladoga.
		Just like its 9-inch cousin it was designed for coastal fortresses and moving one to another fire position demanded laboured process of first dismantling the mortar and its fortification carriage and then assembling it again in new position.
	www.jaegerplatoon.net /ARTILLERY1.htm (4402 words)

	[No title]
		Yimmy RE:Naval/Marine Coastal Artillery 4/29/2005 7:17:57 PM The Middle East and China have been using Styx/Silkworm anti-ship missiles from costal batteries for decades, and I believe iran is of recent using Sunburn in a similar role.
		Yimmy RE:Naval/Marine Coastal Artillery 5/7/2005 6:31:09 PM As a side note, in the Falklands War a fair amount of damage was done to an Argentinian Corvet by a sniper rifle and Carl Gustav 84mm rocket round.
		Iano RE:Naval/Marine Coastal Artillery 5/8/2005 2:18:15 PM If an amphibious assault is going in, then air supremacy, or at least superiority, has to be established first for it to work realistically.
	www.strategypage.com /militaryforums/8-6244.aspx (2148 words)

	Coast Artillery Defences in New Zealand
		This included an Artillery unit which with the reorganisation of the forces in 1883 became the Petone Naval Artillery Volunteers, and the Wellington Naval Artillery volunteers were formed from part of the Artillery Corps.
		This permanent artillery was formed in the main from members of the Armed Constabulary who were being gradually withdrawn form the Native Districts in the 1880s.
		Coast artillery in New Zealand has now completed a cycle of almost one hundred years and at this juncture is to be placed on a care and maintenance basis with the strong possibility that it will never again be required to defend our major ports.
	riv.co.nz /rnza/hist/baigent1.htm (1915 words)

	Festung Norwegen
		Serving on the Coastal Defence units was regarded as very hard duty, and the men were sent on recreation homes or home leave at least twice a Year.
		Artillery Schools and firing ranges were established several places, amongst them Rauöy in the Oslo-fjord, and Stavern.
		As an example of typical armament for a Coastal Fortress, the Battery at Trondenes was equipped with: 5 machine guns (Norwegian), 1 Field Gun (7,62 cm Russian), 1 AT gun (7,5 cm German), 1 mortar 81 m.m, 4 mobile flame-throwers, 6 x 20 m.m.
	www.nuav.net /festnorw.html (1799 words)

	The Finnish Defence Forces: Presentation of equipment
		The Navy is responsible for continuous surveillance and defence at sea, in coastal areas and in the archipelago.
		Coastal units, based on coastal artillery strength, carry the main responsibility for defence of Finland's coastal areas and the archipelago.
		Even in peacetime, coastal forts located in the most critical areas are kept in readiness to fire warning or defensive shots.
	www.mil.fi /maavoimat/kalustoesittely/00138_en.dsp (329 words)

	Fort Siloso — The Sole Restored Coastal Artillery Battery from ‘Fortress Singapore’.
		Fort Siloso —; The Sole Restored Coastal Artillery Battery from ‘Fortress Singapore’.
		Following surveys, it was concluded that it would be wiser to construct several new coastal artillery forts than to modernise the older existing ones.
		New coastal artillery forts could be sited to take advantage of more powerful weapons with a greater range than the old forts' armaments.
	www.fortsiloso.com /history/history.htm (485 words)

	91st COASTAL ARTILLERY (PHILIPPINE SCOUTS)
		The ;primary concern was the Japanese artillery that shelled the Fort from Cavite Province and later from the Pico de Loro Hills.
		The Battery was engaged in frequent artillery duals with the Japanese.
		After four months of half rations and many artillery and aerial bombardments, the men of the 91st continued to fight, but their battle was at an end.
	corregidor.org /chs_munson/91st.htm (2865 words)

	Forums at the Society - Coastal Artillery of the 20th Century.
		Coast artillery soldiers were used during the Indian Wars to man frontier forts so that the Infantry, Cavalry and Field Artillery troops could fight Indians and to lend back-up to the law enforcement during the Land Runs.
		In WWI a lot of Coast Artillery units were temporarily converted to heavy artillery batteries, especially railroad artillery, and to trench mortar batteries.
		Coast Artillery soldiers were cross trained as Infantry so that if the enemy were so bold as to land out of the range of the guns in fixed positions, then the Coast Artillerymen were to act as infantry to repel them.
	www.militaryhorse.org /forum/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=5703 (1475 words)

	flag of Norway - Coastal Artillery, 1914-2002 flags
		The Coastal Artillery was set up as a separate service under the Army in 1899.
		In the 1914 soldier's handbook the Inspector General of the Coastal Artillery is shown to have a white flag charged with red-white-blue-white-red diagonal stripes running from the bottom hoist to the top fly.
		Also, writing from memory, the Coastal Artillery was separate branch of Norwegian military apart from either Navy or Army, and that after the WWII (so maybe late 50's or 60's) it became service within the Navy.
	www.flags-of-the-world.net /flags/no-coast.html (657 words)

	Norway - Coastal Artillery, 1914-2002
		The Coastal Artillery was set up as a separate service under the Army in 1899.
		In the 1914 soldier's handbook the Inspector General of the Coastal Artillery is shown to have a white flag charged with red-white-blue-white-red diagonal stripes running from the bottom hoist to the top fly.
		Also, writing from memory, the Coastal Artillery was separate branch of Norwegian military apart from either Navy or Army, and that after the WWII (so maybe late 50's or 60's) it became service within the Navy.
	www.allstates-flag.com /fotw/flags/no-coast.html (558 words)

	artillery \| English \| Dictionary & Translation by Babylon
		Technically the use of heavy missiles, during the bulk of the Middle Ages the role of artillery was confined to use in the siege.
		During the 14th century, however, the English under the generalship of Edward III experimented with combined arms using artillery in the form of archers, infantry and cavalry with devastating effect.
		Cannons were known as early as 1300, their presence is noted in many sieges, such as at Harfleur and Edward’s siege of Calais in 1346, but until the early 16th century they had little effect on the battlefield proper.
	www.babylon.com /definition/artillery (304 words)

	History for 1st Battalion, 4th Air Defense Artillery (Site not responding. Last check: )
		It was the guns of A Battery, 4th Artillery under the command of Lieutenant Alonzo Cushing that stood at The Angle on the 3rd of July, 1863 and helped turn back the Confederates Assault under General George Pickett contributing directly to the victory at Gettysburg.
		Redesignated as Battery D, 4th Coast Artillery Battalion, the unit continued to serve as a part of the defense of this vital American interest until the latter half of World War II when the unit was used during the Leyte and Ryukyus campaigns.
		On 13 September, 3rd Battalion, 4th Air Defense Artillery was assigned to the 82nd Airborne Division where the Regimental colors have remained to present date deploying with that unit on Operation Just Cause in Panama and to the deserts of Southeast Asia as part of Desert Storm.
	www.military.com /HomePage/UnitPageHistory/1,13506,103524\|784477,00.html (904 words)

	FMP - Lake Onega Coastal Brigade 1941 - 1944
		Coastal defence of Lake Onega was temporarily organized on 2.10.1941 when Col. A.
		Lake Onega Coastal Brigade (Äänisjärven rannikkoprikaati, later Äänisen rannikkoprikaati, Ään.RPr.) was formed on 27.10.1941 when the Staff/5.RPr.
		Brigade was operatively subordinated to VII Army Corps until the suspension of Karelian Army on 1.3.1942.
	www.geocities.com /finnmilpge/fmp_coast_onega41_42.html (256 words)

	Skylighters: An Introduction to Antiaircraft Artillery and Searchlights
		The primary artillery pieces were the 12-inch mortar and the "disappearing" gun (available in at least five sizes), supplemented by smaller armament.
		By World War II the Coast Artillery Corps had shifted its emphasis to antiaircraft artillery (AAA), and units with original Coast Artillery designations, like the 225th, were reorganized as AAA units.
		Antiaircraft Artillery is the branch of the U. Army dedicated to protecting ground forces and other static elements (aircraft on airfields, harbors, etc.) from concentrated aerial attack.
	www.skylighters.org /introduction (4248 words)

	130 mm M46 cannon in coastal artillery use - Military Photos
		Used to be part of the artillery regiment of the Finnish Navy (amphibious/coastal) Nyland's Brigade.
		The older model from Tampella which is used as army corps artillery supporting the brigades in combat is designated 155 K 83.
		The newer one which is used by the readiness brigades artillery regiments is the 155 K 98 and made by Patria.
	www.militaryphotos.net /forums/showthread.php?p=2454100#post2454100 (332 words)

	German 40.6 cm/52 (16") SK C/34 and 42 cm/48 (16.5") SK C/40
		At least some and perhaps all of the naval guns were converted over to the coastal artillery version.
		An interesting feature of the coast artillery version was that, although employed in single BSG mountings, the guns were still completed in both left and right versions, thus showing their naval heritage.
		Seven of these guns were employed as coastal artillery in Norway to protect Narvik and Tromsø, with three guns being emplaced as "Battery Dietl" on the island of Engeløya and four guns mounted at Trondenes near Harstad.
	www.navweaps.com /Weapons/WNGER_16-52_skc34.htm (819 words)

	The Coast Artillery Fortifications at Camp Hero
		A unique aspect of the coastal defense structures at the camp were that many were disguised as everyday buildings.
		These overdue improvements in coastal defense were implemented in a rush after German submarines had already begun their attacks in American coastal waters.
		Spotters high in the tower could coordinate artillery fire for the crew of the 16-inch cannons located at Battery 112 on a bluff 500 meters to the west of the tower on the camp grounds.
	www.skylighters.org /camphero (1643 words)

	FINNISH ARMY 1918 - 1945: ARTILLERY PART 2
		France offered only limited amount of modern artillery, but instead was willing to donate large number of old "Mle 1877" and "Mle 1878" guns, which the French had no use and could be delivered with large amounts of readily available ammunition.
		Noteworthy detail is that issuing these old field guns without recoil system to coastal artillery wasn't a one-way street - fortification artillery units of Salpa-line also got large number of coastal guns for their use.
		In 1960's (depending sources) 15 or 17 guns 90/25-BW (as Coastal artillery called them) were refitted and introduced to use of Finnish Coastal Artillery in 1964.
	www.jaegerplatoon.net /ARTILLERY2.htm (3154 words)

	Cross-Channel Attack-Appendix C
		All available forces and equipment of the several services, the organizations and formations outside of the armed forces, as well as the German civil agencies in the zone of operations will be committed by the responsible commander for the destruction of enemy transport facilities and invasion forces.
		Those remaining coastal sectors that are vulnerable to coups de main of even small units must be protected by means of a strongpoint type of defense, utilizing, if possible, the support of shore batteries.
		In individual sectors and subsectors, and particularly in establishments that have definitely been designated as air or naval bases, the local Luftwaffe or Navy commanders are to be put in charge of the entire defense, insofar as their other missions permit them to assume those responsibilities.
	www.army.mil /cmh-pg/books/wwii/7-4/7-4_c.htm (1655 words)

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