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Topic: Coastal erosion

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	Coastal Erosion
		Coastal armoring often aggravates erosion along downdrift properties by decreasing the supply of sediment to downdrift areas.
		Coastal erosion does not normally threaten beaches, but armoring to protect coastal lands may lead to beach loss (after TAIT AND GRIGGS, 1990).
		Hence, coastal erosion does not necessarily present a conflict between coastal property owners and the public.
	www.soest.hawaii.edu /SEAGRANT/bmpm/coastal_erosion.html (845 words)

	WHOI Sea Grant: Education/Focal Points/Coastal Erosion
		Coastal areas of Cape Cod are dynamic systems: barrier beaches and dunes migrate inland as sea level rises, bluffs erode and supply sediment for barrier beaches.
		If the timing and severity of these erosional events could be predicted, homeowners could be given information which to base decisions regarding their property; for example, moving structures back from a bluff which is likely to erode in the near future.
		Understanding that erosion is a natural process and that erosion of bluffs is required to nourish the beaches of Cape Cod is critical to living with our coastal landforms in a sustainable way.
	www.whoi.edu /science/seagrant/education/focalpoints/erosion.html (833 words)

	Coastal Guidance Sheet #5 - Coastal Erosion Area Permits
		A Coastal Erosion Area Permit application may be found in the ODNR’s Coastal Permits and Lease Booklet, which may be obtained from the ODNR Coastal Services Center at 105 West Shoreline Drive, Sandusky, Ohio 44870, or by calling (419) 626-7980 or 1-888-644- 6267, or download here.
		The Coastal Erosion Area Permit application must demonstrate that measures to control erosion and bluff instability will be constructed prior to or concurrent with construction of the building, septic system or addition, and will meet certain criteria.
		The Coastal Erosion Areas are depicted on aerial photographs of the shore, and the Coastal Erosion Area distances are assembled in tables.
	www.dnr.state.oh.us /coastal/regs/factsheets/cmguide5.htm (1028 words)

	Coastal Erosion (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Coastal erosion is one of the many phenomenons that affect the coastlines of New England.
		Although erosion is an important aspect of the natural cycle, efforts are being made to help preserve the land and avoid future destruction of existing establishments.
		Coastal erosion, however, is unlike the rest in that it is a constant process that is literally causing our shorelines to retreat between.58 and.75 feet per year throughout the state.
	webhost.bridgew.edu /hflaherty/ge307/finalcoastalerosion.htm (1745 words)

	NYSG: Coastal Hazards & Processes (Goal 4)
		Coastal erosion, deposition, and flooding can also be exacerbated by lake level regulation, water diversion and coastal resource use.
		Such coastal erosion and flooding in the Great Lakes region has resulted in an "erosion" of the local residential and business tax base where shoreline residences or businesses has been negatively impacted by physical erosion or flooding.
		Conversely, contractors, consultants and coastal property owners often tend to choose more traditional erosion control structures that may cause unnecessary environmental impacts because they are unfamiliar with newer, more environmentally compatible strategies for managing erosion problems.
	www.seagrant.sunysb.edu /NYSG@30/coastalresource2.htm (767 words)

	Coastal Erosion control
		According to Pethick, the coastal dune is characterised by an “interaction between sand transport by the wind and vegetation cover.”(1984) Under both natural and human induced circumstances the dune can become unstable, and this can lead to coastal erosion.
		This is especially the case in areas where the coastal erosion is a natural process, and is only affecting people because they happen to live near the eroding coastline; because there is no imbalance in the system, it can be very difficult to address the problem.
		Sand dune plantation to protect the coast from erosion has its merits in certain situations, however the variability of the coastal environment invariably means that there is no simple solution to the problem of coastal erosion.
	www.angelfire.com /tv/jarbury/essay/geography.html (1711 words)

	Oregon Coastal Atlas - Learn about Coastal Erosion
		Erosion may be caused by large waves, storm surges, rip cell embayments, high winds, rain, runoff, flooding, or increased water levels and ocean conditions caused by periodic El Niños.
		Coastal dunes and bluffs comprised of uplifted marine terrace deposits are especially vulnerable to chronic and catastrophic erosion.
		Coastal erosion processes create special challenges for people living near the ocean, requiring thoughtful planning in order to minimize the potential dangers to life and property.
	www.coastalatlas.net /learn/topics/hazards/erosion/index.asp (995 words)

	Coastal Erosion
		Coastal erosion costs hundreds of millions of dollars a year, including damage caused by storms and flooding, costs of erosion prevention, and expenses to dredge channels and harbors.
		Poorly designed or sited development can lead to erosion, while measures to control erosion in one place may exacerbate it in others and may have significant environmental impacts of their own.
		Scientists and coastal managers will need to agree on numerical definitions of “eroding” or “accreting” (this is likely to be in the range of from one-half to several feet horizontally per year).
	www.heinzctr.org /ecosystems/coastal/coast_ero.shtml (318 words)

	Coastal Erosion: Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage
		Coastal erosion may be a rapid process wherever the coastline consists of unconsolidated material, and is a geological hazard when development occurs as well.
		Coastal erosion commonly involves the destabilization of cliffs following wave impact during storms, but may also include ground- or surface-water effects from development adjacent to the coast.
		Further cliff erosion combined with extraction of gravel may result in the loss of the gravel-pit operation, and increase the flood risk in the communities of Point Verde and Placentia.
	www.heritage.nf.ca /environment/c_erosion.html (454 words)

	Erosion Control -- The Rising Tide: Global Warming Accelerates Coastal Erosion
		But severe erosion caused by a combination of storms, land subsidence, a deficit of sand in the coastal zone, and sea-level rise has required the state to move the road three times in the last 60 years.
		Erosion of the beach has progressed so far inland that waves now lap against the edge of the road when the wind blows from the south.
		Small islands, deltaic regions, coastal wetlands, and developed sandy shores are expected to be especially vulnerable to erosion and flooding.
	www.forester.net /ec_9909_rising_tide.html (2640 words)

	DRAM, Florida Geological Survey, Hazards - Coastal Erosion
		Coastal erosion is a cause for concern along many of Florida’s beaches.
		Severe coastal erosion can occur over a very short period of time when the state is impacted by hurricanes, tropical storms and other weather systems.
		Coastal erosion and efforts to combat it, as well as permitting that is aimed at preventing such erosion are described in more detail at the website: http://www.dep.state.fl.us/beaches/
	www.dep.state.fl.us /geology/geologictopics/hazards/coastal_erosion.htm (438 words)

	Coastal Erosion
		The amount of erosion from storms - which are the biggest causes of change on the shoreline - is directly related to their number, intensity and duration.
		Coastal erosion and sea-level rise have the potential to affect the majority of the population, as well as the economy and use of natural resources in the Ocean State.
		The coastal V-zone is an area defined for insurance purposes and categorized by elevation above sea level and, to a lesser extent, distance from the shore.
	seagrant.gso.uri.edu /factsheets/fserosion.html (924 words)

	Oregon Coastal Atlas Learn
		Oregon’s ocean shore is subject to a wide range of geologic forces and climatic conditions that continually shape the coast and put life and property at risk.
		Coastal erosion is a natural process that continually affects the Oregon coast.
		Erosion becomes a hazard when human development or public safety is threatened...
	www.coastalatlas.net /learn/index.asp (432 words)

	Disappearing beaches
		The lighthouse went a'truckin' after coastal erosion chewed away about 1,300 feet of beach, bringing the waves to within 150 feet of the 4,800-ton sentinel.
		Coastal residents up and down the United States are worrying about undermined cliffs, disappearing beaches, and the occasional dwelling diving into the briny.
		The gradual sinking of coastal land (since the height of the land and the sea are both changing, we use "relative sea level rise" to describe the rise of the ocean compared to the height of land in a particular location).
	whyfiles.org /091beach (727 words)

	Europe : New study published about Coastal erosion.
		Coastal erosion is the gradual destruction of land by the sea.
		Coastal erosion concerns should be taken account of in Environmental Impact Assessments as well as coastal management.
		Instead of the current piecemeal approach to "fix" coastal erosion when it happens, a long-term and more planned approach is needed.
	www.welcomeurope.com /default.asp?id=1300&idnews=1527&print=yes (484 words)

	General Coastal Erosion
		The coastline is quickly eroding along all of its length from Bridlington in the north to Easington in the south.
		The moraine cliffs at Barmston, south of Bridlington, have one of the highest rates of erosion in Europe, with the average rate of erosion along the Holderness coast quoted as 1.8m per annum.
		The theme of coastal erosion and shoreline management was addressed in the newly published East Riding Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan under the section 'Managing the Coast'.
	www.hull.ac.uk /coastalobs/general/erosionandflooding/erosion.html (872 words)

	Defra, UK - Flood and Coastal Erosion Risk Management - Introduction
		Defra funds most of the Environment Agency's flood management activities in England and provides grant aid on a project by project basis to the other flood and coastal defence operating authorities (local authorities and internal drainage boards) to support their investment in capital improvement projects to manage flood and coastal erosion risk.
		Anyone who has suffered flooding or coastal erosion will testify to the stress, disruption and unhappiness that can be caused as well as the physical danger and loss.
		Defra's policy is to reduce risks to people, property and the environment from flooding and coastal erosion through the provision of defences, flood forecasting and warning systems, increased flood resilience of property, beneficial land management changes and discouragement of inappropriate development in areas at risk of flooding.
	www.defra.gov.uk /environ/fcd/default.htm?lang=_w (1280 words)

	FEMA: Significant Losses From Coastal Erosion Anticipated Along U.S. Coastlines
		The study recommends FEMA be authorized to develop maps identifying coastal erosion hazard areas and include the cost of expected erosion losses when setting flood insurance rates for coastal areas.
		To fully reflect erosion risk, insurance rates in the highest hazard coastal areas would have to be double today's rates, on the average.
		Discussion has centered on whether or not erosion is a flood or flood-related phenomena, methods of determining areas subject to erosion and the extent to which communities should be required by the NFIP to manage building and development in erosion-prone areas.
	www.fema.gov /news/newsrelease.fema?id=7708 (1421 words)

	GALVESTON COASTAL EROSION: An Overview of Causes, Problems and Where We Stand
		According to the Texas General Land Office, the natural coastal environment of Texas is the product of climate, tides, relative sea-level change, tropical storm frequency, the amount of sediment delivered to the Gulf of Mexico by rivers and the rate of dispersal of that sediment by waves and currents.
		Coastal shoreline recession and erosion is caused by a relative rise in sea level (possible Greenhouse effect), and the fact that the amount of sediment removed by wave energy exceeds that supplied to the beach by longshore currents.
		The cause of the erosion in this area is that the Bolivar Peninsula suffers from a lack of sediment due to the Sabine jetties (a longshore sediment transport barrier) and to reduced sediment supply from the Neches and Sabine rivers (due to urbanization and water supply/flood control dams).
	coastal.tamug.edu /am/Galveston_Coastal_Erosion_an_overview_of_causes,_problems_and_where_we_stand (2972 words)

	Coastal Hazards -- Coastal Erosion
		FEMA Erosion Hazards Study ¨C Approximately 25 percent of homes and other structures within 500 feet of the U.S. coastline and the shorelines of the Great Lakes will fall victim to the effects of erosion within the next 60 years, according to a study released today by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).
		Hurricane and Extreme Storm Impact Studies ¨C USGS investigates the extent and causes of coastal impacts of hurricanes and extreme storms on the U.S. coasts to help improve the capability to predict coastal change that results from severe tropical and extra-tropical storms.
		The Coastal Classification Maps of the National Assessment of Coastal Change Project present ground conditions such as beach width, dune elevations, overwash potential, and density of development.
	www.stormcenter.com /index.php?pagename=oc_coastalHazards_coastal_erosion (599 words)

	NYSDEC Coastal Erosion - Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This coastal erosion process causes extensive damage to publicly and privately owned property and to natural resources as well as endangering human lives.
		The Coastal Erosion Hazard Statute declares that all coastline prone to erosion hazards should be identified.
		Activities, development or other action in erosion hazard areas should be undertaken to minimize damage to property, and prevent the exacerbation of erosion hazards.
	www.dec.state.ny.us /website/dcs/coastal/index.html (784 words)

	P.A.C.E. \| Parishes Against Coastal Erosion
		The landscape that stretches across Louisiana's Border with the Gulf of Mexico, valuable coastal wetlands, known as America's Wetlands, are vanishing at the staggering rate of 24 square miles each year.
		Coastal restoration projects must be implemented to stop this American tragedy.
		Write an e-mail that tells your Senator or Congressman how much Louisiana’s wetlands mean to the economic security of the nation and the survival of some of the world’s richest cultures and most spectacular wildlife.
	www.paceonline.org (253 words)

	USGS Southwest Washington Coastal Erosion study Internet Map Server description
		USGS activities have been to map the marine geological environment of the inner shelf with the focus on coastal erosion along the southwest coast of Washington.
		The focus of the was to enhance our knowledge of fundamental coastal sediment dynamics to reduce increasingly costly problems and losses for the southwest Washington coast.
		This research is crucial to minimizing hazards and economic impacts associated with both chronic and catastrophic coastal erosion.
	coastalmap.marine.usgs.gov /regional/contusa/westcoast/pacificnw/swwash (463 words)

	Coastal Erosion: The Crisis
		By 2050, Louisiana is projected to lose approximately 640,000 acres of coastal marshes, swamps and barrier islands.
		And as we watch our coastal wetlands disappear, we face very real threats to the future of not only this state and the people who live and work here, but threats to the economic future of this entire nation.
		As wetlands turn to open water, reducing their ability to impede approaching storms, the risk of catastrophic loss of life and property from hurricanes is greatly increased.
	www.restoreorretreat.org /coastal_erosion.html (430 words)

	Training Course on Coastal Erosion Management
		The prospect of further sea level rise due to climate change and the heritage of mismanagement in the past - such as inappropriate infrastructure - imply that coastal erosion will be a growing concern in the future.
		Managing coastal erosion is hence an increasing challenge for all those who have to take decisions or provide consulting services about coastal development and conservation in erosion prone areas.
		CoPraNet - The Coastal Practice Network is an Interreg project to help establish a coastal practitioners network and bridge the gap between planners, managers and the research community throughout Europe.
	paginas.fe.up.pt /~fpinto/Erosion (332 words)

	USGS Fact Sheet: Coastal Erosion of Southern Lake Michigan
		Erosion and flooding of Lake Michigan's coastline have resulted in extensive damage to domestic, recreational, and industrial facilities.
		During each episode of high lake levels, rates of bluff erosion increase, beachfront property is lost, and structures and beaches are submerged.
		The role of wind in removing sand from the nearshore system to form such massive dunes, such as those in the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, and the impact of ice as an agent to erode as well as to protect the coast, were analyzed in developing a model.
	marine.usgs.gov /fact-sheets/michigan/michigan.html (1089 words)

	Hazards - Coastal Erosion Description
		Because there are so many factors involved in coastal erosion, including human activity, sea-level rise, seasonal fluctuations, and climate change, sand movement will not be consistent year after year in the same location.
		Coastal erosion poses many problems to coastal communities in that valuable property is frequently lost to this dynamic beach-ocean system.
		Thus, issues of beach restoration and erosion control are at the forefront in coastal communities.
	www.haznet.org /haz_hazards/hazard_erosion.htm (200 words)

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