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Topic: Coastal forests of eastern Africa

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	CONSERVATION OF COASTAL INDIGENOUS FORESTS
		The forest clearings were used for indigenous ceremonies, and the surrounding forests as a source of forest produce and burial grounds.
		The Coastal Forest Conservation Project was designed by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) and the National Museums of Kenya (NMK), and initiated in 1992, with an operational span of 8 years.
		A Coastal Forest Conservation Unit (CFCU) was established to operate and manage the Project which aimed to gazette all the Kaya forests and sacred groves in the coastal province, in the longer-term, as National Monuments under the Monuments and Antiquities Act, and to introduce and enhance sustainable management practices in the shorter-term.
	www.worldbank.org /afr/afr_for/interim/skenya-5.htm (760 words)

	TFCG, Eastern Arc and Coastal Forests
		Biogeography and Ecology of the Rain Forests of Eastern Africa.
		The Coastal Forests found in Tanzania are a part of the ecoregion known as "Northern Zanzibar-Inhambane Coastal Forest Mosaic" (WWF-US This ecoregion extends from the Kenya–Somali border to the Tanzania–Mozambique border along the coast.
		Coastal Forests are distinct from the forests of the Eastern Arc in terms of climate, elevation, and dominant plant species.
	www.tfcg.org /docs/forests_intro.htm (1075 words)

	Africa Environment Outlook - Chapter 2
		The climate of Eastern Africa supports a variety of forest and woodland cover from dense tropical forests, in the humid and mountainous regions of Uganda, Burundi and Rwanda, to the dry savannas of the Horn of Africa.
		The forests of the Eastern Arc mountain chain, running through Kenya and Tanzania, and the Albertine Rift Montane Forests of the western border of Uganda are of particular biological importance (Rodgers 1998, Mittermeier, Myers, Gil & Mittermeier 2000, MUIENR 2000).
		The Eastern Arc Mountains are the oldest mountains in the sub-region and their climate, influenced by the Indian Ocean, has given rise to areas of forest which have evolved largely in isolation, given their high altitude and separation from one another.
	www.grida.no /aeo/133.htm (835 words)

	Biodiversity Hotspots - Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa - Overview
		Agricultural expansion continues to be the biggest threat facing the Coastal Forests of East Africa.
		The hotspot's vegetation is a complex mix of moist forests and dry forests, with coastal thicket, fire-climax savanna woodlands, seasonal and permanent swamps, and littoral habitats that include mangrove vegetation along some parts of the coast.
		Coastal forests are found up to 500 meters above sea level, although in Tanzania they occur up to 1,030 meters on Handeni Hill, though this is unusual.
	www.biodiversityhotspots.org /xp/Hotspots/coastal_forests (404 words)

	Ecosystem Profile: Eastern Arc Mountains and Coastal Forests
		The Eastern Arc Mountains and Coastal Forests of Tanzania and Kenya hotspot (hereafter referred to as the Eastern Arc Mountains and Coastal Forests hotspot) is one of the smallest of the 25 global biodiversity hotspots*.
		Amongst the vertebrates, 7 percent of forest mammals, 10 percent of forest birds, 57 percent of forest reptiles and 36 percent of forest amphibians are endemic (Burgess 2000).
		Forest is cleared for farm land, as it has better growing potential, but, after a few years, the soils are exhausted and yields reduce to those of other nearby non-forest agricultural lands.
	www.cepf.net /xp/cepf/where_we_work/eastern_arc_mountains/full_strategy.xml (18886 words)

	Biodiversity Hotspots - Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa - Human Impacts
		The most significant current threat to the Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa Hotspot is the expansion of agriculture.
		Forests close to tourist areas, such as Arabuko-Sokoke Forest near Malindi and Watamu in Kenya, suffer from the high demand for carving wood (Brachylaena huillensis) and timber for the construction of hotels, private residences and tourist attractions.
		In addition to important biological resources, the countries of eastern Africa are also endowed with a wealth of mineral resources; in coastal areas these include gas, gemstones, iron, titanium, limestone and kaolin.
	www.conservation.org /xp/Hotspots/coastal_forests/impacts.xml (513 words)

	Biodiversity Hotspots - Resources - References - Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa
		Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa: Biodiversity and Conservation.
		Terrestrial Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Continental Assessment.
		Ecosystem Profile: Eastern Arc Mountains and Coastal Forests of Tanzania and Kenya Biodiversity Hotspot.
	www.conservation.org /xp/Hotspots/resources/references/coastal_forests.xml (708 words)

	Hotspots Revisited
		Scattered along the coastal margins of eastern Africa are a chain of relict forest and thicket patches set within savanna woodlands, wetlands, and increasing areas of farmlands and fallow.
		For the purposes of this chapter, the Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa Hotspot includes the Northern and Southern Zanzibar-Inhambane Coastal Forest Mosaic ecoregions, and the Zambezian Coastal Flooded Savanna as defined by WWF (Burgess et al., in press), such that the Limpopo River forms the southern boundary of the hotspot.
		The vegetation of this hotspot is characterized by a complex mix of moist forests (for example, at the base of the Eastern Arc Mountains) and drier forests with coastal thicket, fire-climax savanna woodlands, seasonal and permanent swamps, and littoral habitats.
	www.biodiversityscience.org /publications/hotspots/CoastalForestsofEasternafrica.html (5165 words)

	Biodiversity Hotspots - Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa - Unique and Threated Biodiversity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		These forests also vary greatly in their species composition, particularly among less mobile species; for example, forests that are only 100 kilometers apart may differ in 80 percent of their plant species.
		The Tana River cisticola (Cisticola restrictus) is endemic to the Lower Tana River, and the Malindi pipit (Anthus melindae) is endemic to the coastal grasslands of Kenya.
		The golden-rumped elephant shrew or sengi (Rhynchocyon chrysopygus, EN) is endemic to the coastal forests Kenya north of Mombasa.
	www.biodiversityhotspots.org /xp/Hotspots/coastal_forests/biodiversity.xml (946 words)

	Eastern Africa: environment
		The coast of Eastern Africa is bathed by the great current systems of the Indian Ocean, which vary greatly with the seasonal monsoons.
		In 1981 a UNEP fact-finding mission to East Africa identified large-scale erosion, oil pollution, damaged coral reefs, ruined mangrove swamps, pollution from fertilizers and threats to precious marine animals as the major environmental problems in the region.
		Human encroachment and activities such as animal husbandry and agriculture are rapidly degrading the coastal environment of Eastern Africa, resulting in deforestation, destruction of mangroves and disappearance of other vegetation; a decline in soil fertility, and the death of wildlife.
	www.unep.ch /regionalseas/main/eaf/eafenv.html (2213 words)

	FOREST BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY - Unasylva 209
		Forests were also conserved, but primarily for a value other than the resources they contain: they provided a refuge, and often took on a religious significance.
		The forests are of global (biodiversity), national (water, timber and biodiversity) and local (wood and non-wood resources for livelihoods) significance, but are under threat because of reduced institutional regulatory capacity, overuse of resources and encroachment.
		Since forest catchments are important for water supply to local villages and other communities as well as supporting a diverse array of biological communities, water is a key resource.
	www.fao.org /docrep/004/y3582e/y3582e09.htm (3637 words)

	Forests
		Forests, like oceans, recycle carbon dioxide into oxygen, and provide habitats for most of the world’s biodiversity.
		The remaining old-growth forests are found mostly in the Amazon rainforest, Central Africa, Southeast Asia, Canada and the Russian Federation.
		In Africa, drought, civil war, bush fires and inappropriate agricultural practices are degrading forests.
	www.grida.no /geo2000/pacha/forests/index.htm (327 words)

	WWF - Restoration: Projects in Africa
		However these forests are under huge pressure from a range of threats, and the Africa and Madagascar region has one of the highest rates of annual forest loss, estimated at 4.0 million hectares between 2000 and 2005 (FAO, 2005).
		The links between forest loss and degradation and poverty and livelihoods are evident and therefore responses such as forest restoration must be planned and implemented with full involvement of local people.
		Forest Landscape Restoration in Tanzania's East Usambara Mountains (Project TZ0056): Restoring quality of degraded forests and improving connectivity in key gaps to regain key forest functions and improve livelihoods of the local population.
	www.panda.org /about_wwf/what_we_do/forests/our_solutions/restoration/africa/index.cfm (343 words)

	GEO-2000: Chapter Two: The State of the Environment - Africa - Forests
		Forests include dry tropical forests in the Sahel, Eastern and Southern Africa, humid tropical forests in Western and Central Africa, diverse sub-tropical forest and woodland formations in Northern Africa and the southern tip of the continent, as well as mangroves in the coastal zones.
		Africa's forests are threatened by a combination of factors including agricultural expansion, commercial harvesting, increased firewood collection, inappropriate land and tree tenure regimes, heavy livestock grazing, and accelerated urbanization and industrialization.
		Until recently, Southern Africa was losing more than 200 000 hectares of forests a year to shifting cultivation (Chidumayo 1986), although this is now starting to decline as farmers change to more settled agricultural practices.
	www.unep.org /geo2000/english/0054.htm (825 words)

	Biodiversity Hotspots - Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa - Conservation Action
		About 50,889 km² of the Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa Hotspot, 17 percent of the hotspot's land area, are under some form of protection.
		Mozambique is home to some of the largest patches of remaining coastal forest, and the new Quirimbas National Park may contain larger areas of coastal forest than Arabuko-Sokoke.
		The coastal forests close to Dar es Salaam face the biggest conservation challenges, from incursion for charcoal burning, fuelwood harvesting, agriculture and logging.
	www.conservation.org /xp/Hotspots/coastal_forests/conservation.xml (558 words)

	Coastal forests of eastern Africa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Reptiles of the eastern African coastal forests; (7).
		Amphibians of the eastern African coastal forests; (8) Molluscs of the East African Coast (Kenya and Tanzania);and (9).
		Species or races of butterflies mostly confined to coastal forests or semi-evergreen vegetation close to the coast of eastern Africa.
	www.trophort.com /information/data/B01/S27/BUR00COAXII3277.html (228 words)

	Wildlife in Africa
		The Eastern Arc is a chain of rugged mountain blocks which rise from the flat topography of the East African coastal plain.
		There is growing concern for the long-term conservation of the Eastern Arc Mountains, with international organisations working alongside African authorities to protect the remaining forests from expanding human populations which rely on the natural resources for medicine, fuel and fresh water.
		The role of the forested mountains as water catchments is indeed critical, with the four million inhabitants of Dar es Salaam completely dependant on the Uluguru Mountains for their fresh water.
	www.wildwatch.com /resources/other/easternarc.asp (769 words)

	Forests-1
		Forest loss and degradation carry a heavy human and environmental cost throughout tropical, temperate and boreal regions.
		Most countries of Eastern and Southern Africa are reviewing and revising policies and laws and restructuring their agencies to accommodate emerging forest management imperatives.
		This study discusses the evolution of community involvement in forest management (CIFM) in Eastern and Southern Africa, and analyses the policies and laws being established by the countries of this region to both accommodate and promote this involvement.
	www.uicn.org /bookstore/forests-1.htm (1304 words)

	Tanzanian Government endorses conservation projects
		The investment is focused on the Eastern Arc Mountains and the Coastal Forests of Tanzania and Kenya.
		CEPF is still welcoming applications from civil society organisations for projects that aim to increase the ability of local populations to benefit from and contribute to biodiversity conservation.
		Funds are also available for projects that aim to restore forest connectivity and for small research projects on threatened species.
	www.birdlife.org /news/pr/2006/02/eastern_arc.html (794 words)

	AFRICA: THE ART OF A CONTINENT: Eastern Africa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Farther inland are the great lakes of Africa, forests, and the Rift Valley, the cradle of humankind.
		Much more recently, eastern Africa has, like much of the continent, witnessed migrations and population displacements, which have created an area that is culturally and linguistically complex.
		Eastern Christianity came to Ethiopia from a base in northern Egypt in the fourth century.
	artnetweb.com /guggenheim/africa/east.html (390 words)

	African Rainforest Conservancy: The Eastern Arc
		For the first time in a hundred years, since the dawn of the colonial era, local villages, rather than the central government, are managing the forests, taking medicinal plants and dead wood for fuel and protecting the forest from timber poaching, cattle grazing and clearing.
		Now that they are not officially banned by the government but have a stake in the forest, they are protecting it.
		Over 45,000 people, in thirty villages in three mountain ranges and two coastal forests, are currently reached by project activities.
	www.africarainforest.org /eastern_arc.html (386 words)

	Africa
		Islamic armies invaded Africa within a decade of Muhammad’s death in 632 and quickly overcame Byzantine resistance in Egypt.
		By the 11th century, the armies of Ghana, equipped with iron weapons, made it master of the trade routes extending from present-day Morocco in the north to the coastal forests of western Africa in the south.
		History of the states formed in central Africa is less documented than that of the lake states.
	www.emayzine.com /lectures/africa3a.html (1842 words)

	African Conservation Foundation - Tanzania - Conservation Projects.
		The Eastern Arc Mountains are a chain of mountains in Kenya and Tanzania that are influenced by the Indian Ocean.
		In place of closed mountain forests is now a patchwork of forest fragments and agriculture.
		Their mission is to promote the conservation and wise use of wildlife and the environment in East Africa.
	www.africanconservation.org /tanzania2.html (973 words)

	www (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The re-settlement of coastal communities in inland forests, and the extraction of timber and other resources for reconstruction and to meet immediate needs could gravely threaten vulnerable species and fragile ecosystems.
		Damage to these coastal ecosystems could place highly threatened species at risk, since a total of six hotspots were affected (Sundaland, Western Ghats and Sri Lanka, Indo-Burma, Madagascar and the Indian Ocean Islands, the Coastal forests of Eastern Africa, and the Horn of Africa).
		The strongest hope for biodiversity in the affected regions will be well-planned restoration and reconstruction efforts, which incorporate coastal forest, reef and mangrove conservation and restoration.
	www.worldproutassembly.org /tsunami_the_impact_on_diversity.htm (451 words)

	Boston IMC: otherpress/937
		Eight of the hotspots are considered the highest priorities for the survival of the most endangered primates - Indo-Burma, Madagascar and the Indian Ocean Islands, Sundaland, Eastern Afromontane, Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa, Guinean Forests of West Africa, the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, and Western Ghats-Sri Lanka.
		Habitat loss due to the clearing of tropical forests for agriculture, logging, and the collection of fuel wood continues to be the major factor in the declining number of primates, according to the report.
		The December tsunami that devastated coastal Sumatra has triggered a possible new threat to orangutan habitat from resettlement of area residents.
	boston.indymedia.org /otherpress/display/937/index.php (999 words)

	TrailMaster Infrared Trail Monitors - world leaders in infrared trail monitoring equipment.
		Beentje, H. A reconnaissance survey of Zanzibar forests and coastal thicket.
		Kingdon, J. Island Africa: the evolution of Africa’s rare animals and plants.
		Kingdon, J. & Howell, K. Mammals in the forest of eastern Africa.
	www.trailmaster.com /pages/reference.php (1197 words)

	Eastern Province Coastal Property South Africa
		Two major port cities of the Eastern Cape are Port Elizabeth and East London, which offer all the amenities of a large city but still maintain a holiday resort atmosphere.
		he coastal areas between Jeffrey's Bay and Port Alfred are reputedly some of the best surfing spots in the world, with magnificent waves.
		Eastern Cape has scenery varying from sub-tropical coastal zones and dense indiginous forests to semi-arid Karoo plains.
	www.coastalproperties.co.za /secoast/index.htm (216 words)

	Eastern Arc Mountains and Coastal Forests
		The Eastern Arc Mountains and Coastal Forests of Tanzania and Kenya region runs along the coasts of these two East African countries and includes Zanzibar.
		Previously classified as a biodiversity hotspot itself, the region now lies within two hotspots—the Eastern Afromontane Hotspot and the Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa Hotspot—identified as part of a hotspots reappraisal released in 2005.
		Within the Eastern Arc Mountains and Coastal Forests, the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) aims to improve knowledge and appreciation of biodiversity among the local populations and stimulate support for conservation.
	www.cepf.net /xp/cepf/where_we_work/eastern_arc_mountains/eastern_arc_mountains_info.xml (547 words)

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