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	Coca eradication - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Coca eradication is a strategy strongly promoted by the United States government as part of its "War on Drugs" to eliminate the cultivation of coca, a plant whose leaves are not only traditionally used by indigenous cultures but also, in modern society, in the manufacture of cocaine.
		Plots denuded of coca plants by mechanical means (burning or cutting) or chemical herbicides, such as Monsanto's Roundup, are abandoned and cause serious problems with erosion in seasonal rains.
		With the growth of the Colombian drug cartels in the 1980s, coca leaf became a valuable agricultural commodity, particularly in Peru and Bolivia, where the quality of coca is higher than in Colombia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Coca_eradication (1511 words)

	Coca Eradication
		Eradication of drug crops was advocated by the U.S. as early as 1925 and has been a principal tool of source-country drug control efforts in the Andes since the early 1970s.
		A coca bush will produce harvests for as long as 35 years, yet after just a few years two-thirds of coca plots are deserted, denuded by pursuing eradication forces and left to erode under seasonal rains.
		Coca was banned along with cocaine early this century in part because of the lack of technological and political mechanisms to regulate similar substances differently.
	www.fpif.org /briefs/vol3/v3n29coca_body.html (2480 words)

	americas.org - Bolivia, the Drug War, and a Leaf (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The message is clear: everyday use of the coca leaf in Bolivia is a tradition as old as the roots of its civilization.
		According to Museo de la Coca, the plan to eradicate coca was originally hatched in a 1971 meeting of then U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger in the Nixon administration, and then unelected Bolivian leader Hugo Banzer, previously a trainee at the infamous School of the Americas.
		Coca will be as much a part of Bolivia’s future as it has been a part of its past.
	www.americas.org /item_20 (1114 words)

	SignOnSanDiego.com > News > World -- Under Morales, a downturn in coca eradication in Bolivia
		The destruction of coca fields is no longer forced, but depends on the cooperation of coca growers, said Felipe Caceres, the official in charge of the effort and himself a coca grower.
		He chews on a ball of coca leaves as he and a colleague repack a half-dozen 50-pound sacks of “hoja de coca” in airtight plastic for a trip down from Bolivia's high plains to the steamy eastern lowlands, where he says he sells them in one-pound lots to agricultural workers.
		Coca recipes notwithstanding, Bolivians have no illusions that a good portion of their coca crop is being converted into cocaine.
	www.signonsandiego.com /news/world/20060330-1128-bolivia-cocaflourishes.html (932 words)

	[No title]
		Results in Brief: The coca cultivation estimate prepared by CNC and the coca eradication estimate prepared the Office of Aviation in Colombia serve different purposes and cannot be readily reconciled to one another because of differences in their respective methodologies.
		Because CNC’s coca cultivation estimates are used to help determine the amount of cocaine available for consumption in the United States, CNC focuses on identifying healthy coca plants with leaves that are suitable for harvesting and processing into cocaine.
		The Colombia spray eradication program is designed to inflict significant economic damage to both the farming and refining segments of the cocaine industry long enough to force both to dramatically reduce cocaine production in the medium term and face bankruptcy in the long term.
	www.gao.gov /atext/d03319r.txt (3273 words)

	Commentary on the Ley del Régimen de Coca y Sustan. Controladas
		Furthermore, the law calls for the gradual eradication coca, with yearly targets of eradication, through voluntary or forced removal of plants, and contingent upon international development assistance.
		Most Chapare and other coca under cultivation at the time of the passage of Ley 1008 was declared "excess and transitional" and was to be gradually eradicated, subject to international financing for crop substitution and alternative development programs.
		Coca grown outside of the traditional and transitional areas, or planted in "transitional" areas after 1988, is illegal and subject to immediate eradication.
	www.natlaw.com /pubs/spbocs1.htm (2376 words)

	Under new president, coca eradication in Bolivia is cut back : AZ IMC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The destruction of coca fields is no longer forced but depends on the cooperation of coca growers, said Felipe Caceres, the official in charge of the effort and a coca grower.
		He chews on a ball of coca leaves as he and a colleague repack a half-dozen 50-pound sacks of hoja de coca in airtight plastic for a trip down from Bolivia's high plains to the steamy eastern lowlands, where he says he sells them in 1-pound lots to agricultural workers.
		Another means of coca consumption, as an all-purpose food supplement, has in recent weeks been suggested by politicians in the region.
	arizona.indymedia.org /news/2006/04/39468.php (966 words)

	WASHINGTON OFFICE ON LATIN AMERICA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The coca growers showed interest in the proposal, but were unwilling to accept it without its conversion into a law or some other concrete guarantee of continued implementation, and they expressed skepticism about the government’s ability to implement its proposal, based on chronic incompliance with past agreements.
		Coca growers reported that they were forbidden to travel in cars and buses, and cocalero leader and congressman Evo Morales announced that he was not being permitted to leave Eterazama.
		The main issue is coca eradication in the Chapare, which is a national law.”[39] During the September 2001-February 2002 conflicts, there were repeated accounts of excessive use of force by the police, the military and the ETF.
	www.wola.org /publications/ddhr_bolivia_brief_text.htm (9355 words)

	Narco News: The Contradictions of Coca Eradication in Bolivia
		Behind the failure of the U.S.-promoted eradication policy in the Chapare region is a gross misunderstanding of the use of coca leaves in Bolivia and elsewhere, say activists and experts attending the Out of the Shadows drug legalization conference in Merida, Mexico.
		The United States government has also sustained that coca leaves from Chapare, which have a higher alkaloid content and are more bitter than those produced in Los Yungas, are not “suitable for traditional use,” insisting that all coca grown in the region is destined for conversion into cocaine.
		Retail coca leaf vendors often have leaves from both regions on sale, and in three of the nation’s poorest provinces near Cochabamba, Chapare coca is sold exclusively, he says.
	www.narconews.com /Issue28/article625.html (1046 words)

	CNN - Coca eradication campaign an uphill battle - Jan. 13, 1996 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Coca eradication campaign is an uphill battle in Bolivia
		Every day, bags of coca leaves are bartered on the open market in villages like the one in the Chapare region of central Bolivia.
		At the behest of the United States, which is trying to aid Bolivia in a coca leaf eradication campaign, authorities are working to destroy the coca fields and to get the peasant growers to think about other crops.
	www.cnn.com /WORLD/9601/bolivia (433 words)

	Narco News Reports: Bolivia Suspends Coca Eradication
		The US-imposed drug policy of eradicating the coca plant, even for use as a food and sacrament by indigenous farmers, is a rotund failure that has only succeeded in destroying the economy of a nation, and it has destabilized the US-backed regime of Bolivian President Jorge "Tuto" Quiroga.
		The nearly 35,000 families who make their livelihood from growing coca -- the plant that is the base ingredient of cocaine -- have been demonstrating periodically over the last 18 months, demanding an end to the coca eradication program.
		Coca growers leader Evo Morales is stopped from leaving the town of Eterazama, where he remains until the end of the conflict.
	www.narconews.com /boliviasuspends.html (2952 words)

	BBC NEWS \| World \| Americas \| Peruvian anger over coca plans
		Anger is mounting among Peru's coca leaf growers over efforts by the US and its own government to eradicate the crop, which is used to make cocaine.
		The authorities are trying to encourage farmers to switch from coca to alternative crops such as coffee and tropical fruit, but the cocaleros say these do not currently offer them the prospect of a decent living.
		But she said that for farmers growing coca was a question of economic necessity.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/americas/3208788.stm (934 words)

	Drug Policy Alliance: Bolivia Backs Away from US-Aided Coca Eradication
		Bolivia's government is preparing to relax its coca eradication efforts in response to a national outcry from farmers growing the traditional plant for local sale and consumption.
		Coca eradication is unpopular in the public and President Gonzalo Sanchez de Lozada vowed as a campaigner to review the coca policy.
		Government negotiators and coca growers reached a tentative agreement on coca growing even as the ongoing violent demonstrations against coca growing restrictions and global free trade agreements killed more than two dozen and destroyed a number of government buildings.
	www.drugpolicy.org /news/02_20_03bolivia.cfm (373 words)

	TNI Publications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Over the past four years, organised coca growers in Peru and Bolivia (6) have asked their governments to carry out comprehensive studies to provide more detailed information about cultivation, production, trade, transformation and legal consumption of coca, as well as illegal use in drug trafficking.
		Coca consumption is a fundamental element of the worldview of Andean and Amazonian people and a prime symbol of their identity.
		Forced eradication could be called the policy of the eight “ins” and “uns”: illegal, unconstitutional, illegitimate, inhumane, unjust, ineffective, immoral and idiotic.
	www.tni.org /policybriefings/brief11.htm (1843 words)

	Erowid Coca (Erythroxylum coca) Vault
		Erythroxylum coca is a high altitudes S. American shrub that's leaves are the source of cocaine.
		The leaves are "chewed" (held in the cheek) in combination with mineral lime to provide physical and mental stimulation and reduction in altitude sickness.
		History of Coca, The Divine Plant of the Incas, by W. Mortimer
	www.erowid.org /entheogens/coca/coca.shtml (213 words)

	[No title]
		The government eradicated 2,200 hectares by the end of June and managed to attain a subsequent goal of eradicating a total of 5,400 hectares.
		The tug-of-war between the government and the coca growers was fiercely polarized: the government insisted that the national interest required meeting the U.S.-dictated goals, even if to do so required forcible eradication; the coca growers insisted they would defend their crops by whatever means necessary.
		The patrol eradicated 6,431 square meters of immature coca and 1,132 square meters of coca seedbeds, confiscated a twelve-gauge shotgun and made seventy-eight arrests.
	www.hrw.org /summaries/s.bolivia965.html (17399 words)

	USATODAY.com - Bolivian candidate opposes U.S.-backed coca eradication (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		He rose to power 10 years ago as the leader of the coca growers of the Chapare region, where U.S.-backed eradication efforts are focused.
		Bolivians, who have grown the coca leaf for thousands of years, drink it as tea, chew the leaf to stave off hunger while working, and use it in Indian religious ceremonies.
		U.S. and Bolivian government officials say the coca that is produced above the legal limit of 29,600 acres is destined for cocaine production, while Morales and his supporters argue that the government is underestimating the demand for legal domestic consumption.
	www.usatoday.com /news/world/2005-09-21-bolivia-legalize-coca_x.htm?csp=34 (443 words)

	STRATFOR.com : The Violent Effects of Bolivia's Coca Eradication Program (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Reports indicate that coca cultivation is again on the rise, and Peruvian and Colombian drug traffickers are turning Bolivia into an international hub for narcotics shipments to North America, Europe and Brazil.
		The Bolivian government claims its U.S.-backed plan to completely wipe out coca farming has reduced the number of acres used for coca from 127,000 in 1997 to about 5,000 today, and that the last vestiges of coca cultivation will be gone forever before the end of 2002.
		Indications of increased coca farming in Bolivia and the presence of foreign nationals in coca farming regions closely parallel trends in neighboring Peru, where Peruvian and U.S. counter-drug agencies have confirmed a jump over the past year in coca and poppy farming.
	web.nps.navy.mil /~relooney/Stratfor_5.htm (870 words)

	Top Ten Myths about the U.S. Supported Aerial Coca Eradication Program in Colombia, Latin America Working Group, July ...
		Coca yield per hectare in Colombia also increased by 33% from 2000 to 2002, suggesting the use of higher-yield coca varieties
		Aerial eradication efforts have had no apparent impact on availability or use of cocaine in the U.S. The National Drug Intelligence Center of the Department of Justice reported in 2003 that powder cocaine’s “availability appears to be steady overall.
		Myth: Cutting the supply of coca in Colombia is the most cost-effective way to reduce cocaine consumption in the U.S. Reality: A 1994 RAND study concluded that source-country drug control efforts, including aerial eradication, are the least cost-effective means to control U.S. cocaine consumption.
	www.ciponline.org /colombia/030722lawg.htm (2713 words)

	americas.org - U.S.-Colombia Coca Eradication Called Destructive, Futile (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Although the report will show a significant drop in Colombia's production of coca during 2003, the groups say that such short-term gains are more than offset by environmental destruction and the forcible displacement of thousands of peasant farmers, who either go elsewhere to grow coca or join guerrilla or right-wing paramilitary organizations.
		Moreover, according to the report, the short-term reductions in coca cultivation mask the fact that coca cultivation is moving.
		In Colombia cultivation is spreading from Putumayo to nearby provinces and regions that have previously been free of coca, including Colombia's highly biodiverse national parks, which the State Department has already targeted for spraying this year, according to both LAWG and a second report released Thursday by EarthJustice and AIDA.
	www.americas.org /index.php?cp=item&item_id=13867 (1089 words)

	ABC News: Bolivia Leader Won't OK Coca Eradication (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Wearing a wreath of coca leaves, Bolivia's president-elect Evo Morales waves to supporters during a visit to Eterazama, in the coca growing region of Chapare, Wednesday, Dec. 28, 2005.
		Morales traveled to El Chapare where he emerged to political prominence as a union leader opposed to the U.S.-backed coca eradication campaign, to celebrate his victory in Dec 18 election with nearly 54 percent of the vote.
		The 46-year-old Aymara Indian who won the Dec. 18 balloting with a decisive 54 percent of the vote, campaigned on promises to stand up to the U.S. on the eradication of coca, the raw ingredient of cocaine.
	abcnews.go.com /International/wireStory?id=1454530 (343 words)

	2003
		Toxicologist's report from investigation of complaint of poisoning from spraying of coca in Puerto Asis (Putumayo Department), September 19, 2002.
		Directive from the Department of State's Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs (INL) Office of Aviation to the eradication contractor re: revised eradication procedures, December 13, 2002.
		Toxicologist's report from investigation of complaint of poisoning from spraying of coca on San Pablo (Bolivar Department), July 4, 2003.
	www.state.gov /p/inl/rls/rpt/aeicc/c10854.htm (499 words)

	Colombian Coca Eradication Efforts Escalate
		Last March, the State Department outlined a plan to increase eradication efforts in southern Columbia, citing the success in blocking Peruvian drug planes that were flying raw cocoa paste to Columbia for processing.
		Colonel Leonardo Gallego, counter-narcotics chief of the Colombian National Police, denies that escalation of eradication efforts is part of any plan to strike at the guerrillas.
		He maintains the "primary objective" is to destroy coca and recover the environment destroyed through coca farming.
	www.november.org /razorwire/rzold/08/0804.html (680 words)

	DRUG CONTROL Efforts to Develop Alternatives to Cultivating Illicit Crops in Colombia Have Made Little Progress and ...
		In August 2001, USAID reported that its goal is the voluntary eradication of 11,500 hectares of coca grown on small farms by the end of 2002, with the aim of eliminating a total of 30,000 hectares by 2005.
		Because USAID faces serious obstacles to achieving widespread voluntary coca eradication in Colombia, we recommend that the USAID administrator update USAID’s project plans and spending proposals for coca elimination in Colombia to take into account the extreme difficulty in gaining access to the coca-growing regions to ensure that funds are used as effectively as possible.
		However, State said that it believes it is appropriate and constructive for the spraying of illicit coca to be conducted before alternative development programs are initiated in an area and suggested that the report implies a recommendation that aerial eradication and alternative development should not be conducted in the same location.
	www.mindfully.org /Reform/2002/Colombia-Drug-ControlGAO8feb02.htm (5438 words)

	Reuters AlertNet - Peru says beats coca eradication target
		But a Peruvian anti-drug specialist said the eradication figures were hugely inflated, blaming U.S. pressure on Peru to make headway in the fight against drug trafficking.
		The United States is leading a series of large-scale coca eradication programs in Peru, Bolivia and Colombia.
		In a separate statement released on Monday, the United States said the area cultivated with coca in Peru fell to 77,875 acres (31,150 hectares) from 91,500 acres (36,600 hectares) between January and June this year.
	www.alertnet.org /thenews/newsdesk/N18227601.htm (540 words)

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