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	Cochlea - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Named after the Latin word for snail shell, the cochlea is a coiled, tapered tube containing the auditory branch of the mammalian inner ear.
		The stapes transmits vibrations to the fenestra ovalis (oval window) on the outside of the cochlea, which vibrates the perilymph in the scala vestibuli.
		This in turn vibrates the endolymph in the scala media, thus causing movements of the hair bundles of the hair cells, which are acoustic sensor cells that convert vibration into electrical potentials.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cochlea (445 words)

	U of M News Service
		In the biological cochlea, the basilar membrane, which winds along the cochlear spiral, is stiffer at the base and becomes softer as it approaches the center.
		In the biological cochlea, sensory hair cells in the spiral detect the sound waves traveling through the fluid, and translate the sound waves into electrical signals, which the auditory nerve carries to the brain.
		The goal is to use the mechanical cochlea as a sensitive microphone, perhaps in tandem with a cochlear implant, Grosh said, the same way an external microphone, a microprocessor and an antenna work together in present implants.
	www.umich.edu /news?Releases/2005/Feb05/r020205b (627 words)

	A Pictorial Guide to the Cochlear Fluids (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The cochlea is shown here as the blue spiral structure, which resembles a snail.
		(The word cochlea is derived from the Greek word (kokhlias) for a snail) The cochlea is responsible for converting sounds which enter the ear canal, from mechanical vibrations into electrical signals.
		The endolymphatic system of the cochlea (scala media) is connected to the saccule by the ductus reuniens and from there connects to the endolymphatic sac, which lies in a bony niche within the cranium.
	oto.wustl.edu /cochlea/intro1.htm (588 words)

	Cochlea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The cochlea is a coiled, tapered tube inside the inner ear, responsible for transmitting sound to the auditory nerve.
		The stapes transmits vibrations to the fenestra ovalis on the outside of the cochlea, which vibrates perilymph fluid inside the cochlea, which in turn vibrates the basilar membrane.
		When the basilar membrane moves, it stimulates hair cells in the organ of Corti, which are connected to the auditory nerve; the auditory nerve transmits sound data to the brain.
	www.theezine.net /c/cochlea.html (95 words)

	Cochlea Definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The cochlea is the sense organ that translates sound into nerve impulses to be sent to the brain.
		The cochlea is a fluid-filled, snail shaped cavern in the mastoid bone of your skull behind each ear.
		Vibrations in the fluid cause tiny hair cells in the fluid inside the cochlea to vibrate and generate nerve impulses that then travel to the brain.
	www.nchearingloss.org /cochlea.htm?fromncshhh (256 words)

	The Cochlea of the Inner Ear (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The inner ear structure called the cochlea is a snail-shell like structure divided into three fluid-filled parts.
		Two are canals for the transmission of pressure and in the third is the sensitive organ of Corti, which detects pressure impulses and responds with electrical impulses which travel along the auditory nerve to the brain.
		The pressure changes in the cochlea caused by sound entering the ear travel down the fluid filled tympanic and vestibular canals which are filled with a fluid called perilymph.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/sound/cochlea.html (159 words)

	Artificial Cochlea
		The output of this artificial cochlea will be, together with the IHC circuit, the first stage in my electronic auditory pathway.
		Our artificial cochlea basically uses the same second order stages as Watts' (fig 4.), but derivation is obtained using two transconductance amplifiers which calculate the difference between Vout and V1, instead of simply taking a copy of the output current of amplifier A2.
		In Watts' cochlea, this normalization uses a resistive line with identical tilt as the other resistive line which controls the bias current of the different stages.
	diwww.epfl.ch /lami/team/vschaik/eap/cochlea.html (597 words)

	HyperText Psychology - SENSES/Hearing/anatomy
		The vibrations of the ear drum are transmitted to a set of three bones or ossicles which transmit the sound energy to the oval window of the cochlea.
		Both the cochlea (hearing) and the semicircular canals or nonauditory labyrinth (balance) are contained in the inner ear.
		The upper and lower gallery of the cochlea are divided by the basalar membrane.
	sun.science.wayne.edu /~wpoff/cor/sen/hearanat.html (419 words)

	Analogue VLSI Emulation of the Cochlea, abstract (7-May-1998) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The cochlea is the sensory organ which transduces the incoming acoustical signal into neural pulses on the auditory nerve.
		Unlike most models of active cochleae in which a saturating feedback creates the required non-linearity of the automatic gain control mechanism, the present version performs this with a feedback gain control from higher levels of neural processing.
		A second model is thus proposed, which emulates the hydrodynamics of the cochlea using a dense network of resistors and a bank of resonators.
	diwww.epfl.ch /w3lami/team/fragnier/publications/thesis98.html (365 words)

	cochlea (conceptual documentation)
		In the real cochlea the incoming sound is split into its contributing frequency components by a membrane (the basilar membrane or BM) which has varying mechanical properties along its length.
		Figure 1 shows the position of the cochlea and various related structures in the human head, as well as a cross-section of the cochlea, showing the position of the BM.
		The fluid flow through this hole is modelled as the fluid flow in the rest of the cochlea (mass only, due to incompressibility and non-viscous nature of the cochlear fluid), with the addition of a damping.
	tcw2.ppsw.rug.nl /~tjeerd/CPSP/docs/cochleaModel.html (2753 words)

	Acoustical Society of America -Development of Human Cochlear Function
		The cochlea receives sound waves from the environment after the waves pass through the more peripheral outer and middle ear; it then transforms the energy into fluid motion which disturbs sensory cells with hairlike projections within the ear.
		The cochlea is adult-like in size and the primary sense organ of the ear, the Organ of Corti is generally organized in an adult-like way by the second trimester of pregnancy.
		The cochlea is encased in very hard bone of the cranium and is grossly inaccessible for study in a living human being.
	www.acoustics.org /press/135th/abdala.htm (955 words)

	BrainConnection.com - Neuroseries - Motor Anatomy
		The stapes is the smallest bone in the body, and it fits into the oval window of the cochlea (Figure 2).
		Uncoiled, the cochlea is divided along its length into three fluid-filled compartments: the scala vestibuli, the scala media, and the scala tympani.
		The round window is at the base of the cochlea in the scala tympani.
	www.brainconnection.com /topics?main=anat/auditory-anat (715 words)

	Chap VI
		Nearly 95% of the afferent fibers of the cochlea division of the eighth nerve originate at the base of inner ear cells.
		Temporal coding comes about because the hair cells in the cochlea are functionally polarized, which means that deflection of the stereocilia in one direction is excitatory for the hair cells and movement in the opposite direction is inhibitory.
		The cochlea, once thought to be a 'passive' transducer of sound energy into electrical nerve impulses, is now knows to contain 'active' elements.
	www.neurophys.wisc.edu /h%26b/textbook/chap-6.html (3134 words)

	Patterning of the mammalian cochlea -- Cantos et al. 97 (22): 11707 -- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
		The mammalian cochlea is sophisticated in its function and highly organized in its structure.
		Arrowheads identify the proximal region of the cochlea.
		The utricle and saccule are incompletely separated, and the shapes of the saccule and cochlea often are malformed.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/97/22/11707 (4279 words)

	Mechanical ear makes its debut (January 2005) - News - PhysicsWeb
		The cochlea is a small spiral-shaped organ in the inner part of the ear where sound vibrations are converted into nerve impulses, which are then sent to the brain as electrical signals.
		The human cochlea occupies a volume of about 1 cubic centimetre and operates at frequencies between 20 hertz and 20 kilohertz.
		The cochlea can be thought of as being divided into two channels by a flexible basilar membrane.
	physicsweb.org /articles/news/9/1/12/1 (380 words)

	* Cochlea - (Disease): Definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		A cochlear implant is a surgical treatment for hearing loss that works like an artificial human cochlea in the inner ear, helping to send sound from the ear to the brain...
		The cochlea is an inner ear structure surrounded by fluid.
		Otoacoustic emissions are sounds produced by the cochlea, a fluid-filled coiled structure in the inner ear that converts sound vibrations into electrical signals that go to the brain...
	www.bestknows.com /disease/cochlea.html (418 words)

	Cochlear Mechanics from: www.boystown.org/cel/cochmech.html
		The cochlea is the part of the inner ear that converts acoustic signals into the neural code that conveys auditory information to the brain.
		Somehow, the cochlea compresses the large dynamic range of acoustic pressure variations that enter the ear into the much smaller dynamic range that can be processed by the sensory hair cells that detect these signals in the cochlea.
		The cochlea is a nonlinear signal processing device that, in addition to separating frequency components, is able to compress the dynamic range of input signals without significant degradation of the signal content.
	www2.hawaii.edu /~lemonds/mirror/CochlearMirror.html (2443 words)

	University of Miami School of Medicine - Glossary - Cochlea
		Cochlea: The cochlea is the part of the inner ear that converts mechanical energy (vibrations) into nerve impulses sent to the brain.
		The cochlea is a small conical structure resembling a snail shell.
		A coiled tube, the cochlea winds two and three quarters turns about a central bony axis, forming the front (the anterior) part of the labyrinth (a maze within the inner ear).
	www.med.miami.edu /glossary/art.asp?articlekey=9560 (126 words)

	History
		Accordingly, the cochlea was thought of as a sort of spectrum analizer providing a frequency-position map of sound Fourier components.
		In 1983, this prompted Davies to state that it was necessary to accept a revolutionary new hypothesis concerning the action of the cochlea namely, that an active process within the organ of Corti increases the vibration of the basilar membrane.
		Thus, in mammals, cochlear frequency selectivity is fully expressed in the vibrations of the basilar membrane and renders unnecessary additional ("second") filters, such as those present in the hair cells of the cochleae of reptiles.
	www.vimm.it /cochlea/cochleapages/overview/history.htm (927 words)

	1999; A comparison of different methods of preparation of the human fetal cochlea for both morphological and ...
		Background: The main problems with studying the cochlea at both light and electron microscopic levels is to obtain good morpholgy and to preserve antigenicity.
		Aim: The aim is to achieve maximal preservation of both cochlear morphology and antigenicity for the purpose of studying normal and pathologic fetal cochleas.
		Human fetal cochleas ranging from the 8th gestational week to birth (obtained after spontaneous abortion) were used: 15 with various pathological conditions and 15 normal specimens.
	www.aro.org /archives/1999/305.html (358 words)

	Notch signalling pathway mediates hair cell development in mammalian cochlea - Nature Genetics
		The sensory epithelium in the mammalian cochlea (the organ of Corti) contains four rows of mechanosensory hair cells: a single row of inner hair cells and three rows of outer hair cells.
		In contrast, cochleae from Jag2 mutants (h) contained pairs of hair cells that appeared to be in contact, suggesting that the supporting cells at those positions were missing.
		In addition, the pattern of hair cells and supporting cells in the apical turn of the cochlea is more variable than in the basal turns, which makes the quantification of hair cells in the apical region difficult.
	www.nature.com /cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/ng/journal/v21/n3/full/ng0399_289.html (3123 words)

	Cochlea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Named after the Latin word for snail shell, the cochlea is a coiled, tapered tube inside the mammalian inner ear, responsible for transmitting sound to the Organ of Corti, the sensory organ of hearing.
		Because the properties of sound waves are universal - a 100Hz tone has the same properties whether it is being received by a bat cochlea or a human cochlea - so the dimensions of the cochlea remain relatively constant across mammalian species.
		As we have seen, the cochlea is a sound sensitive organ, but it is also specialised to convey information on pitch, or the frequency of sounds.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/C/Cochlea.htm (599 words)

	Experimental measurements of micromechanical transfer functions in the alligator lizard cochlea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Our laboratory is studying micromechanics in the alligator lizard cochlea to determine the mechanical properties of cochlear structures and their interactions, and to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying sharp frequency selectivity in the cochlea.
		The cochlea is stimulated with sound through the basal fluid; the sound pressure is calibrated with a hydrophone.
		Because the cochlea vibrates at the frequency of the sound stimulus, which is much faster than video cameras can take images, a strobed light source is used to stop the apparent motion of the cochlea at any desired phase of the stimulus.
	umech.mit.edu /hearing/ajaro98/ajaro98walk.html (1756 words)

	cochlea
		Developmental alterations in the frequency map of the mammalian cochlea.
		Immunohistochemical localization of phospholipase C isozymes in mature and developing gerbil cochlea.
		Mechanisms of alterations in the microcirculation of the cochlea.
	www.arclab.org /node_pages/1263.html (457 words)

	Phonature Technology - Music Application - Mathematical Cochlea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		With the mathematical cochlea, the perception of sound as they excite the different parts of our cochlea becomes visible constellation patterns which can be easily recognized by our eyes.
		It is easy to make a slide rule of musical notes based on the mathematical cochlea by cutting out the middle circles and allow them to rotate relative to the outer scale to find the frequency of notes for different temperaments and tones.
		This is shown as transitions in the constellation patterns of frequencies in the mathematical cochlea.
	www.phonature.com /home/technology_musicApp_MathematicalCochlea.htm (648 words)

	AUDITORY AND VESTIBULAR PATHWAYS
		As with almost all sensory neurons (the exception is in the retina), its cell body lies outside the CNS in a ganglion.
		The basilar membrane is actually thinner and narrower at the base of the cochlea than at the tip (apex), which seems backwards given that the cochlea is widest at the base.
		This means that the basilar membrane vibrates to high frequencies at the base of the cochlea and to low frequencies at the apex.
	thalamus.wustl.edu /course/audvest.html (2465 words)

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