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Topic: Cochlear nuclei

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	Vestibulocochlear nerve - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The cochlear nerve arises from cells in the spiral ganglion of the cochlea.
		Axons of the cochlear nerve synapse in the cochlear nucleus.
		Cells in the ventral cochlear nucleus then synapse on cells of the superior olives (superior olivary complex) of the pons on the same side and on the opposite side.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Vestibulocochlear_nerve (393 words)

	IX. Neurology. 4e. Composition and Central Connections of the Spinal Nerves. Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human ...
		The preganglionic fibers from this nucleus terminate in the otic ganglion; the postganglionic fibers from the otic ganglion pass to the parotid gland.
		The cochlear nucleus, the terminal nucleus for the nerve of hearing, is usually described as consisting of a larger dorsal nucleus on the dorsal and lateral aspect of the inferior peduncle forming a prominent projection, the acoustic tubercle, and a ventral or accessory cochlear nucleus more ventral to the inferior peduncle.
		Since oculomotor and abducens nuclei are intimately connected by the posterior longitudinal bundle this decussation of fibers to the Medial rectus may facilitate the conjugate movements of the eyes in which the Medial and Lateral recti are especially involved.
	bartleby.com /107/191.html (8263 words)

	Auditory System: Anatomic Tour (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The cochlear nucleus is a switchboard of sorts, distributing auditory information to several different areas in the auditory pathway.
		The Cochlear Nuclei are typically divided into three regions based on the morphology of the cells they contain and the structures with which they connect.
		This descending input is likely involved in the unique responses of cells in the DCN and may be related to the fact that responses in the DCN are altered by anesthesia.
	serous.med.buffalo.edu /hearing/cochlear_nuclei.html (349 words)

	[No title]
		There are two pairs of cochlear nuclei: the ventral cochlear nuclei and the dorsal cochlear nuclei.
		COCHLEAR NUCLEI have Synapses are located roughly where the cerebellum and the pons connect.
		Neuron connections in the cochlear nuclei are arranged to provide a large number of combinations for receiving and contrasting peripheral impulses.
	jan.ucc.nau.edu /~brc/WebWizard/Resources/FilesForDownloading/CAUDPTH.htm (1208 words)

	THE MERCK MANUAL, Sec. 7, Ch. 82, Approach To The Patient With Ear Problems
		The cochlear microphonic, probably generated by outer hair cells in the basal turn of the cochlea, is a response to alternating current that mirrors the waveform of low to moderately intense sounds.
		With cochlear lesions, the waveforms are easily recognized, and the latency relationships remain normal.
		Lesions of the central auditory pathways may occur in the cochlear nuclei, brain stem pathways crossing the midline, superior olivary complex, lateral lemniscus, inferior colliculus, medial geniculate body, auditory radiation, or auditory cortex.
	www.merck.com /pubs/mmanual/section7/chapter82/82b.htm (3233 words)

	Syllabus Chapter 9
		The axons in the cochlear nerve (#5602) terminate in the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei (fig 9a),
		The trapezoid body (#6360) is formed by axons from the ventral cochlear nucleus and the superior olivary nucleus that cross the midline and enter the lateral lemniscus.
		Primary auditory cortex is organized in a tonotopic manner, as are the medial geniculate nuclei, inferior colliculus, dorsal cochlear nucleus, and the cochlea.
	www-medlib.med.utah.edu /kw/hyperbrain/syllabus/syllabus9.html (930 words)

	Assessment of Peripheral and Central Auditory Function
		The cochlear nuclei are thought to recode the auditory signal and transfer the data predominantly to the contralateral superior olivary complex through three main outputs.
		The afferent portion of the reflex is the ipsilateral eighth nerve to cochlear nuclei.
		The acoustic reflex in ears with cochlear disorders is determined primarily by the degree of the sensorineural hearing loss.
	www.utmb.edu /otoref/Grnds/Auditory-function-2004-0211/Auditory-function-2004-0211.htm (4713 words)

	The auditory brainstem nuclei and some of their projections to the inferior colliculus in the North American opossum. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Bilateral projections to the inferior colliculus originate within the dorsal column nuclei, the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis pars ventralis, the lateral and medial superior olivary nuclei, the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus and the auditory cortex.
		Axons from the contralateral dorsal cochlear nucleus and the ipsilateral superior olivary complex innervate both the central nucleus and external cortex, whereas those from ventral cochlear nucleus and contralateral, superior olivary complex project to only the central nucleus.
		Projections from auditory cortex form the complement of those from the cochlear nuclei and superior olivary complex, that is, they terminate in a thin band overlying the dorsal cortex and the superficial layer of external cortex.
	www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_6664491.html (288 words)

	ICP monitors
		Terminations are in the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei.
		• Cochlear duct is the membranous structure of the cochlea.
		From inferior colliculus to nuclei of the superior olivary complex, lateral lemniscus, and dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei.
	www.ucsf.edu /nreview/02.2-Anatomy-CranialNerves/CN08-cochlear.html (922 words)

	Donata Oertel, Department of Physiology, UW-Madison
		Detection of synchrony in the activity of auditory nerve fibers by octopus cells of the mammalian cochlear nucleus.
		Ferragamo MJ and Oertel D. Octopus cells of the mammalian ventral cochlear nucleus sense the dynamic properties of synaptic excitation.
		Role of intrinsic conductances underlying responses to transients in octopus cells of the cochlear nucleus.
	www.physiology.wisc.edu /faculty/oertel.html (544 words)

	Optical Detection of Developmental Origin of Synaptic Function in the Embryonic Chick Vestibulocochlear Nuclei -- Sato ...
		Enlarged traces of the optical signals evoked by cochlear nerve stimulation in the E6 preparation shown in Fig.
		In the chick cochlear ganglion, neurons of the neural crest
		Ascending projections of the primary cochlear nuclei and nucleus laminaris in the pigeon.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/89/6/3215 (5038 words)

	Medical Neurosciences
		The two cochlear nuclei lie dorsal lateral (dorsal cochlear nucleus) and ventral lateral (ventral cochlear nucleus) to the inferior cerebellar peduncle at the rostral pole of the medulla (they “drape” the inferior cerebellar peduncle).
		The primary input to both cochlear nuclei is from the auditory portion of C.N. The axons making up this division of C.N. VIII consist of the central processes of neurons that lie in the spiral or cochlear ganglion (lies in the modiolus [bony core] of the cochlea).
		Let’s trace an ascending pathway from the ventral cochlear nucleus.
	www.neuroanatomy.wisc.edu /virtualbrain/BrainStem/12Cochlear.html (518 words)

	research.html (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		One of the early stages in this coding process occurs in the auditory brainstem, where the cochlear nuclei are located and which receive input directly from the auditory nerve.
		One fruitful area of understanding of cochlear nuclei has been the discovery of their role in computing the location of a sound stimulus (auditory localization).
		Cochlear nucleus angularis (NA) appears to be involved with intensity coding, while cochlear nucleus magnocellularis (NM) appears to be highly specialized for coding timing difference.
	www.glue.umd.edu /~macleod/research.html (383 words)

	[No title]
		The cochlear nuclei are thought to recode the auditory signal and transfer the data predominantly to the contralateral superior olivary complex through three main outputs.
		The afferent portion of the reflex is the ipsilateral eighth nerve to cochlear nuclei.
		An important differentiation between the acoustic reflexes in eighth nerve versus cochlear lesions is that the reflex will be absent or abnormal regardless of the degree of hearing loss, whereas in cochlear lesions it is usually dependent on the degree of hearing loss.
	www.utmb.edu /otoref/Grnds/Auditory-function-2004-0211/Auditory-function-2004-0211.doc (4429 words)

	Distribution of BDNF, NT-3 and NT-4 in the developing auditory brainstem. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		At postnatal day 0 (PND 0), neurotrophins expression was virtually absent from all auditory nuclei in the brainstem, even though some positive neurons were observed in the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus at this age.
		The superior olivary complex nuclei followed a similar pattern of BDNF staining compared to the cochlear nucleus.
		These results show that neurotrophins are expressed 1 week before the onset of hearing and the increase of their expressions correlate with the appearance of sound-evoked activity in the system.
	www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_10479064.html (318 words)

	Time Course and Permeation of Synaptic AMPA Receptors in Cochlear Nuclear Neurons Correlate with Input -- Gardner et ...
		Brawer JR, Morest DK, Kane EC (1974) The neuronal architecture of the cochlear nucleus of the cat.
		Kolston J, Osen KK, Hackney CM, Ottersen OP, Storm-Mathisen J (1992) An atlas of glycine- and GABA-like immunoreactivity and colocalization in the cochlear nuclear complex of the guinea pig.
		Correlation of AMPA Receptor Subunit Composition with Synaptic Input in the Mammalian Cochlear Nuclei
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/19/20/8721 (6069 words)

	Plastic Changes in the Central Auditory System After Hearing Loss, Restoration of Function, and During Learning -- Syka ...
		Cochlear hearing sensitivity, measured as frequency-specific thresholds for the auditory nerve CAP, is expressed as threshold loss relative to mean normative thresholds, which are plotted as zero.
		correlation in the dorsal cochlear nucleus and trans-synaptically
		nerve and cochlear nucleus, the amplitudes of evoked responses
	physrev.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/82/3/601 (11553 words)

	Neuroanatomy
		Identify the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei and the roots of the vestibulocochlear nerve.
		Important fibers arise from all the vestibular nuclei and enter the medial longitudinal fasciculus and project to the nuclei of the extraocular muscles.
		The cochlear nerve fibers terminate in the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei (Identified at the previous caudal level).
	webteach.mccs.uky.edu /COM/DLOTW_cd/na_images_fr_2b.html (1191 words)

	Auditory Brainstem Physiology Laboratory
		Schematic of connections from auditory brainstem nuclei to the cochlear nucleus (Shore et al., 1991).
		The influence of the trigeminal ganglion on cochlear nucleus (CN) neurons could greatly impact processing in higher auditory centers because a high percentage of information (acoustic and somatosensory) arriving at the CN is conveyed to higher auditory centers.
		The project is expedited by the use of multi-channel recording and drug-delivery probes developed by the center for neural communications, enabling us to study the physiological responses of multiple CN neurons simultaneously while delivering drugs or stimulating the trigeminal ganglion.
	www.zainea.com /brainstem.htm (1490 words)

	[No title]
		No, the answer is E. Central Auditory Pathways The cochlear nerve, along with fibers of the vestibular and facial nerves, travels within the internal auditory canal to enter the brain stem at the cerebellopontine angle.
		No, the answer is E. Secondary auditory fibers project from the cochlear nuclei to nuclei of the superior olivary complex, lateral lemniscus, or inferior colliculus.
		Fibers from the anterior ventral cochlear nucleus travel as the trapezoid body (ventral acoustic stria) in the ventral medulla, fibers from the dorsal cochlear nucleus exit as the dorsal acoustic stria, and fibers from the posterior ventral cochlear nucleus travel within the intermediate acoustic stria.
	www.kumc.edu /research/medicine/pharmacology/CAI/webCAI/anatomy/ua05.wbc (2297 words)

	iVertigo.net Vertigo,Examination of Hearing, B.Todd Troost
		Wave I of the BAEP is a manifestation of the action potentials of the VIII nerve and is generated in the distal portion of the nerve adjacent to the cochlea.
		Wave III is thought to be generated at the level of the superior olive, and waves IV and V are generated in the rostral pons or in the midbrain near the inferior colliculus.
		The complex anatomy of the central auditory pathway (Benjamin and Troost 1988), with multiple crossing of fibers from the level of the cochlear nuclei to the inferior colliculus, makes interpretation of central disturbances in the evoked responses difficult.
	www.ivertigo.net /vertigo/verhearing2.html (546 words)

	Lecture 11: Auditory System II: Central Auditory Pathways
		Cochlear Nuclei – This is a major group of Pontine nuclei that receive monosynaptic input from the 8
		Precise tonotopic organization is maintained in these nuclei, and they have different receptive field properties.
		Its cells are sensitive to input from one ear only, and are thought to be involved in the analysis of sound onset and duration.
	noca.leaver.org /NPB112/lec11.html (523 words)

	APStracts 4:187N, 1997. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Auditory information is carried from the cochlear nuclei to the inferior colliculi through six parallel ascending pathways, one of which is through stellate cells of the ventral cochlear nuclei (VCN) through the trapezoid body.
		To characterize and identify the synaptic influences on T stellate cells, intracellular recordings were made from anatomically identified stellate cells in parasagittal slices of murine cochlear nuclei.
		The glycinergic interneurons that mediate the series of IPSPs are intrinsic to the ventral cochlear nucleus, because long series of IPSPs were recorded from T stellate cells in slices in which the DCN was removed.
	www.uth.tmc.edu /apstracts/1997/jn/August/187N.html (439 words)

	Focus: Environmental Impact on Hearing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In terms of cochlear damage, outer hair cells of the basal end of the organ of Corti are damaged first, accompanied by high-frequency loss.
		External air vibrations are transmitted to the inner ear via the motions of three small bones (ossicles) of the middle ear--incus, malleus, stapes--connected in a chain stretching between the ear drum (tympanic membrane) and oval window of the cochlea.
		The transduced signal is subsequently mediated to the cochlear nuclei of the brain stem and via the auditory pathways to the temporal lobe, site of the auditory cortex, and thus sound is perceived.
	ehpnet1.niehs.nih.gov /docs/1994/102-11/focus2.html (5788 words)

	Rostral Medulla (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The pyramids contain corticospinal tracts, which are involved in the control of voluntary movement.
		Several nuclei that are important for hearing are also found in the rostral medulla: the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei and the superior olive.
		Also shown are the inferior olive, important for motor control, and the raphe nucleus, important for the modulation of pain, mood and wakefulness.
	www.mindsci-clinic.com /rostral_medulla.htm (111 words)

	BRAINSTEM NUCLEI
		Overall, sensory nerve nuclei tend to be located in the lateral brainstem, while motor nuclei tend to be located medially.
		The cochlear nuclei are like small hands draped over the inferior cerebellar peduncles (ICP), and are fairly small in primates.
		The vestibular nuclei have several subdivisions, however, and extend throughout a large fraction of the pons.
	thalamus.wustl.edu /course/brstem.html (1859 words)

	Auditory Brainstem Physiology Laboratory - Kresge Hearing Research Institute (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Role of Pathways to the Cochlear Nucleus that are Activated by the Opposite Ear.
		The influence of the trigeminal ganglion on cochlear nucleus neurons could greatly impact processing in higher auditory centers because a high percentage of information (acoustic and somatosensory) arriving at the CN is conveyed to higher auditory centers.
		Adopting a "central theory of tinnitus", we propose that the CN (and perhaps other auditory nuclei) become sensitized as a result of a peripheral lesion, either in the ear, or in areas innervated by the trigeminal ganglion, such as facial skin or musculature.
	www.khri.med.umich.edu /research/shore_lab/research.shtml (1412 words)

	DONATA OERTEL RESEARCH DESCRIPTION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		We have found that bushy and octopus cells of the ventral cochlear nucleus respond exceptionally precisely to inputs from the auditory nerve enabling them to convey the timing information contained in the firing of their inputs from the auditory nerve.
		The dorsal cochlear nucleus has neurons that are clearly homologous with those in the cerebellum that are involved in similar but not identical neuronal circuits and behave similarly but not identically, electrophysiologically.
		Recordings from slices indicate that octopus cells of the cochlear nucleus detect coincident firing of auditory nerve fibers with temporal precision.
	www.neuroscience.wisc.edu /faculty/oertel.html (408 words)

	e-solutions for health - The Health Network Company © 2003 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Certain atomic nuclei that have an odd number of protons or neutrons possess a characteristic known as "spin".
		If these nuclei of a magnetised object are exposed to a short burst of energy in the form of radio waves, the nuclei begin to spin or precess in phase.
		For this to occur the burst of RF energy must be at the same frequency as that of the precessing nuclei ie.
	www.thnc.com /healthguide/article.asp?id=181 (1027 words)

	Correlation of AMPA Receptor Subunit Composition with Synaptic Input in the Mammalian Cochlear Nuclei -- Gardner et al. ...
		Correlation of AMPA Receptor Subunit Composition with Synaptic Input in the Mammalian Cochlear Nuclei -- Gardner et al.
		Bourk TR (1976) In: Electrical responses of neural units in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus of the cat, thesis.
		Shofner WP, Young ED (1985) Excitatory/inhibitory response types in the cochlear nucleus: relationships to discharge patterns and responses to electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/21/18/7428 (6722 words)

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