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	Cockleburs
		Cocklebur plants can bloom in the tropics where the days are short and the nights are long, thus greatly increasing its range and potential for seed production.
		Like the cocklebur, the one-seeded achenes of burdock are enclosed in a bur or involucre that is covered with long spines which are hooked at the tip.
		The hooks on the cockleburs attach to the meshwork of threads in your socks.
	waynesword.palomar.edu /plapr98.htm (1711 words)

	Cocklebur - DesertUSA
		Cocklebur is a rough-to-the-touch annual forb that grows up to five feet tall, generally two to four feet tall.
		Cockleburs grow in disturbed, moist areas, wet fields, riparian areas and wetlands, where they can be very advantageous of disturbed conditions.
		Young cocklebur plants in the two-leaf stage contain xanthostrumarin, a toxic glucoside that may be fatal to livestock.
	www.desertusa.com /mag00/dec/papr/bur.html (420 words)

	Cocklebur Farm Home Page
		Two of the primary breeding goals of Cocklebur Farm are to provide handspinners with high-quality natural colored fleeces and to maintain strong horn sets in both rams and ewes.
		In the Cocklebur flock, strong horns are the rule and the four horn genes are as prominent as the two.
		Cocklebur Farm is a 78 acre Ozark Mountain farm located in the northeast corner of Oklahoma.
	pages.prodigy.net /kmlfoster/kmlfoster@prodigy.net/index.html (208 words)

	Cocklebur (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Cocklebur is a coarse, somewhat thick-stemmed annual growing to about 5' tall with alternate, thick and sandpapery leaves that are long-petioled, deltoid to ovate, 4" to 6" long, irregularly-toothed to lobed, green both above and below, and ± cordate at the base.
		Cocklebur is a monoecious species with separate staminate and pistillate flowers on the same plant, the pistillate heads being clustered below the staminate ones.
		Cocklebur may be found throughout the California Floristic Province and in the deserts, blooming from July to October, and is a worldwide species.
	www.calflora.net /bloomingplants/cocklebur.html (195 words)

	32. COMMON COCKLEBUR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		SIGNS: There are several types of toxins in cocklebur, one being a glycoside, carboxyatractyloside, which causes hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) and a group of sesquiterpene lactones which can cause vomiting (in those species capable of vomiting), weakness, tremors, weak pulse, a loss of appetite and convulsions.
		As the cocklebur plant matures, the toxicity decreases (except for the seeds).
		The seedlings are extremely dangerous, and typically sprout in wet areas, such as alongside streams, at the edges of ponds, in receding floodplains, etc.
	www.vet.purdue.edu /depts/addl/toxic/plant32.htm (634 words)

	Ontario Weeds: Cocklebur
		Cocklebur (A - clusters of burs in leaf axils; B - young plant).
		Seedlings of Cocklebur are distinguished by their large, long, narrow, smooth cotyledons (seed leaves) and by the remnant of the bur usually attached to the root at or below the ground surface.
		Plants of Cocklebur are highly variable in height, amount of branching, overall shape of leaves, arrangements of inflorescences and size and shape of each bur.
	www.omafra.gov.on.ca /english/crops/facts/ontweeds/cocklebur.htm (360 words)

	Herbalist - Cocklebur
		Cocklebur has a history as a curative among the Mahuna, Pima and Rappahannock Indians.
		Doctors Talakal, Dwivedi, and Sharma reported in the December, 1995 Journal Of Ethnopharmacology that chemicals in cocklebur are effective in treating some Protozoa (a one cell organism) that cause serious infections in humans and domestic animals, including the often fatal African sleeping sickness and leishmaniasis.
		"Cocklebur is collected in late summer or early fall when the spiny pods are dry and still contain the tiny fl seeds.
	www.mountaintimes.net /Wildlife/F-W-Cocklebur.htm (741 words)

	Description, Cockleburs -- Vet Med Library, UIUC
		Cockleburs occur throughout Illinois and the rest of the U.S. as stray plants in waste places, cornfields, pastures, and along roadsides, fencerows, stream banks, the beds of dry ponds, and previously flooded land along streams and rivers.
		Pastures and meadows may be heavily infested, especially with the seedling stage as the result of the burs having been washed in from adjoining fields.
		Pigs rooting and grazing in cocklebur infested places are the most often poisoned domestic species, with those weighing between 20-50 pounds being the most susceptible.
	www.library.uiuc.edu /vex/toxic/cklburs/cklburs.htm (559 words)

	Cocklebur - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Cockleburs (Xanthium) are a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae, native to the Americas and eastern Asia.
		Unlike many other members of the family Asteraceae, whose seeds are airborne with a plume of silky hairs resembling miniature parachutes, cocklebur seeds are produced in a hard, spiny, globose or oval double-chambered, single-seeded bur 8-20 mm long.
		Cockleburs are short-day plants, meaning they only initiate flowering when the days are getting shorter in the late summer and fall, typically from July to October in the northern hemisphere.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cocklebur (444 words)

	National Sunflower Association : Sunflower Magazine
		Some refer to common cocklebur as "nature's Velcro." Cocklebur might also be called the "hitchhiker of weeds," with prickly, football-shaped burs that seem to attach to almost anything.
		Cocklebur (which, incidentally, is a member of the same botanical family as sunflower) has not been a major problem in confection sunflower in recent years, Petry says.
		Processors commonly clean cocklebur from confection sunflower using a "deburring machine" - a revolving barrel or drum to which carpet is attached.
	www.sunflowernsa.com /magazine/details.asp?ID=142&Cat=9 (954 words)

	Cockle Burr
		Because Common Cocklebur is monoecious, each raceme produces several male compound flowers along its upper half, while several female compound flowers occur in the lower half.
		Common Cocklebur is native to both Eurasia and North America; it is hard to distinguish between native and adventive races of this plant.
		Because Common Cocklebur is a highly variable plant, different varieties have been identified (or even regarded as separate species in the past).
	www2.ic.edu /prairie/cockle_burr.htm (896 words)

	Common Cocklebur
		A summer annual that produces a conspicuous prickly 'cocklebur' and ranges from 1/2 to 6 1/2 feet in height.
		Common cocklebur is found throughout the United States and is primarily a weed of agronomic and horticultural crops, nurseries, and occasionally pastures.
		Spiny Cocklebur (Xanthium spinosum) is a closely related and similar species, however, unlike common cocklebur, this weed has very distinctive 3-parted spines that arise at the base of each leaf.
	www.ppws.vt.edu /scott/weed_id/xanst.htm (383 words)

	Cocklebur (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Cocklebur seedlings are easy to identify because of their large, elongated cotyledons and red-colored hypocotyls.
		The seed pods (burs) are borne in clusters at the leaf axils or at the tips of the branches.
		The bur, which contains the cocklebur seeds, is covered with curved spines that attach to animal hair and thus can be disseminated over long distances.
	www.agry.purdue.edu /courses/agry105/poison/cocklebur.htm (107 words)

	Texas Toxic Plants
		Cockleburs are found throughout most of the United States.
		Control cockleburs by aerial or ground broadcast application of 2,4-D at 1.0 pound a.i./acre before plants flower.
		Cocklebur germinates after summer rains, so chemical application may be required more than once a year.
	texnat.tamu.edu /cmplants/toxic/plants/cocklebur.html (434 words)

	Wild Plants of Malta and Gozo - Plant: Xanthium strumarium (Rough Cocklebur)
		FDA database has 113 documents that indicates the toxicity of 'cocklebur' and 102 documents that 'Xanthium strumarium' has some toxic effect to mammals.
		Cocklebur toxicosis in cattle associated with the consumption of mature Xanthium strumarium
		Cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) fed to feeder pigs was associated with acute to subacute hepatotoxicosis.
	www.maltawildplants.com /ASTR/Xanthium_strumarium.html (5140 words)

	Cocklebur
		Cocklebur glared at the teacher as he passed him and slipped into the room; the snickers and giggles of his classmates did nothing to calm the colt’s rattled nerves and seething anger.
		Cocklebur, her eldest, had a dispute with a young filly of his acquaintance at a shop in the mall and in his anger had mindlessly lifted a bottle of cologne when he left the shop.
		Cocklebur only knew that the hot days and the mild nights were beneficial for his healing creatures; he was worried about what he would do with them when the cold winter nights were upon them; the old shed was not weather-tight by a long shot.
	mlpmonthly.tripod.com /SugStory30.htm (14046 words)

	ISU Weed Science Online - Effect of weeds on harvest efficiency
		The research was conducted in Mississippi and evaluated the effect of low populations of common cocklebur, hemp sesbania, redroot pigweed, sicklepod and ivyleaf morningglory on soybean seed quality and harvesting efficiency.
		Large weeds such as cocklebur reduced cylinder speed and forced the operator to reduce combine speed.
		Cocklebur at one plant per row-m increased soybean moisture at harvest four percent, the effect of pigweed and morningglory on soybean moisture was slightly less than that of cocklebur.
	www.weeds.iastate.edu /mgmt/qtr98-3/harvestefficiency.htm (640 words)

	Information about Spiny Cocklebur - Xanthium spinosum
		Spiny cocklebur can provide some competition for summer crops and is a nuisance to pickers in hand-harvested crops.
		Ingestion of seeds equal to 0.3 percent of the animals weight, or ingestion of seedlings equal to 1.5 percent of the animal’s weight are toxic.
		Habitat: Spiny cocklebur is adapted to a variety of climates, hence its wide distribution.
	www.nwcb.wa.gov /weed_info/Written_findings/Xanthium_spinosum.html (625 words)

	Weeds - Cocklebur
		Cocklebur is an annual weed, reproducing by seeds.
		Cocklebur is a prolific seed producer that is easily spread because of its bur-like seed head.
		Burs are irritant to livestock and humans and contaminate the wool of sheep.
	www.umanitoba.ca /faculties/afs/plant_science/weeds/fab33s00.html (239 words)

	Cocklebur Camp
		Cocklebur Camp is deeply saddened with the passing of Wendell Barber.
		The Cocklebur Camp wagon is a "STANDARD" with F.W.W. Flint Michigan on the hubs.
		Cocklebur Camp is a proud member of the American Chuck Wagon Association.
	www.cockleburcamp.com (330 words)

	cocklebur - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		cocklebur or clotbur, any species of the genus Xanthium, widely distributed, coarse annual plants of the family Asteraceae (aster family).
		Cockleburs are classified in the division Magnoliophyta, class Magnoliopsida, order Asterales, family Asteraceae.
		MEMOIR; Minnesota memoirist cuts to the bone; In these clear-eyed tales of Minnesota farm life, there are cockleburs in the laundry, a dad mad enough to kill, a careworn mom and a milkman to die for.(ENTERTAINMENT)(Book Review)
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-cocklebu.html (188 words)

	G4907 Herbicide Resistance in Weeds, MU Extension
		It is noteworthy that this cocklebur was completely resistant to Classic, even though it had never been sprayed in the field, and was completely resistant to Broadstrike (another ALS inhibitor) before it was registered and sold.
		Resistant cocklebur is difficult to identify in a field setting because the resistant types are injured by DSMA and MSMA just as the normal types of cocklebur are injured.
		As an example, the Missouri cocklebur was resistant to Broadstrike before it was available and is already resistant to a useful cotton herbicide that, at the time this guide was written, was still not registered for use.
	muextension.missouri.edu /explore/agguides/crops/g04907.htm (3210 words)

	One Year in the Life of an Eastern Gray Squirrel
		In Peace Hill's squirrel community, Cocklebur is a higher-ranked squirrel than she, for in the past whenever there's been a tail- flicking, growling, and foot-stomping spat, he's always been the winner.
		And all the while Cocklebur creeps toward her, slowly and deliberately, curiously flicking his tail in short, nervous jerks...
		Cocklebur happens to be nearest the branch she climbs so from the beginning he takes the lead.
	www.backyardnature.net /mist02.htm (1467 words)

	ODA Plant Division, Noxious Weed Control spiny cocklebur
		Spiny cocklebur is most frequently found in highly disturbed waste areas and barnyards.
		The burs of spiny cocklebur can become tangled in the hide or wool of livestock adding to the cost of the woolen product.
		The seeds and seedlings of spiny cocklebur are poisonous.
	www.oregon.gov /ODA/PLANT/WEEDS/profile_spinycocklebur.shtml (141 words)

	Spiny Cocklebur
		It is primarily a weed of agronomic crops, nurseries, and pastures.
		Additionally, the lance-shaped leaves, yellow 3-parted spines, and distinctive prickly cocklebur fruit are all features that help in the identification of this weed.
		Common Cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) is a closely related and similar species, however, unlike spiny cocklebur, this weed does not have the very distinctive 3-parted spines that arise at the base of each leaf.
	www.ppws.vt.edu /scott/weed_id/xansp.htm (330 words)

	Species:
		A common cocklebur habitat type was described in the following publication: Range ecology and relations of mule deer, elk, and cattle in the Missouri River Breaks, Montana [20].
		Common cocklebur is effectively controlled by a number of soil- or foliar-applied systemic herbicides commonly used in agricultural fields [30,32].
		Common cocklebur is tolerant of a variety of soil conditions ranging from moist clay to dry sand but grows best on compact sandy soil that is slightly moist below the soil surface and contains a small amount of organic matter [32].
	www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/forb/xanstr/all.html (2074 words)

	The Urban Pantheist - 365 Urban Species. #247: Cocklebur (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Cocklebur is similar in many ways to burdock.
		Most obviously are the seeds, borne in prickly burs that stick to mammal fur and clothes.
		Cocklebur is considered by some authorities, including the USDA, to be native to North America, while others suspect an origin in the American tropics.
	urbpan.livejournal.com /361279.html (562 words)

	Herbicide Resistant Weeds (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) is a dicot weed in the Asteraceae family.
		Response of MSMA-resistant and -susceptible common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) biotypes to cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) herbicides and cross-resistance to arsenicals and membrane disruptors.
		Uptake and translocation of [14C]MSMA in cotton and MSMA-resistant and -susceptible cocklebur.
	www.weedscience.com /Case/Case.asp?ResistID=265 (950 words)

	ScoutInfo
		Cocklebur is a warm-season annual broadleaf weed with long, thick and narrow cotyledons.
		The leaves of seedling cocklebur plants are oblong shaped with toothed edges.
		The stems and leaves of the cocklebur take on a rough feel as they mature.
	www.uky.edu /Ag/IPM/scoutinfo/weeds/coclbur.htm (128 words)

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