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Topic: Code division multiplexing

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	What is T1? - a definition from Whatis.com - see also: T-1
		The T1 (or T-1) carrier is the most commonly used digital transmission service in the United States, Canada, and Japan.
		In these countries, it consists of 24 separate channels using pulse code modulation (PCM) signals with time-division multiplexing (TDM) at an overall rate of 1.544 million bits per second (Mbps).
		T1 lines originally used copper wire but now also include optical and wireless media.
	searchnetworking.techtarget.com /sDefinition/0,,sid7_gci213084,00.html (315 words)

	CDM: Code Division Multiplexing
		Code Division Multiplexing (CDM) is a technique in which each channel transmits its bits as a coded channel-specific sequence of pulses.
		Code Division Multiplex techniques are used as an access technology, namely Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), in Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) standard for the third generation (3G) mobile communication identified by the ITU.
		However, the term Code Division Multiple access (CDMA) is also widely used to refer to a group of specific implementations of CDMA defined by Qualcomm for use in digital cellular telephony, which include IS-95 and IS-2000.
	www.networkdictionary.com /telecom/cdm.php (189 words)

	Code division multiple access - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a method of multiple access that does not divide up the channel by time (as in TDMA), or frequency (as in FDMA), but instead encodes data with a certain code associated with a channel and uses the constructive interference properties of the signal medium to perform the multiplexing.
		So, if we have two senders, both sending simultaneously, one with the chip code (1, -1) and data vector (1, 0, 1, 1), and another with the chip code (1, 1), and data vector (0,0,1,1), the raw signal received would be the sum of the transmission vectors (1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,1,-1)+(-1,-1,-1,-1,1,1,1,1)=(0,-2,-2,0,2,0,2,0).
		Signals with the desired chip code and timing are received, while signals with different chip codes (or the same spreading code but a different timing offset) appear as wideband noise reduced by the process gain.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/CDMA (1749 words)

	division Content at ZDNet UK (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Based on Offset QAM
		Whitepapers One of the factors determining the performance of wireless Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems is time-frequency localization of the transmitter and receiver pulse shaping filters.
		The division's staff consists of "several hundred" people, many of whom will be shifted to other divisions, according to an Intel...
	www.zdnet.co.uk /tsearch/division.htm (980 words)

	Theory of Code Division Multiplexing - Tutorial - Development Library - National Instruments (Site not responding. Last check: )
		As shown in Figure 7-8, suppose that the spreading code is the sequence “011101010000100101” and that it is being output at a chip rate of 3 kbit/sec.
		The code has two one-bit runs of “1”s and two one-bit runs of “0”s; one two-bit run of “1”s and one two-bit run of “0”s; no three-bit runs of “1”s and one three-bit run of “0”s; one four-bit run of “1”s and no four-bit runs of “0”s.
		CDM also works well as a multiple access technique; there is no need for all users in the system to be synchronized, nor is there any need for a complex control protocol to assign resources (once a source and user agree on one of a series of orthogonal spreading codes, transmission can start any time).
	zone.ni.com /devzone/conceptd.nsf/webmain/58B2834DE12D473C86256E00007AAFB5 (2833 words)

	Wavelength division multiplexing - FreeEncyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In telecommunications wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) is multiplexing several optical carrier[?] n signals on a single optical fibre by using different wavelengths (colours) of laser light to carry different signals.
		Dense wavelenght division multiplexing (DWDM) is generally held to be WDM with more than 8 active wavelengths per fibre.
		Note that this term applies to an optical carrier (which is typically described by its wavelength), whereas frequency division multiplexing typically applies to a radio carrier (which is more often described by frequency).
	openproxy.ath.cx /wa/Wavelength_Division_Multiplexing.html (287 words)

	MULTICARRIER MODULATION CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Wideband Code Division Multiplexing Access (W-CDMA) has been standardized in Japan and Europe as the air interface to be used in achieving these multimedia and high data rate services.
		The rate of the spreading codes (usually referred to, as the chip rate) is faster than the data rate of the signal.
		Spreading codes like the Hadamard Walsh codes have been shown to be optimum in maintaining orthogonality between subcarriers and reducing intermodulation in non-linear amplifiers.
	www.stanford.edu /~lawoniyi/mcm7.htm (2617 words)

	Code-Division Multiplexing of a Sensor Channel: A Software Implementation (Site not responding. Last check: )
		It describes code-division multiplexing (CDMA) and time-division multiplexing (TDMA) of a receiver channel in an electric field sensing system.
		Multiple coded waveforms are transmitted simultaneously, and induce a combined signal on a single receive electrode.
		The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) achieved by the code-division multiplexed system given a fixed measurement time is compared to the SNR achieved by a time-division multiplexed implementation given the same total measurement time.
	www.comsoc.org /sac/private/1999/apr/725_17sac04-smith.html (346 words)

	Wavelength Division Multiplexing (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This time-division multiplexing (TDM) can be accomplished in the electrical or optical domain, with each lower-speed channel transmitting a bit (or allocation of bits known as a packet) in a given time slot and the waiting its turn to transmit another bit (or packet) after all the other channels have had their opportunity to transmit
		One effect of coding is that the frequency bandwidth of each channel is broadbanded, or “spread”.
		The cross-connect is composed of wavelength demultiplexers for the input stage, wavelength multiplexers for the output stage, and fibers interconnecting the two stages.
	www2.rad.com /networks/1999/wdm/wdm.htm (4190 words)

	[No title]
		Theory of Frequency Division Multiplexing In many communication systems, a single, large frequency band is assigned to the system and is shared among a group of users.
		Frequency division multiplexing (FDM) means that the total bandwidth available to the system is divided into a series of nonoverlapping frequency sub-bands that are then assigned to each communicating source and user pair.
		Theory of Code Division Multiplexing Code division multiplexing (CDM) allows signals from a series of independent sources to be transmitted at the same time over the same frequency band.
	www.ni.com /news/archive_files/ninews101504.txt (1540 words)

	NASA Tech Briefs: Adaptive multiplexing for free-space optical communication
		"Laser-based adaptive wavelength division multiplexing and code division multiplexing" (LAWDM-CDM) is the name of a method that has been proposed to increase security, signal-to-- noise ratios (SNRs), redundancy, and adaptability in free-space optical communications.
		In the transmitter, a code sequence comprising five parallel bits during each bit period would control the simultaneous generation (for "1") or nongeneration (for "0") of pulses by five laser diodes, each operating at a different one of five wavelengths ((lambda)^sub 1^ through (lambda)^sub 5^).
		Before being launched for propagation to the receiver, the signal in the ith wavelength channel would be delayed by an amount (tau)^sub i^, which would be a unique integer multiple of the bit period, tau.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3957/is_200204/ai_n9070976 (633 words)

	High reflectivity superstructured FBG for coherent optical code generation and recognition
		The auto-correlation peak (PA) and the ratios of PA to the maximum wing level (P/W) and cross-correlation level (P/C) were used to quantitatively evaluate the OC recognition performance.
		Error-free transmission with multiplexing of two active users has been successfully achieved by the apodized SSFBG at a data rate of 1.25 Gbit/s.
		Wada, and K. Kitayama, “A 10 Gb/s optical code division multiplexing using 8-chip optical bipolar code and coherent detection,” J. Lightwave Technol.
	www.opticsexpress.org /abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-12-22-5457 (938 words)

	DOR Home Page (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This invention involves the use of code-division multiplexing (CDM) method in any optical sensing apparatus that has a plurality of transmitters, to perform measurement and distinction of different transmitter signals.
		This technology is not part of the CDM or OCDM architecture that allows the distinction of different signals with different codes, since only one transmitter was involved.
		Although CDM and CDMA in general have been used extensively in prior art for communication, they are employed to transmit information from transmitters to receivers, but not for optical sensing of the transport medium or object.
	www.research.uh.edu /otm/photoopticaldesc.htm (1680 words)

	Optimal Resource Management in Packet-Switching TDD CDMA Systems
		Packet transmissions in code space are scheduled to control interference among the users in each time slot in order to achieve satisfactory transmission accuracy.
		The base station broadcasts the available codes of the pool (excluding those used by video sources for the RU slots) to the terminals.
		When a mobile user is ready to send a request, the terminal randomly chooses a code from the code pool and an RA slot for transmission.
	www.comsoc.org /pci/private/2000/dec/zhuang.html (4222 words)

	65 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This project will combine code division multiplexing with wavelength division multiplexing to produce a large number of communication channels that support bursty, asynchronous, concurrent communications.
		During Phase I, a set of 32 wavelength/time matrix codes was explored by means of design studies, simulations, and subscale experiments on a fiber optic link.
		The propagation of the codes over a 476 km optical link of the National Transparent Optical Network was measured in conjunction with the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and means of modulating the laser sources for coding were measured in conjunction with the Caltech/Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
	www.er.doe.gov /sbir/awards_abstracts/sbirsttr/cycle19/phase2/065.htm (242 words)

	Terabit Optical Code Division Multiplexed Local Area Networks (Site not responding. Last check: )
		If transmission were the only requirement, then 1000 physically distinct fibers in parallel, each running at 10Gbps would be adequate.
		Instead to access the full 10Tbps processing capability, the signals must be multiplexed onto a single common medium with the capability for rapid switching among channels.
		Among multiplexing schemes which have been considered are: Time Division Multiplexing, (TDMA), Wavelength (WDM), and Code Division Multiplexing, (CDMA).
	www.ucop.edu /research/micro/abstracts/98_178.html (216 words)

	Find in a Library: Code division multiplexing of fiber optic and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) sensors
		Find in a Library: Code division multiplexing of fiber optic and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) sensors
		Code division multiplexing of fiber optic and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) sensors
		WorldCat is provided by OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc. on behalf of its member libraries.
	worldcatlibraries.org /wcpa/ow/86bc7a75639b2485a19afeb4da09e526.html (75 words)

	Title page for ETD etd-05022000-15590055
		Multiplexing has evolved over the years from Emile Baudot's method of transmitting six simultaneous
		multiplexing by taking a novel approach to network different-type sensors using software and signal
		using code division multiplexing was feasible and that the mixed signal demultiplexing software unique to
	scholar.lib.vt.edu /theses/available/etd-05022000-15590055 (243 words)

	Research Staff > Publications (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Design of efficient all-optical code-division multiplexing systems supporting multiple-bit-rate and equal-bit-rate transmissions, (2000), Picchi G (External); Sharma A B (External), Applied Optics, 39 (14), 2264 - 2277, ISBN/ISSN: 0003-6935
		Design of a special family of optical CDMA address codes for fully asynchronous data communications, (1999), IEEE Trans on Communications, 47 (7), 967 - 973, ISBN/ISSN: 0090-6778
		Experiments on high-speed all-optical code-division multiplexing systems using all-serial encoders and decoders for 2n prime code, (1999), Chen L-K (External); Kwong W C (External); Cheung K-W (External) + 1 others, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 5 (2), 368 - 375, ISBN/ISSN: 1077-260x
	www.lsbu.ac.uk /php-cgiwrap/resoff/publications.php3?id=3171 (130 words)

	Wireless Terms, Glossary and Dictionary
		FH-CDMA: Frequency Hopping - Code division multiple access
		LASCDMA: Large Area Synchronized Code Division Multiple Access
		TD-SCDMA: Time Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access
	www.javvin.com /wireless (132 words)

	Japan group claims optical transport breakthrough
		In the demonstration, two channels of 10G bit/sec bandwidth were transmitted over a distance of about 100 kilometers, from central Tokyo to the NICT in the city of Tsukuba, and then back again using a system called Optical Code-Division Multiplexing (OCDM).
		Technologies such as dense wavelength division multiplexing already exist to squeeze more bandwidth out of an optical fiber, but researchers involved in the demonstration said OCDM can accomplish the task more economically and flexibly.
		The total distance of the demonstration was 200 kilometers (124 miles) and is a record for OCDM, said Takeshi Kamijoh, general manager of Oki Electric's advanced devices laboratory.
	www.networkworld.com /edge/news/2004/0730japangroup.html (749 words)

	Fiber optics and optical communications : Fiber optics links and subsystems
		Wavelength Control of Tunable Dense Wavelength-Division Multiplexing Sources by Use of a Fabry-Perot Etalon and a Semiconductor Optoelectronic Diode
		Influence of the Antenna Diagram on a Stellar Interferometer That is Suffering from Telescope-Pointing Errors
		Bandwidth Optimization of Optical Data Links by Use of Error-Control Codes
	ao.osa.org /ocisdirectory/060_2360.cfm (267 words)

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	Introduction to Mobile Telephone Systems, 2nd Edition
		You will learn the terminology (terms and acronyms) for mobile telephone systems along with the key technologies.
		Learn how speech compression (voice coding) operates and how it allows more than 10 times as many users to share a single communication channel.
		TD-SCDMA - Time Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access
	www.althosbooks.com /intomotesy1g.html (1171 words)

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