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	NOVA Online \| Decoding Nazi Secrets
		Learn some of the tricks codebreakers use to solve ciphers, then use your new talents to make sense of what looks like a bunch of gibberish.
		Led by Alan Turing, inventor of the computer, the codebreakers of Bletchley Park were a brilliant, quirky bunch who broke the Engima in large part by learning to think like the German codemakers themselves.
		The Enigma looks roughly like a typewriter, but it is infinitely more complex, with fully 17,576 ring settings for each of 60 possible wheel orders -- and that is just to set it up for use.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/decoding (263 words)

	Encryption Software: Books: The Codebreakers : The Comprehensive History of Secret Communication from Ancient Times to ...
		For 4,000 years, fierce battles have been waged between codemakers and codebreakers, and the story of these battles is civilization's secret history, the hidden account of how wars were won and lost, diplomatic intrigues foiled, business secrets stolen, governments ruined, computers hacked.
		David Kahn's The Codebreakers takes the measure of what codes and codebreaking have meant in human history in a single comprehensive account, astonishing in its scope and enthralling in its execution.
		With a brilliant new chapter that makes use of previously classified documents to bring the book thoroughly up to date, and to explore the myriad ways computer codes and their hackers are changing all of our lives, The Codebreakers is the skeleton key to a thousand thrilling true stories of intrigue, mystery, and adventure.
	www.primasoft.com /book_encryption/cryptography_book_10.htm (504 words)

	Dayton Codebreakers Documentary
		The documentary film, Dayton Codebreakers began airing on public television stations throughout the country April 2, 2006.
		It was presented to the recent American Public Television marketplace and a remarkable 101 Licensees across the country signed up to broadcast it.
		The Navy needed his expertise to design codebreaking machines which were used against the German Enigma machine.
	www.daytoncodebreakers.org /doc/doc.htm (405 words)

	budiansky
		The German Luftwaffe and to a lesser extent the German army were obliging enough to help the Allied codebreakers in their search for cribs by employing some terribly bad and sloppy practices, such as sending the same or virtually the same pro-forma reports day after day.
		Frantically the British codebreakers struggled to break back into the U-boat signals, and when they did on March 16 it was just hours too late to save two large convoys.
		By summer 1943, U.S. Navy codebreakers had begun to take over the U-boat Enigma problem from the British—100 special-purpose, electromechanical code-breaking machines were being built by National Cash Register under a Navy contract, and the first ones began to come on line that summer.
	www.ijnhonline.org /volume1_number1_Apr02/article_budiansky_codebreakers_atlantic.doc.htm (2537 words)

	Update 1
		The codebreakers included a speech therapist, a philosopher, a medical researcher and a fifteen-year-old student, suggesting that a wide variety of people are attempting to crack the codes.
		While codebreakers around the world, professionals and amateurs alike, were scratching their heads over stage 5, I was contacted by James J. Gillogly, a former President of the American Cryptogram Association (ACA), an organisation for amateur codebreakers.
		Many amateur codebreakers cracked stages 1 to 4 in a matter of days, and these stages were designed so that any non-expert could crack them with just a little effort and dedication.
	www.simonsingh.net /Update_1.html (780 words)

	Arab Codebreakers
		The last thing a codebreaker wants to do is to let the enemy know that its code has been broken, because then the code will be upgraded and the codebreaker will be back to square one.
		Hence, al-Kindi advised codebreakers to count the frequencies of letters in an encrytped text, and then identify their true meaning according to the frequencies, e.g.
		The Babington Plot was intended to assassinate Elizabeth I and put Mary Queen of Scots on the English throne, but the English codebreaker Thomas Phelippes used frequencies to crack the plotters’ cipher and read their correspondence.
	www.simonsingh.net /Arab_Codebreakers.html (1047 words)

	[4.0] Codes & Codebreakers In World War I
		The codebreakers would grow to other rooms, with Dilly Knox acquiring Room 53 and installing a bathtub in it, but they would simply be known as the "Room 40" group.
		The Room 40 codebreakers were able to provide useful intelligence on German naval movements, and made significant contributions to the actions of the Royal Navy at the inconclusive Battle of Jutland at the end of May 1916.
		Of course Painvin had the powers of concentration characteristic of any good codebreaker, but the knowledge that the ciphertexts he was being handed had clues in a life-or-death game of national survival focused his concentration all the more.
	www.vectorsite.net /ttcode_04.html (7728 words)

	[6.0] US Codebreakers In The Shadow Of War
		However, the value of codebreaking organizations had been recognized by the US military and government, and less than a year later, in May 1919, Yardley was put in charge of an "American Black Chamber", as Yardley called it, jointly funded by the State Department and the War Department.
		He knew this was a breach of security, and in particular knew that if the Japanese found out that their diplomatic codes had been compromised, the would adopt new codes that would be much tougher to crack.
		A rotor implements a single substitution cipher alphabet that is shifted for each letter enciphered, and for each rotor a codebreaker only has to figure out the layout of one set of wires.
	www.vectorsite.net /ttcode_06.html (6190 words)

	Codebreakers at MSN Shopping
		The Codebreakers: The Comprehensive History of Secret Communication from Ancient Times to the Internet...
		More comprehensive look at how codebreakers were "the decisive factor in the Allied victory.
		Codebreakers: Arne Beurling and the Swedish Crypto Program During World War II...
	shopping.msn.com /results/shp/?text=Codebreakers (175 words)

	The Emperor's Codes, Arcade Publishing
		Much is known about the breaking of the Nazis’ "unbreakable" Enigma cipher by the codebreakers based at Britain’s Bletchley Park, which is believed to have shortened the war in Europe by as much as two years.
		Less well documented is the fact that the Allied codebreakers were also working furiously to crack the codes and ciphers of all Germany’s allies in Europe and elsewhere—the most important by far being Japan.
		He also takes the reader step-by-step through the codebreaking process, explaining exactly how the codebreakers went about their daunting task—made even more difficult by the vast linguistic differences between Japanese and English.
	www.arcadepub.com /printable/?GCOI=55970100745680 (252 words)

	More Advanced Ciphers
		A cipher is constantly under attack from codebreakers.
		When the codebreakers have developed a new weapon that reveals a cipher's weakness, then the cipher is no longer useful.
		This is analogous to the situation facing, for example, a strain of infectious bacteria.
	www.simonsingh.com /The_Black_Chamber/moreadvancedcipher.htm (190 words)

	MusicAustralia - Codebreakers
		The Codebreakers were ready to unleash their own energetic brand of indie pop/rock on Melbourne.
		Playing their first gig in May 2002, The Codebreakers have raised a few eyebrows with their eclectic sounds.
		As always happens with a new member, the sound is changing and The Codebreakers are brewing a new, fuller sound.
	www.musicaustralia.org /apps/MA?function=showDetail¤tMapsRecord=NAMO~2840&itemSeq=5&total=41&returnFunction=searchResults&simpleTerm=Velvet (131 words)

	Bletchley Park
		This enabled the codebreakers to make critical progress in working out the order in which the keys were attached to the electrical circuits, a task that had been impossible without an Enigma machine in front of them.
		Armed with this knowledge, the codebreakers were then able to exploit a chink in Enigma's armour.
		The codebreakers concentrating on the Army and Air Force cyphers were based in Hut 6, supported by a team in the neighbouring Hut 3 who turned the decyphered messages into intelligence reports.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/ww2/bletchley.html (917 words)

	Borders - Store Inventory - Title Detail - The Codebreakers
		For 4,000 years, fierce battles have been waged between codemakers and codebreakers, and the story of these battles is civilization's secret history, the hidden account of how wars were won and lost, diplomatic intrigues foiled, business secrets stolen, governments ruined, computers hacked.
		David Kahn's The Codebreakers takes the measure of what codes and codebreaking have meant in human history in a single comprehensive account, astonishing in its scope and enthralling in its execution.
		With a brilliant new chapter that makes use of previously classified documents to bring the book thoroughly up to date, and to explore the myriad ways computer codes and their hackers are changing all of our lives, The Codebreakers is the skeleton key to a thousand thrilling true stories of intrigue, mystery, and adventure.
	www.bordersstores.com /search/search.jsp?srchTerms=0684831309&mediaType=1&srchType=IS (688 words)

	The Supermen
		These codebreakers were about as diverse and unconventional as any task force ever marshalled by the U.S. military.
		Unlike many of the other codebreakers, he didn't hail from a posh eastern college or have a distinguished track record of scientific achievement, but he was a quick study who was forceful and direct, almost to the point of bluntness.
		Most of the codebreakers had already dismissed the idea of continuing their effort in civil service positions, so the navy had little choice: Either keep the existing group together or start again from scratch.
	www.businessweek.com /chapter/murray.htm (4493 words)

	Codebreakers crack the Da Vinci sequel mystery-News-UK-TimesOnline
		CRYPTOGRAPHERS claim to have cracked clues to the forthcoming sequel of The Da Vinci Code that were planted on the cover of the bestseller by Dan Brown, its American author.
		Codebreakers on both sides of the Atlantic are in a race to solve the mystery of the follow-up before Brown has even finished the manuscript of his new novel.
		The codebreakers have linked these words to a 1974 speech of the same name about Joseph Smith, the founder of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, also known as the Mormons.
	www.timesonline.co.uk /tol/news/uk/article783988.ece (1175 words)

	Book: Codebreakers
		Familiar to anyone versed in the history of World War II or interested in the study of modern intelligence work, Bletchley Park was arguably the most successful intelligence operation in world history, the top secret workplace of the remarkable people who cracked Germany's vaunted Enigma Code.
		Almost to the end of the war, the Germans had firm faith in the Enigma ciphering machine, but in fact the codebreakers were deciphering nearly 4,000 German transmissions daily by 1942, reaping a wealth of information on such important matters as the effort to resupply Rommel's army in North Africa
		Few readers will finish this book without feeling that the codebreakers were essential to the outcome of the war--and thereby of major importance in helping to shape the world we live in today.
	www.isi.edu /~jlacoss/books/details/780.html (418 words)

	The Codebreakers: The Comprehensive History of Secret Communication from Ancient Times to the Internet - David Kahn
		For 4,000 years, fierce battles have been waged between codemakers and codebreakers, and the story of these battles is civilization's secret history, the hidden account of how wars were won and lost, diplomatic intrigues foiled, business secrets stolen, governments ruined, computers hacked.
		David Kahn's The Codebreakers takes the measure of what codes and codebreaking have meant in human history in a single comprehensive account, astonishing in its scope and enthralling in its execution.
		With a brilliant new chapter that makes use of previously classified documents to bring the book thoroughly up to date, and to explore the myriad ways computer codes and their hackers are changing all of our lives, The Codebreakers is the skeleton key to a thousand thrilling true stories of intrigue, mystery, and adventure.
	www.biblio.com /books/108975189.html (666 words)

	The Codebreakers – A BBC World Documentary on FOSS and Development — Asia-Pacific Development Information ...
		A two-part documentary, The Codebreakers was aired on BBC World TV during May 2006.
		The crew of the independent producers who made the film went to nearly a dozen countries around the world to see how the adoption of FOSS presents opportunities for industry and capacity development, software piracy reduction, and localization and customization for diverse cultural and development needs.
		Following its ten transmissions on BBC World The Codebreakers is now available under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 license.
	www.apdip.net /news/fossdoc (468 words)

	[8.0] British Codebreakers In World War II
		Traditionally, linguists had been regarded as the best candidates for codebreakers, but now the field had become more technical, and a technical mind was regarded as possibly better suited to the job.
		There was no space for all the freshman codebreakers at Room 40, so in 1938 they had been sent to the new "Government Code and Cipher School (GCandCS)" at the estate of Bletchley Park in Buckinghamshire, 80 kilometers (50 miles) north of London, where a very large staff could be accommodated.
		The British were not happy with this, feeling it was a duplication of effort and a violation of the arrangement between the codebreaking organizations of the two nations, but the US Navy felt they needed the capability and that the British were not making adequate progress on building their own four-rotor bombes.
	www.vectorsite.net /ttcode_08.html (7061 words)

	DVD Empire - Item - Breaking The Codes: The Rise Of Enigma/ The Triumph Of The Codebreakers / DVD-Video
		Twice in 50 years the ability to crack the enemy's most secret codes, and so learn the battle plans of enemy commanders in the field, proved to be the vital factor in achieving victory.
		Revealed here are the remarkable exploits of both American and British codebreakers and their immense contribution to victory in both Europe and the Pacific.
		It moves on to Washington in the 20s, where the top secret American codebreaking unit was launched, led by two of the most brilliant codebreakers of all time.
	www.dvdempire.com /Exec/v4_item.asp?item_id=39948&partner_id=29346865 (386 words)

	WNYC - Reading Room: The Codebreakers: The Comprehensive History of Secret Communication from Ancient Times to the ...
		This arrangement was intended in part to throw off the Japanese, who might have inferred some measure of success in codebreaking if a Japanese-language officer like Kramer were assigned to communications, in part to have an officer with a broad intelligence background distribute MAGIC so that he could answer the recipients' questions.
		This machine eventually reached the British codebreaking group at Singapore, and was evacuated with it to Delhi after the JapaneSe swarmed down Malaya.
		Furthermore, knowledge of the shuffles enabled the codebreakers to read all the traffic of a period even though they could solve only one of the daily keys.
	www.wnyc.org /books/1622 (19311 words)

	TVE Asia Pacific (TVEAP): Moving images moving people
		Titled The Codebreakers, the documentary investigates how developing countries are using FOSS applications for solving real world problems in sectors such as agriculture, education, healthcare, nature conservation and disaster management.
		By adding The Codebreakers to its global catalog of development films, TVE Asia Pacific is making this documentary available to broadcast, civil society and educational users in the world’s largest region.
		The Codebreakers was originally shown on BBC World as a two-part documentary in May 2006.
	www.tveap.org /news/0608foss.html (876 words)

	The Battle of the Atlantic: Allied Naval Intelligence in World War II
		Formally holding relatively junior military ranks, Travis and Wenger were given the authority to negotiate the definitive Anglo-American agreements that enabled Allied codebreakers to cooperate at solving German and Japanese codes and ciphers.
		Originally conceived by Polish codebreakers in the late 1930s, the term "Bombe" is loosely derived from the original Polish reference to the loud ticking noises that the machine produced while processing Enigma messages.
		British codebreakers, most notably Alan S. Turing, also applied some fundamental principles of cryptanalysis to streamline the Bombe process using "cribs" and "cillies" —codebreaker's slang for textural clues that often appeared in encoded messages.
	www.mariner.org /atlantic/dd01.htm (597 words)

	the Enigma code - What If - History - Radio 4
		It's widely accepted that the intelligence the Allies gained from Enigma shortened the war by several years, and saved the lives of thousands of troops and civilians.
		With hindsight it's surprising that the German High Command never realised that their master code had been cracked and was daily being monitored by the Bletchley Park codebreakers - an act that was daily contributing to their demise.
		Chris Andrew visits Bletchley Park near Milton Keynes and speaks to several veteran codebreakers, imagining a very different outcome to the Second World War.
	www.bbc.co.uk /radio4/history/whatif/what_if.shtml (498 words)

	Viruses' brave new world \| Tech News on ZDNet
		In Codebreakers #5, Opic continues the mission of the previous four Codebreakers editions: "Find new, innovative, and interesting viral techniques." Past versions of Codebreakers have included source code of the CIH virus, in-depth descriptions of macro virus and worm writing techniques.
		In other words, Codebreakers #5 tells us what types of viruses we'll be faced with over the next year.
		Along with the last in a set of tutorials on writing DOS/windows viruses, Codebreakers #5 includes complete source-code for Windows NT viruses, including a tutorial on Win32 viral techniques, much more information on writing macro-style viruses and details on the first Java viruses to be developed.
	news.zdnet.com /2100-9595_22-515066.html (930 words)

	Exploring the Enigma
		There were experienced codebreakers, secret service officers, mathematicians, scientists, crossword experts, international chess players, students, actresses and even astrologers and debutants.
		Fortunately for the British codebreakers, in the years running up to the war Poland had worked on various techniques for cracking Enigma.
		The codebreakers at Bletchley Park developed new procedures and algorithms for determining the set-up of the Enigma and also had to develop electronic computing devices to implement these methods.
	plus.maths.org /issue34/features/ellis/index.html (2142 words)

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