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Topic: Coffin Texts

	The Mummy Page
		Religious texts to aid the dead kings in gaining entrance into heaven were carved on the stone walls of the mortuary chambers of some of the pyramids.
		The ritual texts for the deceased which had originated in the ancient Pyramid Texts had developed into the elaborate Book of the Dead, which was written on a papyrus roll and enclosed in the tomb with the mummy.
		The coffins were placed in walled recesses in the side of a rock or in shallow holes gouged out of the rocky plain.
	www.osirisweb.com /egypt/mummy.htm (3106 words)

	Coffin Texts - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Coffin Texts, which basically superseded the Pyramid Texts as magical funerary spells at the end of the Egyptian Old Kingdom, are principally a Middle Kingdom phenomenon, though we have found examples as early as the late Old Kingdom.
		The texts were inscribed on the actual coffin, usually painted in columns of cursive hieroglyphs inside the deceased's coffin.
		There are over a thousand spells, and many of these texts were derived from the earlier Pyramid Texts. The Coffin Texts were intended to provide a guarantee of survival in the afterworld, and included such titles as "Spell for not dying a second death".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Coffin_Texts (245 words)

	The Pyramid and Coffin texts
		The earliest surviving texts are in the 5th Dynasty Pyramid of Unas at Saqqara.
		The pyramid texts describe different stages in the rebirth of the pharaoh (or queen) into a uniquely royal afterlife within his or her pyramid, and were arranged on the walls as if to be read by the deceased from beyond the grave.
		The Coffin Texts were intended to provide a guarantee of survival in the afterworld, and included such titles as "Spell for not dying a second death".
	www.egyptologyonline.com /pyramid_text.htm (519 words)

	Pyramid Texts - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The texts were non illustrated funerary inscriptions written on the walls and sarcophagus of the early Ancient Egyptian pyramids at Sakkara.
		The oldest of these text come from the Pyramid of Unas, the last king of the 5th Dynasty, other texts were discovered in the pyramids of the 6th Dynasty kings Pepi I, Pepi II, and Teti.
		Another famous example of an utterance from the Pyramid Texts is the Cannibal Hymn, in which the deceased Pharaoh hunts and devours the gods.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pyramid_Texts (390 words)

	Coffin Text - Crystalinks
		The Coffin Text, which basically superseded the Pyramid Text as magical funerary spells at the end of the Old Kingdom, are principally a Middle Kingdom phenomenon, though we may begin to find examples as early as the late Old Kingdom.
		While the coffin text were available as a tool for the afterlife to all Egyptians, the spells were primarily employed by the local governors and their families of Middle Egypt.
		In the coffin text, we now find that all of the deceased must be subjected to the "Judgement of the Dead", based on the actions during his or life, rather than on a person by person indictment.
	www.crystalinks.com /coffintext.html (1984 words)

	History Channel Search Results
		The texts also indicated that happiness in the afterlife was dependent on the deceased's having led a virtuous life on earth.
		The earliest religious (funerary) texts known were found cut in hieroglyphs on the walls inside the pyramids of the kings of the 5th and 6th dynasties of the Old Kingdom; these became known as the Pyramid Texts.
		By the 18th Dynasty the texts were inscribed on papyri placed in the mummy case; these papyri were frequently from 15 to 30 m (50 to 100 ft)long and illustrated in color.
	www.historychannel.com /encyclopedia/article.jsp?link=FWNE.fw..bo136900.a (275 words)

	Egypt: Coffin Texts
		The Coffin Texts, which basically superseded the Pyramid Text as magical funerary spells at the end of the Old Kingdom, are principally a Middle Kingdom phenomenon, though we may begin to find examples as early as the late Old Kingdom.
		While the coffin text were available as a tool for the afterlife to all Egyptians, the spells were primarily employed by the local governors and their families of Middle Egypt.
		Many of the coffin text spells play on the concepts of creation, so we find the deceased portrayed as a primeval god and creator and once series of spells references the creator god and his children, Shu and Tefnut, who were given the responsibility of creation.
	touregypt.net /featurestories/coffintext.htm (2817 words)

	Civilization.ca - Egyptian civilization - Writing - Sacred pyramid texts
		These sacred texts, known as the Pyramid Texts, were written on the inner passages and the walls of the burial chamber.
		Known as the Coffin Texts because they were inscribed inside the coffins of Middle Kingdom high officials, they consist of over 1,000 spells (prayers for protection and empowerment) highlighting life beneath the earth in the kingdom of Osiris, in which the deceased worked in the Fields of Offerings and of Rushes.
		Texts were written on papyrus and placed near the dead.
	www.civilization.ca /civil/egypt/egcw03e.html (414 words)

	TEACHING ANCIENT EGYPTIAN PHILOSOPHY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-01)
		A third kind of text is known as "Instruction Texts." Some of these take the form of advice from a father to his son on how to live a good life; others take the forms of prophesy, social critique, rhetorical persuasion, or speculation regarding the ontological origin of universal harmony.
		The early texts emphasize self-control, fair use of wealth and power, confidence in the will of the gods and in the ultimate justice of social institutions, and in general decorous behavior that quietly shows the world that one is deserving of respect.
		Later texts (particularly during and after periods of social upheaval) gradually show less confidence in gods and societies, sometimes lamenting the inverted world where beggars are kings, and gradually shift in emphasis from an ethics of magnanimity to an ethics of internal conscience.
	humanities.uwichill.edu.bb /RLWClarke/PhilWeb/regions/Africa/TeachingAncientEgyptianPhilosophy.htm (3269 words)

	Beyond The Obvious
		The three groups of texts are related not only by reason of their subject matter as literature of the dead but also because the earlier are to some extent the source of the later texts.
		The hieroglyphs of the Pyramid texts were incised on the inner walls of the pyramids and painted in a blue (lapis lazuli) which has gradually acquired a greenish appearance in the course of the centuries.
		The custom, which began with the Coffin Texts, of providing the individual Utterances with titles stating the nature of their use in the next world, and also occasionally the profit which the living may derive from them, is also a sign of the magical intention that lay behind them.
	website.lineone.net /~raphaele/sacredwritings2.html (2650 words)

	vanderplas02 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-01)
		However most of the texts that were written on the innerside of the MK coffins have been made available by the Dutch Egyptologist Adriaan de Buck, The Egyptian Coffin Texts, Vol.
		Moreover (ornamental) texts that are found on the outer side of the coffins, such as the names and titles of the persons for whom the texts were copied, invocation texts to Anubis and Osiris, offering lists, and other inscriptions have not been incorporated.
		Because the Coffin Texts Word Index is finished and being prepared for publication, the indexes on the other textcorpora will be made in accordance with the principles of the former: they will contain all words (lemmata) in transliteration, together with their "label" and references.
	www-sira.montaigne.u-bordeaux.fr /IE10_FIN/vander/Word_Temp_2.htm (2660 words)

	The Mummy Page
		Religious texts to aid the dead kings in gaining entrance into heaven were carved on the stone walls of the mortuary chambers of some of the pyramids.
		The ritual texts for the deceased which had originated in the ancient Pyramid Texts had developed into the elaborate Book of the Dead, which was written on a papyrus roll and enclosed in the tomb with the mummy.
		The coffins were placed in walled recesses in the side of a rock or in shallow holes gouged out of the rocky plain.
	www.osirisdesigns.com /egypt/mummy.htm (3106 words)

	Archaeology Wordsmith (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-01)
		The text was painted on or in burial coffins from the First Intermediate Period (c 2130-1939 BC) and the Middle Kingdom (1938-c 1600 BC).
		Many of the Coffin Texts were derived from the Pyramid Texts, a sequence of often-obscure spells carved on the internal walls of the Old Kingdom pyramids, but were used by private individuals.
		The Coffin Texts combined with the Pyramid Texts were the primary sources of the Book of the Dead, which was in prominent use during the New Kingdom and Late Period.
	www.reference-wordsmith.com /cgi-bin/lookup.cgi?category=&where=headword&terms=coffin (193 words)

	Download coffin texts mp3 - all artist song (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-01)
		Coffin Text from an actual cedar coffin The Coffin Texts, which basically superseded the Pyramid Text as magical funerary.
		VI: Coffin Texts Word Index The Coffin Texts Word Index is a 108.000 records index to all words from the hieroglyphic text of Adriaan De Buck, The Egyptian Coffin Texts, Vol.
		The coffin texts extended this privalage to the nobility.
	coffindownloadtextsmp3.blogspot.com (365 words)

	Eternal Egypt - Ancient Egyptian Tomb Literature
		This type of text consists of hundreds of "spells," which speak of the death, burial, and protection of the king and his resurrection in the hereafter.
		From this period onward, offering spells, which were texts intended to be recited during the presentation of offerings, were widely used on false doors, stelae, and coffins of individual or royal persons, such as those of Queen Kawit and Queen Ashait.
		The coffin texts also contained a new type of funerary text called "Netherworld Guides," which provided the deceased with descriptions of various places in the Underworld, along with words that would help the soul of the deceased to pass through them safely.
	www.eternalegypt.org /EternalEgyptWebsiteWeb/HomeServlet?ee_website_action_key=action.display.module&module_id=253&language_id=1&story_id=38 (392 words)

	Ancient Egypt: the Mythology - the Funerary Texts
		The Pyramid Texts are the earliest Egyptian funerary texts.
		The earliest surviving Pyramid Texts are found on the Fifth Dynasty pyramid of King Unas (image at left is of his burial chamber) at Saqqara.
		At death, the Pyramid Texts stated that the pharaoh was to become the sun or the new Osiris.
	www.egyptianmyths.net /funerarytexts.htm (1053 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2000.04.25
		These three collections of numerous individual texts (referred to as "spells" or "chapters") were intended as guides to the afterlife and are often seen as the "classic" funerary works of the periods in which they are first or best attested (the Old, Middle and New Kingdoms, respectively).
		The Pyramid Texts were initially intended for the king and members of the royal family and were mainly concerned with the dead king in his ascent to the sky and his interaction with the gods.
		The Coffin Texts developed from the earlier corpus, but were available to elites outside the royal family; there was more emphasis on the challenges faced by the deceased and a clearer sense of the topography of the world of the dead.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/2000/2000-04-25.html (1654 words)

	Mummies of Ancient Egypt: Spirit of the Dead
		It is largely from these texts, written in columns on royal tomb walls (the "Pyramid" texts), on coffins (the "Coffin" texts), and on papyri (in later collections called "books") left in mummy tombs, that we have learned from the Egyptians about how they saw the world and the promise of life after death.
		The second general type of funerary texts are referred to as "personal spells," because they were for the deceased himself, and were often written with the name of the deceased inserted in the place of a personal pronoun.
		While the ritual texts provided the means by which the individual could enter the afterlife, in the form of the ba and with the aim of becoming an akh, they also left the individual to make that journey alone.
	www.si.umich.edu /CHICO/mummy/Afterlife/Journey/journey.html (1389 words)

	Words for the Dead
		Like most other texts (Coffin Texts, Book of the Dead), the Pyramid Texts are used to guarantee the dead King a place in the Beyond.
		This was different from the majority of the other texts listed here in that this was designed to be a personal scroll placed inside commoners tombs.
		This is a broad modern term to describe the whole series of royal texts that are found on the walls of the tombs in the Valley of the Kings.
	members.tripod.com /~ib205/bdead.html (857 words)

	BRILL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-01)
		An Analytical Concordance of the Verb, the Negation and the Syntax in Egyptian Coffin Texts
		The present volume is the long-awaited concordance of the Egyptian coffin texts.
		The importance of these texts is considerable for a variety of reasons; they are one of the most important literary texts of classical Egypt; the many variants greatly enlarge our understanding of grammar and linguistic structures; the coffin texts are magical texts, the effectiveness of which depended upon the exact reproductions of the original spells.
	www.brill.nl /product.asp?article_ID=1157&ID=23790 (474 words)

	Ancient 3500BCE to 587 BCE, Ted Thornton, NMH, Northfield Mount Hermon
		The earliest texts, in cuneiform, date to the eighteenth century B.C.E. This epic constitutes perhaps the first literary example of a human being grappling with the problem of death.
		During this period, the "Coffin Texts," written spells on the insides of wooden coffins, began to appear.
		To a greater extent than either the earlier Pyramid Texts or the later Book of the Dead, the Coffin Texts emphasized the terrors and uncertainties of death.
	www.nmhschool.org /tthornton/mehistorydatabase/period_3500bce_to_587_bce.php (2623 words)

	Book of the Dead, an Introduction
		Some of the texts and vignettes are also found on the walls of tombs and on coffins or written on linen or vellum rather than on papyrus.
		In the Coffin Texts, as in the Book of the Dead, the sun-god is no longer supreme with regard to the afterlife, as he was in the Pyramid Texts.
		The Coffin Texts also spoke of a belief in an afterlife spent in the Field of Reeds where agricultural tasks would be performed by the deceased for all eternity.
	www.touregypt.net /boda.htm (851 words)

	Egyptian Religous Beleifs
		These texts are found inscribed on the walls of the inner chambers of the pyramids during the Old Kingdom.
		The texts often contained colorful illustrations and were sold to individuals for burial use.
		The Pyramid Texts almost exclusively are concerned with the postmortem destiny of the King.
	www.gizapyramid.com /egprel.htm (719 words)

	EGYPTIAN MUSEUM
		On the coffin lid, the Lady Tanakhtenttahat, also referred to by the shorter version of her name Tahat, is bedecked in a full wig surrounded by protective gods and symbols and adorned with her finest jewelry.
		This model coffin may have been made to lie on a bier on board a model funeral boat or to serve as a votive substitute for the actual coffin.
		The beaded broad collar with the falcon terminals was specified in the coffin texts as part of the funerary equipment needed by the deceased.
	www.egyptianmuseum.com /article14_emory.html (1272 words)

	Detail Page
		This document is an excerpt from the so-called Coffin Texts, the name scholars have given to the magical spells and incantations that were inscribed on the inside of Egyptian coffins during the Middle Kingdom (1991–1786
		As religious mortuary texts they followed from the Pyramid Texts that had decorated royal tombs of the Old Kingdom, and were a precursor to the New Kingdom Book of the Dead.
		Unlike the Pyramid Texts, which were expressly concerned with the reception of the king among the gods, the Coffin Texts appeared on the mummy cases of the non-royal elite, and offered specific instructions regarding what the deceased should say and do in the afterlife.
	www.fofweb.com /Onfiles/Ancient/AncientDetail.asp?iPin=ahdoc059 (321 words)

	History Channel Search Results
		The oldest literature preserved, the Pyramid Texts, are mortuary texts carved inside the pyramids of kings as, for example, in the tomb of King Unas (r.
		Following the breakdown of the Old Kingdom, the Pyramid Texts were appropriated by private individuals; supplemented with new incantations, these texts were painted on coffins, from which the name Coffin Texts is derived.
		The instructive texts, now directed at lower ranks in the bureaucracy, were no longer based on the assumption that right thinking and just action automatically lead to worldly success, but instead counsel contemplation and endurance.
	www.historychannel.com /thcsearch/thc_resourcedetail.do?encyc_id=208292 (1036 words)

	OBJECT OIM_12072 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-01)
		The eyes painted at the head end of the coffin were positioned opposite the eyes of the deceased as he lay within on his left side.
		Inside the coffin, behind the eyes, is a painted doorway through which the soul of the deceased might pass to visit the outer world.
		The remainder of the coffin's interior bears representations of items that the deceased had used on earth and would need in the afterlife, such as food, drink, clothing, and weapons, as well as royal insignia, resting mostly on low stands.
	oi.uchicago.edu /OI/MUS/HIGH/OIM_12072.html (249 words)

	Aset, Isis in Ancient Texts
		The so called Pyramid Texts are funerary texts, so called 'utterances', inscribed on the walls of the Old Kingdom pyramids (2375-2181) and the First Intermediate (2181-2055).
		The Coffin Texts is a collection of over thousand texts inscribed on coffins during the Middle Kingdom, especially the 11th and 12th Dynasties.
		They were derived from the Pyramid Texts and the purpose was to guarantee survival in the Afterlife.
	www.philae.nu /philae/Asettexts.html (433 words)

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