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Topic: Cognitive model

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	Cognitive model - Definition, explanation
		These cognitive models are used to study social behaviour and emergent properties of interacting nodes.
		Cognitive is often closely related to the field of artificial intelligence, as many of its pursuits can be linked to machine learning.
		In contrast to a Cognitive architecture, a model does not necessarily have an explanation to all aspects of cognition (wholistic approach), but often focuses on several aspects of cognition, i.e.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/c/co/cognitive_model.php (228 words)

	Cognitive model - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In cognitive science, a cognitive model is a model of cognitive processes or even an organism.
		Cognitive modelling in the latter sense can be understood as reverse engineering some aspect of human cognition by means of artificial intelligence and machine learning in order to better understand this certain aspect.
		Many cognitive models use the framework of nouvelle AI, especially the paradigm of connectionism, to overcome a perceived poor biological plausibility of GOFAI (Good Old Fashioned AI).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cognitive_model (231 words)

	Developing Cognitive Architecture
		Cognitive architectures can be assessed in terms of their ability to support the construction of models and simulations of cognition and error.
		The cognitive architecture must be fully specified, and the particulars of the domain must be captured and represented in a form which is usable by the cognitive mechanisms to give a simulation of cognitive performance in the selected task area.
		Furthermore, the model would be difficult to generalise, and since ACT-R (unlike Sceptic) does not support a clear distinction between theory and implementation detail, it may be inappropriate to expect a model builder to extend cognitive theory at the same time as modelling a cognitive skill in a particular domain.
	www.simongrant.org /pubs/val/text.html (8554 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Prototype (linguistics) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		It is an Idealized cognitive model (ICM) of reality which is used as a benchmark when categorizing objects and ideas.
		An Idealized Cognitive Model, ICM or Frame is the name given in Cognitive linguistics to the mental representation known as meaning.
		Conceptual metaphor: In cognitive linguistics metaphor is defined as understanding one conceptual domain in terms of another conceptual domain, e.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Prototype-%28linguistics%29 (530 words)

	21st Century Learning Initiative
		In cognitive apprenticeship, the challenge is to present a wide range of tasks, varying from systematic to diverse, and to encourage students to reflect on and articulate the elements that are common across tasks.
		Like other exemplars of cognitive apprenticeship, their approach is designed to give students a grasp of the complex activities involved in expertise by explicit modeling of expert processes, gradually reduced support or scaffolding for students attempting to engage in the processes, and opportunities for reflection on their own and others' efforts.
		Cognitive apprenticeship is not a relevant model for all aspects of teaching.
	www.21learn.org /arch/articles/brown_seely.html (8797 words)

	Behavior OnLine Forums - View Single Post - Gerry
		Also, while the Cognitive model assumes that the individual's interpretation of events shapes his or her emotional response to the situation, we also argue that the individual's emotional state has important effects on cognition.
		This view suggests that cognitive interventions should be directed towards identifying the specific dysfunctional beliefs which play a role in the individual's problems and examining them critically while correcting for the effects of selective perception, biased cognition, and cognitive distortions, and helping the individual to face and tolerate aversive affect.
		It is interesting to note that when dysfunctional behavior is strongly maintained by dysfunctional cognitions, it may be necessary to modify the cognitions first, and that when dysfunctional cognitions are strongly maintained by the effects of dysfunctional behavior, it may be necessary to modify the dysfunctional behavior first.
	www.behavior.net /bolforums/showpost.php?p=918&postcount=12 (1546 words)

	David Peebles - Division of Psychology
		My main research interests lie in the area of cognitive modelling, specifically in attempting to understand the complex interaction between cognitive, perceptual and motor processes in reasoning and problem solving with external representations of information such as diagrams, computer interfaces and maps.
		I use the ACT-R cognitive architecture to develop computational models of diagrammatic reasoning tasks as it incorporates mechanisms for cognition, perception and motor control, enabling the simulation of visual attention on diagram elements and manual interactions with the computer.
		Using ACT-R, I have produced cognitive models of several graph-based reasoning tasks that provide a detailed specification of the graph user's knowledge, problem solving strategies and the complex interactions between the internal and external representations that occur during the performance of the task.
	www.hud.ac.uk /hhs/dbs/psy/staff/cv/dpe_cv.htm (682 words)

	Educational Technology
		The job of the teacher in constructivist models is to arrange for required resources and act as a guide to students while they set their own goals and 'teach themselves'.
		Cognitive Apprenticeship is a method of teaching aimed primarily at teaching the processes that experts use to handle complex tasks.
		Modeling -- involves an expert's carrying out a task so that student can observe and build a conceptual model of the processes that are required to accomplish the task.
	copland.udel.edu /~jconway/EDST666.htm#cooplrn (3221 words)

	The Results of Development of the Cognitive Model of Russian Verb
		The cognitive model of the verb is developed in the context of the comprehension model named as semiotic text comprehension model, which was advanced by the author in [2].
		The principles of a new grammar analysis mechanism focused on the cognitive model of the verb, were advanced.
		Another problem to complicate this research is that the traces of cognitive elements of causal structure are lacking in vocabulary interpretation, and the means of its description are: on the one hand v introspection, and on the other hand v a bulk of texts.
	fccl.ksu.ru /winter.2000/paper4.htm (823 words)

	School of Communication at Northwestern University :: Communication Sciences and Disorders :: Formulation of a ...
		We are formulating a neuro-cognitive model of lexical processing in the human brain and examining how these large-scale networks change as a function of skill and development.
		Our model of lexical processing argues that orthographic representations involve the fusiform gyrus in the visual association area, that phonological representations involve the superior temporal gyrus in the auditory association area and that semantic representations involve the middle temporal gyrus which is in between these two unimodal word form regions.
		We have formulated a computational model and conducted a series of behavioral studies suggesting that children use semantic information as a compensatory mechanism during word recognition because of their inefficient mapping between orthography and phonology.
	www.communication.northwestern.edu /csd/research/cognitive/projects/neurocognitive (1518 words)

	A cognitive model of social anxiety and its application to stammering - British Stammering Association
		Cognitive models and cognitive behavioural therapy address the anxiety that comes from thoughts which have induced negative responses such as: embarrassment or anger (feelings), sweating or hot flushes (physical responses) or avoidance of particular situations (behavioural responses and safety behaviours).
		Cognitive therapy acknowledges that social anxiety is not based on thoughts which are in any way irrational.
		For me, cognitive models make much sense and I like the fact that they do not judge whether thoughts are right or wrong.
	www.stammering.org /odc05_cognitive.html (352 words)

	CRA-W
		The goal of this project is to create an executable model of preschool children's experiences with acquiring fundamental computer skills that helps explain their learning behaviors and provides insights into ways to enhance their learning.
		The fundamental hypothesis is that a cognitive model specific to the experiential acquisition of computer skills by young children can be constructed using the case-based reasoning paradigm.
		This research project shows that a cognitive model specific to the experiential acquisition of computer skills by young children can be constructed using the case-based reasoning paradigm.
	www.cra.org /Activities/craw/creu/crewReports/2005/general.php?Rpt=F&Show=12 (759 words)

	Chapter 4
		The ideas about cognitive models that we will be making use of have developed within cognitive linguistics and come from four sources: Fillmore's frame semantics (Fillmore 1982b), Lakoff and Johnson's theory of metaphor and metonymy (Lakoff and Johnson 1980), Langacker's cognitive grammar (Langacker 1986), and Fauconnier's theory of mental spaces (Fauconnier 1985).
		The genealogical model is the basis for the metaphorical extension of mother and daughter used in the description of the tree diagrams that linguists use to describe sentence structure.
		But this effect is not due to the clustering of models, but rather to the case of a metonymic model in which one subcategory, the housewife-mother, stands for the whole category in defining cultural expectations of mothers.
	www.cs.umu.se /kurser/TDBC12/HT99/Lakoff.html (8628 words)

	THE COGNITIVE MODEL OF DEPRESSION
		Furthermore, the behaviors and attitudes associated with relief tend to be those that counter the aforementioned behavioral and cognitive symptoms of depression (i.e., withdrawal, reduction of pleasurable activities, inactivity, hopelessness, helplessness and worthlessness).
		One simple way of viewing cognitive therapy of depression is that it focuses on disallowing behaviors and attitudes associated with depressed mood and increasing the behaviors and attitudes associated with non-depressed mood.
		To test the hypothesis that consistently reversing cognitive and behavioral symptoms will lead to recovery from depression, it is recommended that individuals begin structuring their days with activities associated with non-depressed mood, and monitoring their mood throughout the day.
	www.habitsmart.com /dep.html (888 words)

	ACT-R - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		ACT-R (pronounced act-ARE) is a symbolic cognitive architecture, created by John R. Anderson and others at Carnegie Mellon University.
		It has been widely used to model different aspects of human cognitive behavior.
		ACT-R can be compared in many aspects to SOAR, another cognitive architecture, developed by Allen Newell, Herbert Simon, and others, also at Carnegie Mellon University.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/ACT_(cognitive_model) (132 words)

	A model of cognitive load for information retrieval: implications for user relevance feedback interaction
		Cognitive load was used as a measure of information processing effort a user must expend to take notice of the visual stimuli contained in an interface and comprehend its significance.
		Beaulieu (1997) suggested that there is a need to consider cognitive load not just in terms of the number and presentation of options, but more importantly to take account of the integration and interaction between them.
		Kuhlthau (1993) explained that uncertainty is a cognitive state which commonly causes affective symptoms of anxiety and lack of confidence.
	informationr.net /ir/6-2/ws2.html (2435 words)

	techLEARNING.com \| Technology & Learning - The Resource for Education Technology Leaders
		When the eye tracker notifies the cognitive model that the student is reading the problem statement while trying to complete this portion of the problem, the cognitive model infers that the student is reasoning from the situation, rather than from the algebraic expression.
		The history of the cognitive model provides a good example of how the latest research in cognitive psychology is guiding the development of educational software that gains an intimate knowledge of individual students' abilities and problem-solving strategies and uses that knowledge to customize instruction and help students learn.
		To experience the full Cognitive Tutor benefits of improved test scores and math comprehension, schools should have a computer lab in place or be in the process of equipping their lab.
	www.techlearning.com /db_area/archives/WCE/archives/cogmodel.php (2385 words)

	[No title]
		Comprehensive and accessible, this volume clearly details the cognitive model of substance abuse, the specifics of case formulation, management of the therapeutic relationship, and the structure of the therapy sessions.
		Specific cognitive and behavioral strategies and techniques are described in detail, as is the management of acute crises and chronic problems in patients' lives.
		Aaron T. Beck, MD, is University Professor Emeritus of Psychiatry at the University of Pennsylvania and President of the Beck Institute for Cognitive Therapy.
	www.guilford.com /cgi-bin/cartscript.cgi?page=pr/beck3.htm&print=1&cart_id=849190.26612 (402 words)

	cognitive counseling
		It examines Beck's model of depression, anxiety, anger, and relationship conflict in a cognitive context.
		All of the basic cognitive techniques are represented: activity scheduling, graded task assignments, exposure hierarchies, response prevention, challenging underlying schemas, and thought monitoring.
		Drawing from cognitive tenets and techniques, this course is for today's counselor who seeks are committed to helping their clients through brief and successful counseling outcomes.
	www.counselingceusonline.com /cognitive_counseling.htm (767 words)

	Cognitive Teaching Models
		The resultant review should prove valuable in two ways: cognitive psychologists should be able to make a better correspondence between their models and current ID theory, hopefully seeing areas needing improvement, and ID theorists also should be able to see correspondences and differences, which may lead to revision or expansion of our current models.
		The cognitive apprenticeship model rests on a somewhat romantic conception of the "ideal" apprenticeship as a method of becoming a master in a complex domain (Brown, Collins, and Duguid, 1989).
		Based on a cognitive analysis of the task, a model of the ideal student performance is developed for varying stages of competence, including assorted "buggy" procedures.
	carbon.cudenver.edu /~bwilson/cogapp.html (10355 words)

	Cognitive Apprenticeship
		Cognitive apprenticeships are situated within the social constructivist paradigm.
		Cognitive apprenticeships are representative of Vygotskian "zones of proximal development" in which student tasks are slightly more difficult than students can manage independently, requiring the aid of their peers and instructor to succeed.
		In situated cognition, problem solving activities should not be "neat" and pre-defined, but rather, complex with students required to discover relevant procedures.
	www.edtech.vt.edu /edtech/id/models/cog.html (517 words)

	Citations: From implicit skills to explicit knowledge: a bottom-up model of skill learning - Sun, Merrill, Peterson ...
		The cognitive system proposed is the rule based system of the CLARION model which is described next.
		Along with collective evolution, the notion of cognitive emergence may reconcile the afore mentioned di erence between individual intention and collective social function of human action.
		The model postulates the followings: 1) representational di erence: two subsystems employ two di erent types of representations and thus have di erent degrees of accessibility; 2) learning di erence: di erent learning methods are used for the two subsystems and thus the two subsystems have....
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /context/1174645/270043 (829 words)

	cognitive model interfaces paper
		Models that populate synthetic environments are particularly complex and need support in this area.
		Because of their diversity, we found that all were able to report unique problems with the interface, and thus now suggest about twice as many experts be used for evaluations than were previously suggested and that the experts should vary in their perspective.
		We used their behavior and reports to develop a task analysis that can be used as a general guide for future designs of user interfaces for cognitive models in general and for the design of interfaces for models in synthetic environments in particular.
	act.psy.cmu.edu /pipermail/act-r-users/2002-July/000178.html (315 words)

	AbeBooks: Suchergebnisse - Adrian Well und Cognitive Therapy Of Anxiety Disorders
		There are general sections on assessment and basic cognitive therapy skills, as well as practical advice on designing and executing behavioural experiments, homework tasks, and verbal re-attribution methods.
		Cognitive Theory and Models of Anxiety: An Introduction.
		Cognitive Therapy of Anxiety Disorders: A Practice Manual and Conceptual Guide John Wiley and Sons; Edition: 1 ISBN 047196476X Date: August 7, 1997 As pictured or described.
	www.abebooks.de /search/sortby/3/an/Adrian+Well+/tn/+Cognitive+Therapy+Of+Anxiety+Disorders (1669 words)

	NSDL Metadata Record -- A Cognitive Model of Decision Making: Chunking and the Radar Detection Task
		We present Radar-Soar, a model of a cognitive agent learning to classify aircraft as friendly, neutral, or hostile based on a discrete set of characteristics.
		This agent is built using the Soar cognitive architecture which has as one of its main features a powerful form of explanation-based learning called chunking.
		We show that the performance this agent exhibits is extremely high and surpasses that of a comparable agent that has previously been built.
	www.nsdl.org /mr/417462 (113 words)

	Cognitive Model
		The cognitive response model follows the belief that "people actively relate information contained in persuasive messages to their existing feelings and beliefs about the message topic (Greenwald, 1968; Petty, Ostrom, and Brock 1981)." Pre-existing thoughts generated by the consumer may be positive, negative or neutral to the message.
		Distraction was the primary study variable concerning the cognitive response model.
		The cognitive response model also is impacted by other variables such as the number or sources, argument quality and rhetorical questions.
	www.ciadvertising.org /student_account/fall_01/adv382j/eckert/model.htm (414 words)

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