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Topic: Cognitivism (psychology)

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	Cognitive psychology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The term cognitive psychology came into use with the publication of the book Cognitive Psychology by Ulric Neisser in 1967, wherein Neisser provides a broad definition of cognitive psychology, emphasising that it is a point of view which postulates the mind as having a certain conceptual structure.
		The school of thought arising from this approach is known as cognitivism.
		Cognitive psychology is one of the more recent additions to psychological research, having only developed as a separate area within the discipline since the late 1950s and early 1960s (though there are examples of cognitive thinking from earlier researchers).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cognitive_psychology (650 words)

	Cognitivism (psychology) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In psychology, cognitivism is a theoretical approach to understanding the mind, which argues that mental function can be understood by quantitative, positivist and scientific methods, and that such functions can be described as information processing models.
		Methodologically, cognitivism adopts a positivist approach and the belief that psychology can be (in principle) fully explained by the use of experiment, measurement and the scientific method.
		Cognitivism became the dominant force in psychology in the late-20th century, replacing behaviorism as the most popular paradigm for understanding mental function.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cognitivism_(psychology) (767 words)

	Psychology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Mainstream psychology is based largely on positivism, using quantitative studies and the scientific method to test and disprove hypotheses, often in an experimental context.
		Psychology differs from sociology, anthropology, economics, and political science, in part, by studying the behaviour of individuals (alone or in groups) rather than the behaviour of the groups or aggregates themselves.
		Cognitive psychology is based on a school of thought known as cognitivism, whose adherents argue for an information processing model of mental function, informed by positivism and experimental psychology.
	psychology.ask.dyndns.dk (1747 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The first is a positivist approach and the belief that psychology can be (in principle) fully explained by the use of experiment, measurement and the scientific method.
		Cognitivism has become the dominant force in post-1960s psychology, replacing behaviorism as the most popular paradigm for understanding mental function.
		It is important to understand that cognitive psychology has not disproved the methods of behaviorism (in fact conditioning theories are still widely applied) but only that it has replaced it as the guiding theory by which all mental function can supposedly be understood.
	wikiwhat.com /encyclopedia/c/co/cognitivism__psychology_.html (481 words)

	Methodological individualism and cognitivism
		Links to cognitive psychology, on the other hand, are rare, and either remain programmatic, or are limited to the study of very specialized topics, such as the evolution of languages or the classification of colors.
		Cognitivism in the weak sense is the rather trivial acknowledgment that cognitive phenomena may play a role in the explanation of social facts.
		Cognitivism in the strong sense is the adoption of the mechanistic and naturalistic programme of cognitive sciences.
	www.dan.sperber.com /individ.htm (3890 words)

	Buddhism and Cognitivism
		Cognitivism seeks a unified, formal theory of the rational component of psychological functions such as language, perception, memory and thought.
		Cognitivism marginalises emotion as one of a number of factors that are somehow outside of cognition proper, that is, not necessary parts of it but rather optional adjuncts to it To consider these factors at the same time would be to obscure the rational foundations of cognition.
		Cognitivism's computational theory or the fundamental material grain of reality that was the grail of classical physics are chimerical objectives for science, since they correspond to nothing in reality.
	www.purifymind.com /BuddhismCognitivism.htm (6656 words)

	[No title]
		While psychology was still off in the wilds of behaviourism -- radical and neo-, metaphysical and methodological -- philosophers were attempting grapple explicitly with questions of cognition and mentality; questions that experimental psychologists had sometimes banned outright.
		Behaviourism was a part of philosophical psychology, but it seems that philosophers as a group were far less willing to accept both the unpalatable consequences of strong behaviourism and the inconsistencies of weaker versions than were experimental psychologists.
		What will bury the institution of experimental psychology, though not the topic, is continuing to regard with suspicion and some fear the theoretical branch of its own discipline, which is on the rise in philosophy, computer science, and linguistics departments across the continent.
	www.yorku.ca /christo/papers/cognit.htm (4341 words)

	Cognitivism
		For cognitivism, a response is 'significant' only in that it is a sign that some cerebral or mental event has occurred and produced it, that is, the response is taken as an "operational definition" of the unobserved concept.
		The vocabulary of the language of cognitivism is rooted in the vocabulary of folk-psychology, as Prof.
		Cognitivism, rooted in folk-psychology, is the study of behavior through the mediation of language, and not the study of behaving, what all organisms do, and what we humans say and write.
	web.utk.edu /~wverplan/cognitivism.html (6376 words)

	humanistic psychology - Article and Reference from OnPedia.com
		Humanistic psychology emerged in the 1950s in reaction to both behaviorism and psychoanalysis.
		It is concerned with the subjective experience of human beings, and views using quantitative methods in the study of the human mind and behaviour as misguided.
		This is in direct contrast to cognitivism (which aims to apply the scientific method to the study of psychology), an approach of which humanistic psychology has been strongly critical.
	www.onpedia.com /encyclopedia/Humanistic-psychology (246 words)

	Psychology and Nihilism, by Fred J. Evans
		In fact, the first eight chapters develop a genealogical psychology of cognitivism, a psychology that seeks not consensus but the continuation of a dialogue that was in danger of hardening into a single, oracular voice.
		Cognitivism is formulated on computational rules and legislates "in advance what features of the world can count as inputs to the system and what objectives can count as the goals of such a system" (p.
		Cognitivism champions this movement and on this count Evans is correct to argue that it adheres to a technocratic rationality.
	www.ualberta.ca /~di/csh/csh11/Evans.html (1928 words)

	Facts about psychology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Psychology is a collection of academic, clinical and industrial disciplines concerned with the explanation and prediction of behavior, thought-processes, emotions, motivations, relationships, potentials and pathologies.
		Psychology differs from sociology, anthropology, economics, and political science, in part, by studying the behavior of individuals (alone or in groups) rather than the behavior of the groups or aggregates themselves.
		Experimental psychology, the field founded by Wilhelm Wundt and William James, focuses on general and basic questions concerning behavior, mental states, or both, including theories of pathology which are also important to clinical psychology.
	www.supercrawler.com /Facts/psychology.html (724 words)

	Theory & Psychology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Cognitivism is criticized for failing to conceptualize practices in a way that recognizes their action orientation and co-construction, and to appreciate how they are given sense through people's categories, formulations and orientations.
		It seemed like the distortions and rules of behaviourism had given way to a sensible and open-minded focus on psychology as it should be, placing the person with all his or her rich psyche full of thoughts, memories, knowledge and attitudes at the centre of it.
		Activity (and in cognitivism this is still typically assumed to be the same thing as behaving) is treated as something secondary; it is treated as the output of the system.
	www.psych.ucalgary.ca /thpsyc/VOLUMES.SI/2000/10.1.Potter.html (2622 words)

	Christopehr D. Green: "Where Did the Word 'Cognitive' Come From Anyway?"
		I argue that, strictly speaking, cognitivism differs from traditional mentalism in being the study of only those aspects of the mental that can be subjected to truth conditional analysis (or sufficiently similar "conditions of satisfaction").
		These approaches to psychology, it will be recalled, had difficulties replicating phenomena in different labs-the hallmark of natural science-and became bogged down in seemingly irresolvable disputes about things like whether or not the sensation of green could be mentally analysed into the individual sensations of blue and yellow.
		Thus, Miller's (1962) psychology text, subtitled "the science of mental life," seems to have signaled more a desire to return to the more common-sense understanding of psychology characteristic of William James than an understanding of the cognitive revolution rising in philosophical psychology, computer science, and linguistics.
	www.yorku.ca /christo/papers/cog-orig.htm (5649 words)

	COGNITION AS EVENTS AND AS PSYCHIC CONSTRUCTIONS
		As to the source, Cognitive psychology is definitely a continuation of the spiritistic way of thinking developed by the Church Fathers as early as the 2nd century B.C. The evidence of this continuity is well symbolized by the antiscientific writings of St. Augustine.
		An interesting paradox of the history of psychology is that experimental psychologists date the birth of scientific psychology from the work and thinking of the incurable mystic Fechner (1860/1966), and the spiritistic philosophy of Helmholtz (1866/1962), Wundt (1908-11), Külpe (1909), and Ebbinghaus (1885/1964).
		Students of psychology may assume with confidence that if they are observing an event, even as complex and subtle as thinking, reasoning, perceiving, remembering, forgetting, choosing, or any misbehavior like an illusion or mirage, there is a scientific analysis available for a rational interpretation.
	web.utk.edu /~wverplan/kantor/cog.html (3997 words)

	sociology - Psychology
		Other important early psychologists include Hermann Ebbinghaus (a pioneer in studies on memory), Ivan Pavlov (who 'discovered' the learning process of classical conditioning, and who should be regarded as a physiologist), and Sigmund Freud.
		It has traditionally been associated with counselling and psychotherapy, although modern clinical psychology may take an eclectic approach, including a number of therapeutic approaches.
		Involved with the application of psychology to the world of business, commerce and the function of organisations, industrial and organisational psychology focuses to varying degrees on the psychology of the workforce, customer, and consumer, including issues such as the psychology of recruitment, training, appraisal, job satisfaction, work behaviour, stress at work and management.
	www.aboutsociology.com /sociology/Psychology (1840 words)

	Educational Psychology : Peter E. Doolittle : Virginia Tech : Research
		As the 21st century nears, the pendulum of education is quickly moving from a theoretical framework based on cognitivism (information processing) to a constructivist framework, while the instructional framework is moving from teacher-based instruction to technology-based instruction.
		Integrating constructivism, cognitivism, and technology provides for a rich learning experience that is both real and authentic, as well as steeped in highly transferable domain general basic skills.
		Thus, cognitivism does not directly support social mediation, unless the social mediation is essential to the task or knowledge, or if the social mediation facilitates some other process such as elaboration or generation.
	edpsychserver.ed.vt.edu /research/icc.html (7089 words)

	Small on Cognitivism
		Cognitivism carries a remarkable sense of promise (and promises a remarkable sense of controversy) that should energize film theory and film theorists in the years ahead.
		Instead, they are pointed toward more pragmatic empirical foundations--transcultural psychologies which inform cognitivism's current resources and which could reciprocally explain both the human sensorium cum mind as well as film and video's powerful yet still mysterious functions.
		At present most cognitive scientists are drawn from the ranks of specific disciplines--in particular, philosophy, psychology, artificial intelligence, linguistics, anthropology, and neuroscience (I shall refer to these disciplines severally as the 'cognitive sciences').
	www.film-philosophy.com /portal/writings/small (2854 words)

	Psychology IV (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Critics of cognitive psychology (e.g., Dreyfus (1992) and Searle (1992)) claim that this approach is fundamentally mistaken.
		Consequently, while some cognitive psychologists claim that theories of the human mind and cognitive information processing must be based on studies of the dynamics of the mind’s semantic level as governed by the logical rules and control mechanisms at the mind’s syntactic level, neuroscientists are engaged with the study of the mechanical level.
		They believe psychology can be reduced to neuroscience, and their goal is thus to explain and predict human behavior, thinking, emotions, relationships, potentials and pathologies from physiological studies of the human brain.
	www.db.dk /jni/lifeboat/Domains/Psychology_IV.htm (3122 words)

	Educational Psychology Interactive: The Cognitive System
		Cognition is central to the development of psychology as a scientific discipline.
		The establishment of Wilhelm Wundt's laboratory in 1879 to study human thought processes is often used as the beginning of modern psychology.
		There are a variety of perspectives and emphases within cognitive psychology that are currently impacting educators' thinking about how to improve the teaching/learning process.
	chiron.valdosta.edu /whuitt/col/cogsys/cogsys.html (400 words)

	David Bordwell - A Case for Cognitivism
		A cognitive psychology is at least as plausible as, say, psychoanalysis, the scientific status of which Freud constantly proclaimed.
		The explicitly constructivist premise of cognitivism thus calls attention to the need of any naturalistic psychology to presuppose some basic (though not raw or unmediated) data, as well as some fundamental assumptions and principles that guide human perception and thought.
		Cognitivism can look like such a Big Theory (though I think it's not); and the foregoing account may have erred in evoking an upcoming string of main events in which Cognitivism will lick current champs.
	www.geocities.com /david_bordwell/caseforcog1.htm (10419 words)

	Cartesian Cognitivism and Its Discontents (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		While contemporary psychology has not kept Descartes' theory of innate ideas, it seems by and large to have held on to his notion of innate faculties, as did even most of the modern empiricists.
		Cartesian cognitivism is incapable of appreciating the way in which culture and mind are tied together and interpenetrate one another.
		What is broken apart in Cartesian cognitivism is brought back together in the cultural-historical approach both by focusing on the unified nature of mental coordination and by the dual nature of artifacts which mediate mental functioning.
	thm.askee.net /articles/cartesian-cogn (6633 words)

	Behaviorism [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		Behaviorism was a movement in psychology and philosophy that emphasized the outward behavioral aspects of thought and dismissed the inward experiential and sometimes the inner procedural aspects as well; a movement harking back to the methodological proposals of John B. Watson, who coined the name.
		Wundt is often called "the father of experimental psychology." He conceived the subject matter of psychology to be "experience in its relations to the subject" (Wundt 1897: 3).
		Edward Thorndike, in a similar methodological vein, proposed "that psychology may be, at least in part, as independent of introspection as physics" (Thorndike 1911: 5) and pursued experimental investigations of animal intelligence.
	www.utm.edu /research/iep/b/behavior.htm (7032 words)

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