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Topic: Cohen Modal Haplotype

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	Dienekes' Anthropology Blog: More on the Cohen modal haplotype
		A few days after my previous post on the Cohen modal haplotype, here is an abstract from the October ASHG meeting which essentially confirms my main points, that the CMH is not indicative of Hebrew ancestry and is split between J1 and J2 lineages.
		Since the definition of the Cohen Modal Haplotype (CMH) in 1998, the 6 SNP-6 STR genetic motif has been utilized to infer connections of contemporary individuals and communities to the ancient Hebrew population.
		The inference of Jewish ancestry based on the original CMH definition should be performed with caution as subjects may be falsely categorized into the eponymous CMH lineage when the true origin is in the deeply divergent IBS branch.
	dienekes.blogspot.com /2005/12/more-on-cohen-modal-haplotype.html (412 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Cohen Modal Haplotype
		However religious conversion as a source of distinct genetic material and the special status of the Cohen family (Kohanim) among the Jews militate against the expectation that all Jews should share the same Y chromosome.
		The Cohen Modal Haplotype has been also been found in groups of non-Jews, notably the Lemba of Southern Africa (Thomas MG et al 2000) and groups of Kurds.
		Based on these initial data, the haplotype structure of the human genome was recognized as early as 2001, leading directly to the formation of the...
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Cohen-Modal-Haplotype (608 words)

	COHEN MODAL HAPLOTYPE : Encyclopedia Entry
		The Cohen Modal Haplotype, whilst notably frequent amongst Cohens, is also far from unusual in the general populations of haplogroups J1 and J2 with no particular link to the Cohen ancestry.
		The Cohen haplotype cluster is believed to belong to subgroup J1 of haplogroup J. Individuals with the Cohen Modal Haplotype can be found in subgroup J2 as well (and occasionally in more genealogically distant haplogroups too), but this is not considered indicative of any close relationship with the Cohen common ancestors.
		Some believe that if the discoverers of the "Cohen Modal Haplotype" found any modal Jewish haplotype at all it is probably the genes of a prolific medieval rabbi who lived about 1000 years ago and had numerous sons and grandsons.
	www.bibleocean.com /OmniDefinition/Cohen_modal_haplotype (2282 words)

	The 'Cohen' Gene
		Since it is passed from father to son without recombination, the genetic information on a Y chromosome of a man living today is basically the same as that of his ancient male ancestors, except for the rare mutations that occur along the hereditary line.
		Using the CMH as a DNA signature of the ancient Hebrews, researchers are pursuing a hunt for Jewish genes around the world.
		Having the CMH is not proof of one's being a Cohen.
	www.jewishpress.com /page.do/12972/The_'Cohen'_Genehtml (1405 words)

	Family Tree DNA - we do genetic tests for your genealogy questions!
		The males that matched this "Cohen Modal Haplotype" are found within Haplogroup J on the Tree of Homo Sapiens.
		If you have no oral tradition of the Cohanim, and if your ancestors were Jewish, then you certainly appear to come from the same genetic Gene Pool, and while not being directly from the line of Aaron, you could be descended from one of his numerous male relatives.
		If you have no oral tradition of either being a Cohen, or of being Jewish, your Y chromosome is still part of Haplogroup J, or perhaps a subset, J2, and most likely your deepest ancestor was part of the Neolithic farming expansion that began about 9500 years ago from the Fertile Crescent.
	www.familytreedna.com /MatchCohen.html (452 words)

	phorum - 2think - DNA, BofM, and Cohen Jewish Priests
		Studies do suggest that the Cohen modal haplotype back approximately 3000 year ago, compatible with the possibility that it may have been on the Y chromosome of the biblical Aaron.
		Third, Cohens were specifically forbidden to intermarry even with other Israelites, accounting for their relative homogeneity in today's Jewish Cohens and presence in only a tiny fraction of non-Cohen Jews.
		The presence of the Cohen Modal Haplotype among Lemba and Bnei Menashe, and its absence among Mesoamericans, does not appear to be a discordant piece of "evidence" discrediting the Book of Mormon, but an expected finding fully consistent with the Book of Mormon story.
	2thinkforums.org /phorum3/read.php?f=1&i=4575&t=4575 (729 words)

	The Dispatch - Serving the Lexington, NC - News
		In the Hebrew Bible this ancestor is identified as Aaron, the brother of Moses.
		The Cohen haplotype cluster is believed to belong to subgroup J1 of haplogroup J. The private company FTDNA has given some indication that the Cohen cluster is associated with J1 rather than J2; but as of January 2007 no hard data has ever been published, although the researchers surely have it.
		Individuals with the Cohen Modal Haplotype can be found in subgroup J2 as well (and occasionally in more genealogically distant haplogroups too), but this is not considered indicative of any close relationship with the Cohen common ancestors.
	www.the-dispatch.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Y-chromosomal_Aaron (2321 words)

	[b-hebrew] Re: Hebrew and Welsh?
		Not even the Cohen modal haplotype is restricted to Jews completely, even though it was discovered that most men whose last name is Cohen today carry this haplotype and that is how it got its name.
		Instead of haplotype J, which was common to all the other Samaritan males tested, the Cohen family males have E3b3, a haplotype group found in Ashkenazi, Lybian and Yemenite Jews--and Palestinians.
		There is one mutation in the Danfi family which is the Kurdish haplotype and is is closely related to the Cohen Modal haplotype.
	lists.ibiblio.org /pipermail/b-hebrew/2004-November/021345.html (550 words)

	The Lineage of Jewish Priesthood Confirmed
		This single haplotype (called the Cohen modal haplotype) was then tested on the Cohanim in two major Jewish communities.
		The results indicate that the Cohen haplotype is strikingly prevalent and similar in both communities; which strongly suggests the Cohanim all descended from a single male common ancestor.
		It is fascinating that the Bible independently confirms the Cohen priestly line existed in the past and is expected to continue in the future, ready to fulfill any prophetic destiny that Almighty God has for them.
	www.creationists.org /patrickyoung/article10.html (953 words)

	DNA Refutation
		The Cohens are descended from Aaron the brother of Moses.
		The CMH is a subgroup of haplogroup J. Although you can have the CMH in either J1 or J2, it is the genetic signature in J1 that is considered the Jewish priestly signature.
		CMH is a haplotype that emerges spontaneously and after emerging remains to be transmitted by hereditry.
	www.britam.org /Questions/DNARefutation.html (3175 words)

	Cohen Modal Haplotype (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Other studies have corrobated the findings [2].This lead to the development of the Cohen Modal Haplotype, a set of Y-chromosomal markers that might have been shared bythe Biblical Aaron.
		However conversion and the as asource of distinct genetic material and the special status of the Cohen family among(Kohanim) the Jews mitigate against the expectation that all Jews should share the same Y chromosome.
		The Cohen Modal Haplotype has been also been found in groups of non-Jews, notably the Lemba of Southern Africa [6] and groups of Kurds.
	www.therfcc.org /RFCC/cohen-modal-haplotype-38034.html (319 words)

	Science Spectra [Article]
		Such linkage of markers means that a haplotype constructed from a number of different markers records the evolutionary history of the particular Y chromosome on which they are all located.
		Haplotypes can be used to construct trees describing the evolutionary history of the Y chromosome; in such evolutionary trees, UEPs provide the trunk and branches, and microsatellites the twigs.
		Having constructed haplotypes using the YAP+, a UEP and the microsatellite DYS19, we noted the frequency of each haplotype in putative priests (Cohanim) and non-priests in both the Ashkenazic and non-Ashkenazic communities who, prior to the creation of the modern State of Israel, had occupied different geographical regions for 500 years or more.
	www.ucl.ac.uk /tcga/ScienceSpectra-pages/SciSpect-14-98.html (3507 words)

	NOVA \| Transcripts \| Lost Tribes of Israel \| PBS
		SHAYE COHEN: It seems to me the simplest way to understand these claims is that Westerners come across long lost peoples, native peoples in far-flung places across the globe, and they see them, and they try to interpret them in terms with which they are familiar, and their terms are familiar from the Hebrew Bible.
		If the Cohen Modal Haplotype is found among a significant percentage of the Lemba, their claim to Jewish ancestry will suddenly become more credible.
		SHAYE COHEN: Today, we think of Yemen as a heartland of Arabs and Islam, but we often forget that until recently Yemen was home to a very large, very important Jewish community.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/transcripts/2706israel.html (5708 words)

	My Genetic Cousin, I Presume? - By Jon Cohen - Slate Magazine (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Goldstein—who has the Cohen modal haplotype himself—added, "We don't know that there ever was a pure Jewish population." He urged me to think of my Y chromosome in terms of genealogy, not populations.
		The essence of his caveat is that all men derive from a common ancestor (say, Adam), and the Cohen modal haplotype simply designates a more recent common ancestor (say, Aaron Cohen).
		Still, as my whole Cohen modal haplotype quest began to collapse under its own weight, I had to accept the fact that my DNA wasn't going to shake hands with Mbelangwa's over the millenniums.
	slate.msn.com /id/79372 (1911 words)

	The Cohanim - DNA Connection
		The Cohen called up for the Torah reading that morning was a Jew of Sephardic background, whose parents were born in North Africa.Dr. Skorecki looked at the Sephardi Cohen's physical features and considered his own physical features.They were significantly different in stature, skin coloration and hair and eye color.
		Solidifying their hypothesis of the Cohens' common ancestor, they found that a particular array of six chromosomal markers was found in 97 of the 106 Cohens tested.
		Having the CMH is not a proof of one's being a Cohen, for the mother's side is also significant in determining one's Cohen status.
	www.aish.com /societywork/sciencenature/the_cohanim_-_dna_connection.asp (1846 words)

	Mail-Jewish Volume 44 Number 01
		The whole idea behind the Cohen modal haplotype is that it was discovered as a marker somewhat unique to kohanim.
		So the idea that the high frequency of the kohen modal haplotype in these various non-Jewish populations could be explained by a shared common ancestor such as Avraham doesn't make sense, since the marker is not found commonly among Jews who are not kohanim.
		The Cohen modal haplotype was found in 45% of 44 Ashkenazic kohanim and 32% of 81 Ashkenazic yisraelim; for Sephardim the numbers are 71% of 24 kohanim and 33% of 39 yisraelim.
	www.ottmall.com /mj_ht_arch/v44/mj_v44i01.html (1916 words)

	DNA and the Book of Mormon
		The "Cohen Modal Haplotype," or CMH, is a genetic signature postulated to be inherited from Aaron Ha-Cohen, brother of Moses.
		The CMH is present in approximately 45-55% of Ashkenazic and Sephardic Cohens, compared to 2-3% of non-Cohen Jews.
		Cohens were specifically forbidden to intermarry with other Israelites, accounting for the high prevalence of the CMH in today's Jewish Cohens and its presence in only 2-3% of non-Cohen Jews even after an additional twenty-six centuries of intermixing.
	www.fairlds.org /FAIR_Conferences/2006_DNA_and_the_Book_of_Mormon.html (8520 words)

	DNA Refutation
		The Cohens are descended from Aaron the brother of Moses.
		Since Cohens are the most likely to have CMH when CMH is found amongst Jews there is a higher than average chance that the Jew is a Cohen.
		CMH is a haplotype that emerges spontaneously and after emerging remains to be transmitted by hereditry.
	britam.org /DNARefutation.html (4550 words)

	Genetics and Identity (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In addition, it might be expected that these Y chromosomes would show that the Cohanim and the Levites (the Jewish caste of which Moses was a member) shared a common ancestor in the Temple period, approximately 3,000 or 2,000 ago.
		Identification of the CMH in a high proportion of men belonging to a particular group can be used to support claims that the group has Jewish ancestry.
		The study also found that the Lemba carry the Cohen modal haplotype (CMH) at a frequency similar to that found in Jewish populations.
	www.bioethics.umn.edu /genetics_and_identity/case.html (2828 words)

	Cohanim
		Genetic studies at University College London have revealed a Y chromosome type that is extremely common among both the Ashkenazic and Sephardic Cohanim, consistent with the tradition.
		This genetic signature was named the ‘Cohen Modal Haplotype’ and is believed to have originated around 3000 years ago in the early Temple period in Jewish history.
		This will not only allow us to recognise if you carry the Cohen Modal type, but also allow classification into a number of other Y chromosome types, each with a distinctive history.
	www.ethnoancestry.com /Cohanim.html (161 words)

	What is a Cohen?
		He considered a hypothesis: if the Kohanim are descendants of one man, they should have a common set of genetic markers--a common haplotype-- that of their common ancestor.
		This collection of markers has come to be known as the Cohen Modal Haplotype (CMH)--the standard genetic signature of the Jewish priestly family.
		Having the CMH is not a proof of one's being a Kohen, for the mother's side is also significant in determining one's Kohanic status.
	www.cohen-levi.org /dna.htm (1521 words)

	The Death of Scientific Racism
		This gene has therefore been assigned the name of Cohen Modal Haplotype, and is a marker representing the infusion of “Jewish blood,” to use older and less scientific terms.
		It turned out that the Cohen Modal phenotype appeared in 10% of Lemba men, the same rate at which it is found in European Jewish “white” men.
		A similarly high frequency of the Cohen Modal Haplotype was found among members of a tribe in Yemen, across the Red Sea from Africa, to whom the Lemba, according to oral tradition are related.
	shadow.autono.net /sin001/race.htm (1566 words)

	Group in Africa Has Jewish Roots, DNA Indicates
		Skorecki, who is a priest, wondered if a fellow cohen who was being called to attend the first Torah reading might be distantly related to him, as the tradition of priestly descent from Aaron implied.
		He finds that 45 percent of Ashkenazi priests and 56 percent of Sephardic priests have the cohen genetic signature, while in Jewish populations in general the frequency is 3 to 5 percent.
		Because the cohen genetic signature is rare or absent in all non-Jewish populations tested so far, the findings support the Lemba tradition of Jewish ancestry.
	www.uoregon.edu /~jbloom/race/general/lemba.htm (1485 words)

	Genetic Definitions
		The AMH 1.15 haplotype is also referred to as the Atlantic Modal Cluster or AMC.
		These studies asserted that Ashkenazic Cohens are strongly related to Sephardic Cohens and that therefore these priestly Jewish communities have strong DNA relations (the general Jewish populations do not).
		The priestly sect "Cohanim" (singular is Cohen) were descended directly from Aaron, the brother of Moses, all members of the Tribe of Levi.
	www.duerinck.com /define.html (1651 words)

	Cohen Modal Haplotype Article, CohenModalHaplotype Information (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Other studies have corroborated the findings [2].This led to the development of the Cohen Modal Haplotype, a set of Y-chromosomal markers that might have been shared bythe Biblical Aaron.
		However conversion as a source ofdistinct genetic material and the special status of the Cohen family (Kohanim) among theJews mitigate against the expectation that all Jews should share the same Y chromosome.
		Converts can never be part of theKohanim, a status which is passed from father to son only, whereas status as a Jew is based upon the mother only.
	www.anoca.org /jews/kohanim/cohen_modal_haplotype.html (343 words)

	The Tribe \| MetaFilter
		The author, a Cohen, discovered that he had less of the genetic markers than that of a Lemba tribesman and points out the various assertions that can and cant be made about the Cohen modal haplotype as it has worked its way down generations.
		In other words, the CMH is definitely not unique in Jews vs. the global population (though it is way more common in Jews), but it is statistically unique within the Cohanim vs. the rest of the Jewish population.
		But there are haplotypes that are far more common in Jews than other groups and there are significant generalized differences between Jewish populations and the populations of the diaspora countries they live(d) in.
	www.metafilter.com /comments.mefi/39572 (2287 words)

	Mail-Jewish Volume 43 Number 92
		Volume 43 Number 92 Produced: Thu Aug 5 9:02:17 EDT 2004 Subjects Discussed In This Issue: civil/not marriages in Poland [Martin Stern] The Cohen Modal Haplotype [Eitan Fiorino] Dropping the Dime [Joshua Seidemann] Meshullachim.
		As for the > >Hungarians being descendants of the Khazars, the Khazars were allegedly > >converts to Judaism - and thus should have among them no kohanim and no > >one possessing the Cohen modal haplotype to pass on to their > >descendants, Jewish or otherwise.
		For example, > if a daughter of converted khazars married a cohen (or the > daughter of a khazar who married a non-priestl) then there > would be some intermingling of cohen and khazar genes.
	www.ottmall.com /mj_ht_arch/v43/mj_v43i92.html (2044 words)

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