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	The Monarchy Today > Bank notes & coinage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Offa introduced a new coinage in the form of the silver penny, which for centuries was to be the basis of the English currency.
		Coinage played a part in spreading the fame of kings - the more often coins passed through men's hands, and the further afield they were taken by plunder or trade, the more famous their royal sponsors became.
		A nominal coinage was issued under John Balliol c.1296 and then in reign of Robert the Bruce (1306-1329), but the first substantial issue of coinage did not come until the reign of David II (1329-1371).
	www.royal.gov.uk /output/page321.asp (1113 words)

	Coin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		By replacing some fraction of a coin's precious metal content with a base metal (often copper or nickel), the intrinsic value of each individual coin was reduced (thereby "debasing" their money), allowing the coining authority to produce more coins than would otherwise be possible.
		Some consider a classic example of this phenomenon to be the behavior of price levels in the United States since 1964 (the last year circulating United States Coins were minted of 90 percent silver).
		Most countries which have not been subject to extreme inflation have still modified their coinage system to ensure that coins continue to be a practical means of exchange.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Coin (1348 words)

	British coinage - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The total amount of coinage in circulation is roughly three and a quarter billion pounds, of which the £1 and £2 coins account for almost two billion pounds [1].
		In the 12th century a new standard for English coinage was established by Henry II, the Sterling Silver standard of metal—92.5% silver and 7.5% copper used in coinage.
		In 1920, the silver content of all British coins was reduced from 92.5% to 50%, with a portion of the remainder consisting of manganese, which caused the coins to tarnish to a very dark colour after they had been in circulation for a significant period.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/British_coinage (2349 words)

	Appendix 3: Spanish Coinage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The debased coinage known as vellón was an alloy of silver arid copper, which proved the source of unutterable confusion in Spanish finance.
		As a matter of course the kingdoms of the Crown of Aragon had their independent systems of coinage, which were based on the old divisions of the marc, almost everywhere prevalent, of libras, sueldos and dineros, or pounds, shillings and pence, there being 20 sueldos to the libra and 12 dineros to the sueldo.
		As late as 1772 an edict calls in the local small coinage of Valencia and orders it replaced with Castilian money, but this was so unsuccessful that it was followed, in 1777, with one confining the use of these coins to Valencia and forbidding their circulation elsewhere.
	libro.uca.edu /lea1/append3.htm (2586 words)

	Perspectives in Numismatics - Medieval European Coinage
		An example is the coinage of the boy king, Edward V of England, whose issues can only be differentiated from those of his father, Edward IV, by the initial mark of a boar's head, the personal sign of his uncle and protector, later Richard III.
		Coinages were reduced in western and central Europe to imitatives of the old Roman or the still functioning East Roman (Byzantine) Empires.
		By the 15th century French coinage was being restricted by the king and by the end of the next century, little feudal coinage remained.
	www.chicagocoinclub.org /projects/PiN/mec.html (7525 words)

	ECONOMICS OF ENGLISH COINAGE DENOMINATIONS
		In March, 1465, the gold coinage was cornpletely reformed with the appearance of the ryal or rose noble weighing 120 grains with a value of 10 shillings, with a half and quarter in proportion.
		Gold coinage continued with some regularity; a gold third guinea was introduced in 1797 to provide smaller coin and a quarter guinea was struck in 1718 and 1762.
		In 1967, with the conversion to the decimal system, new coinage (including a penny of 19 mm) of 50, 25, 10, 5, 2, 1 and 1/2 pence was released into general circulation; the 1/2 pence was discontinued in 1984.
	www.chicagocoinclub.org /projects/PiN/eod.html (8939 words)

	British Coins before the Florin, Compared to French Coins of the Ancient Regime
		The problem that then afflicted the gold coinage was not the previous one of weight cutting or debasement for fiscal reasons, but fluctuations in the relative values of gold and silver, which would lead speculators to buy or sell gold and silver to turn a profit.
		The first official coinage, of 1792, was based on gold coins of the traditional British fineness of 22 carat gold and a precise ratio of gold to silver of 15:1.
		The copper coinage of Anastasius, which is the principal innovation, is all clearly marked with its value in the form of Greek letters: "M" for 40, "K" for 20, "I" for 10, and "E" for 5.
	www.friesian.com /coins.htm (7159 words)

	Ancient Coinage of the Mediterranean World by John E. Ryan
		The coinage of the ancient Mediterranean world is especially interesting for its variety, artistic merit, and the many religious, political, cultural and historic themes it depicts.
		The cut-off between the coinage of ancient Rome and the later coinage of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire normally is assigned to the reign of Anastasius I, who circa 498 AD reintroduced large bronze coins which, for the first time in the Roman Imperial series, were stamped with a numeric mark of value.
		Since at some point one has to divide ancient coinage from medieval Byzantine coinage, and since the use of a value mark was a highly novel innovation in the Roman Imperial series, the reform of Anastasius is generally accepted as the dividing line between the Roman and the Byzantine coinages.
	www.bitsofhistory.com /ace/documents/Ryan.html (4848 words)

	Archaic Period-Economy
		7th century BC According to the ancient sources, the reputed inventors of coinage are Pheidon -the king of Argos- Damodice of Cyme -wife of king Midas- Erichthonius and Lycus of Athens, the Lydians and the Naxians.
		In the relevant extracts he seems to attribute a moral interpretation to the role of coinage, which is directly associated with the set of values in the Archaic communities.
		The invention and spread of coinage should be set in a wider frame of social relations and values developed during the Archaic period.
	www.fhw.gr /chronos/04/en/economy/coin_intro.html (516 words)

	Ancient Coin Articles - Roman Coinage: The Reverse Images of Trajan and Hadrian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Imperial coinage is attributed to one man, "for the measures taken by Augustus laid down the lines of the system on which the imperial coinage for something like the next three centuries was to be based."
		The beginning of imperial coinage is usually associated with the defeat of Anthony and Cleopatra at the battle of Actium in 31 BCE.
		Coinage was used to let the rest of the Roman world know that Trajan had built this wonderful monument.
	www.forumancientcoins.com /forvm/Articles/Roman_Coinage_Trajan_and_Hadrian.htm (2998 words)

	Victorian coinage
		The coinage used in Victorian Britain had been much the same for three hundred years and was based on a system which had existed for more than a millennium.
		The ten pence and five pence coins (equivalent to the two shilling and one shilling pieces) were phased in from 1968 and the new fifty pence piece was first issued in October 1969 to replace the ten shilling note which ceased to be legal tender on 22 November 1970.
		Pre-decimal coinage continued to circulate for a few months but the old pennies and threepenny bits ceased to be legal tender on 31 August 1969, though the sixpence, which had an exact value of 2.5p, circulated until 30 June 1980.
	www.wilkiecollins.demon.co.uk /coinage/coins.htm (2714 words)

	On the Origins of Coinage
		Last Fall (1994), I opened this topic on the Coins mailing list and immediately got a reply from a numismatist who felt that coinage was invented because merchants figured it was convenient to hallmark their bullion.
		If coinage were invented to facilitate trade, it didn't impress the greatest traders of the day.
		it may be reasonably inferred that coinage was invented to make a large number of uniform payments of considerable value in a portable and durable form, and that the person making the payments was the king of Lydia.
	www.limunltd.com /numismatica/articles/origins-of-coinage.html (1090 words)

	CORELAY for Coinage Applications
		In the fight against counterfeiting, new alloys have been developed specifically for coinage applications and manufacturers of coin recognition equipment are continually introducing refinements to detect counterfeit coins.
		Coinage made from CorelayÒ system allows the magnetic core to be virtually invisible to the naked eye, giving the coin a monolithic appearance while allowing high degree of detectability by coin validators.
		Typically known as overlay, this type of clad metal is most common in circulating coinage applications, such as the United States 10¢, 25¢, 50¢ and the Susan B. Anthony $1, the French 5 Franc, etc..
	www.polymet.com /corl.htm (2031 words)

	British Coinage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Until 1971, when the British coinage was converted to decimalisation, the coins in use were pounds, shillings and pence, based on the Latin names "Librae, Solidii, Denarii" or £.
		The following year a gold coinage was issued based on the sovereign (one pound) rather than the guinea (one pound and one shilling), which had been the principal gold unit since 1663.
		The coinage was finally decimalized in 1971 with a coinage in which 100 pence equals 1 pound.
	www.swanseamass.org /wales/travel/coins.html (411 words)

	Coinage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		On the mainland, coinage was a means for the king to reinforce and exert his power.
		This is the oldest Gotlandic coin we have knowledge of, thus providing the earliest evidence of coinage on the island.
		Whereas the royal coinage on the mainland involved constant changes in designs, the early Gotlandic type of coin remained in circulation for more than a half a century.
	www.gotmus.i.se /fornsalen/skatter/engelska/coinage.htm (780 words)

	The Dating of the Coinage of Alexander the Great (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Even as the successor kings initialed coinages in their own names and with their own types the "Alexanders" lived on for two centuries during which time they were issued by independent cities as an international coinage.
		The dated coinage actually continues until the year 306/5, but began to be struck in the name of Philip III (Alexander's mentally disabled half-brother who officially assumed the throne with Alexander's son after the conqueror's death) on the coins marked with the years 13-16 (by this time indicated with Greek rather than Phoenician letters).
		With the introduction of the "eagle coinage" and shortly thereafter their termination, Zervos explains the interruption in minting of Philips, arguing that his coins began to be produced again directly after the end of the "eagles." Thompson argues that the Philip staters were reinstated to be used for political propaganda by Philip III.
	www.brown.edu /Departments/Old_World_Archaeology_and_Art/html/epublications/papers/alexander_coinage/alexander.html (7797 words)

	Medieval Sourcebook: Jewish Views of Royal Monetary Policy in Aragon, 13th Century
		Your question: was about the king, who changed the [value of] the coinage, and revalued it considerably, and made a general decree that this coinage should be valid for the payment of debts and all other matters of loans in place of the old coinage.
		Nevertheless, I do not agree with you that matters of coinage are not royal prerogatives; since they [kings] control the coinage, they mint it, and disseminate it through their lands, if the valuation of coinage were not their [business], they have lost [all the benefit to them from their rights over coinage].
		And with regard to an increase [as opposed to a devaluation] in the coinage in which the king decreed that a quantity of this coinage should be paid in place of the same quantity of the old coinage, which you said would fall under the prohibition against charging interest, even so his decree is law.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/source/13cjewishviews-monpolicy.html (927 words)

	What Has Government Done to Our Money? Private Coinage
		We are used to thinking of coinage as a "necessity of sovereignty." Yet, after all, we are not wedded to a "royal prerogative," and it is the American concept that sovereignty rests, not in government, but in the people.
		Champions of the government's coinage monopoly have claimed that money is different from all other commodities, because "Gresham's Law" proves that "bad money drives out good" from circulation.
		In fact, when the government first began to monopolize the coinage, the royal coins bore the guarantees of private bankers, whom the public trusted far more, apparently, than they did the government.
	www.mises.org /money/2s7.asp (1051 words)

	Historical Coinage Cheatsheet
		You may notice that some coins were left out; this is due to either my ignorance, a lack of information on the coins of a particular region, or else those coins made a miniscule impact on the monetary scene.
		As for the supply of coins, for the most of the period between the collapse of the Roman Empire and the spread of the economic empire of the Italian city states, the actual coinage remained in the hands of the nobility.
		The difficulties in following the value of coinage include an extensive debasement of the coinage later in the era and the economic upheavals of the Black Death, both of which contributed to major inflation.
	www.personal.utulsa.edu /~marc-carlson/history/coin.html (1164 words)

	Final report of the Decimal Coinage Commissioners
		They do not recommend the introduction of decimal coinage into the UK due to the overwhelming evidence to suggest that there are few merits to the introduction of decimal coinage.
		Indeed the Commission found that circumstances in other countries where decimalisation has occurred are not the same as in UK and therefore can not draw any safe conclusions from these, and there was no agreement on how the changes were to be affected.
		The Commission found that the general public were used to calculations based on 4, 12 and 2, and found these easier than calculations based on 10s, and concluded that it was not desirable at present to disturb the population with changes in coinage when weights and measurements were not to be change.
	www.bopcris.ac.uk /bopall/ref4004.html (220 words)

	Varun Parekh's Coin Collection (Republic India Coins - Post Independance)
		During the period of transition India retained the monetary system and the currency and coinage of the earlier period.
		However, it was in September, 1955 that the Indian Coinage Act was amended for the country to adopt a metric system for coinage.
		Over a period of time, cost benefit considerations led to the gradual discontinuance of 1, 2 and 3 paise coins in the seventies; Stainless steel coinage of 10, 25 and 50 paise, was introduced in 1988 and of one rupee in 1992.
	www.angelfire.com /on2/coins/republic.html (506 words)

	Irish Hammered Coinage (~995 to ~1660)
		The primary purpose of this coinage was to drain Ireland of silver (as the coins were of the same standard as the contemporary English coinage) to support the French campaigns of the King.
		This coinage known as the 'three crown coinage' was introduced by his brother Richard III after Edward's death in 1483.
		This coinage was augmented by a slightly later issue of pennies and halfpennies in copper (the first token coinage since Edward IV in 1467).
	www.irishcoinage.com /HAMMERED.HTM (2350 words)

	British Silver Coinage: Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Although England restricted the export of its silver coinage, it is clear some British silver, as well as some British gold coins, found their way to the American colonies.
		These smaller denominations have been included as examples of contemporary English coinage that would be familiar to most colonists as well as to British troops stationed in the colonies.
		General references to British coinage are from: Richard Lobel et al., Coincraft's Standard Catalogue of English & UK Coins 1066 to Date London: Coincraft, 1995 and Brian Reeds, Standard Catalogue of British Coins: Coins of England and the United Kingdom31st ed.
	www.coins.nd.edu /ColCoin/ColCoinIntros/Br-Silver.intro.html (394 words)

	COINage Magazine:
		Featuring the insights of the hobby's leading authorities with the beauty of colorful illustrations, COINage has introduced generations to the fun and profit of numismatics.
		Coin collecting combines the challenge of the hunt for rarities with the fascinating stories of the people and places associated with coinage throughout history.
		COINage will guide and entertain you every month with easy-to-read, colorful articles.
	www.coinagemag.com (149 words)

	Sikh Coinage: Symbol of Sikh Sovereignty
		The author of Sikh Coinage: Symbol of Sikh Sovereignty, is a retired civil servant who, after retirement, received his Ph D from the Rabindra Bharati University, Kolkata.
		The second chapter deals with the coinage of the misl period from 1765-1795, and the third chapter describes the Sikh coinage during the reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh from 1800-182 AD.
		What emerges out of this unique study of Sikh coinage is the deep-rooted dedication of the Sikhs to their Gurus and their teachings.
	www.sikhspectrum.com /052005/hs_coins.htm (1195 words)

	British Copper Coinage: Introduction
		With the change from hammer coinage to the use of the screw press the king hoped to be able to profitably make a sufficient number of standardized small change coppers for the country.
		The first halfpence were to be produced at 40 to the pound avoirdupois or about 175 grains of copper per coin, with the farthing being proportional, which meant the copper content was worth about half the face value of the coin.
		In 1787 because of a lack of copper coinage Thomas Williams and the Anglesey Copper Minting Company in Wales produced private pennies and halfpence with a portrait of a hooded druid on the obverse.
	www.nd.edu /~rarebook/coins/ColCoin/ColCoinIntros/Br-Copper.intro.html (5347 words)

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