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Topic: Coinage Metals

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	Group 11 element - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A Group 11 element is the series of elements in group 11 (IUPAC style) in the periodic table, consisting of transition metals which are the traditional coinage metals of copper (Cu), silver (Ag), and gold (Au).
		Many metals form colored compounds, such as iron pyrite, and many metals have a colored sheen, but apart from caesium, which also has 1 6s-electron, similar to gold, only gold and copper are colored.
		In their numismatic functions these metals must be alloyed with other metals to afford coins greater durability.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Coinage_metal (689 words)

	Coin article - Coin euro metal money banknotes Collecting coins value a coin Coin - What-Means.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		A coin is generally a piece of hard material, traditionally metal and usually in the shape of a disc, which is used as a form of money.
		However, in modern times, most coins are made of a base metal and their value comes strictly from their status as fiat money.
		This means that that the value of the coin is decreed by government fiat rather than agreed by the people, which really makes it less a coin and more a token in the strict sense.
	www.what-means.com /encyclopedia/Coins (719 words)

	Roman currency - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		While they contained precious metals, it is important to note that the value of a coin was higher than its precious metal content (ie they were not bullion).
		The type of coins issued changed under the coinage reform of Diocletian, the heavily debased antoninianus (double denarius) was replaced with a variety of new denominations, and a new range of imagery was introduced that attempted to convey different ideas.
		The coinage of the Julio-Claudians remained stable at 4 grams of silver, until the debasement of Nero in 64 AD, when the silver content was reduced to 3.8 grams, perhaps due to the cost of rebuilding the city after fire consumed a considerable portion of Rome.
	www.lighthousepoint.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Roman_currency (3524 words)

	Group 11 element - LearnThis.Info Enclyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The name "coinage metals" is not recognized by the IUPAC, and can be somewhat misleading as further elements are added to the table.
		They are all relatively inert, hard-to-corrode metals which have been used for minting coins, hence their name.
		This had led to most modern coins being made of metals other than silver or gold - Cupro-nickel (around 80:20, silver in color) is popular as are nickel-brass (copper (75), nickel (5) and zinc (20), gold in color), manganese-brass (copper, zinc, manganese, and nickel), bronze, or simple plated steel.
	encyclopedia.learnthis.info /g/gr/group_11_element.html (510 words)

	Coin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A coin is usually a piece of hard material, generally metal and usually in the shape of a disc, which is issued by a government to be used as a form of money.
		This means that the value of the coin is decreed by government fiat rather than agreed by the people, which really makes it less a coin and more a token in the strictest sense.
		By replacing some fraction of a coin's precious metal content with a base metal (often copper or nickel), the intrinsic value of each individual coin was reduced (thereby "debasing" their money), allowing the coining authority to produce more coins than would otherwise be possible.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Coin (1147 words)

	Fast-Money-Happens (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		King Pheidon minted the argent coins in Aegina, at the temple of the goddess of wisdom and war, Athena the Aphaia (the vanisher), and engraved the coins with a Chelone(the symbol of capitalism).
		Fortunately these metals are also easily alloyed with a less expensive metal, frequently copper, in order to improve the durability of the resulting coins.
		In the early seventeenth century Sweden lacked more precious metal and so produced "plate money", which were large slabs of copper approximately 50cm or more in length and width, appropriately stamped with indications of their value.
	www.fastmoneyhappens.com (3638 words)

	Chemistry : Chapter 18 : Overview (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Metals are shiny, malleable (can be hammered into a shape), ductile (can be drawn in to a wire), thermally conductive (transfers heat), and electrically conductive (transfers electricity) materials.
		As higher temperature forges were introduced, an even harder metal, iron, was reduced to the metal from the ore. The addition of carbon to the iron produced the stronger alloy of steel.
		Metals can be hammered into other shapes because of plastic deformations which are locations where the pattern of the metal atoms is disrupted.
	www.wwnorton.com /chemistry/overview/ch18.htm (1212 words)

	Brough, The Natural Law of Money ToC: The Online Library of Liberty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The coinage came to be known as "king's money"; it bore the effigy of the sovereign; and the pieces were more artistically minted; but they were given names that had no reference to their weight or fineness.
		That the amount of these metals used as money is sufficiently large to considerably affect their market value is, however, a matter of course; but that the efforts to hold them at a relatively fixed value have utterly failed, is proved by the whole history of bi-metallism.
		France closed her mints against free coinage of silver in 1876, and it is quite evident from the way in which she is accumulating gold and discarding silver, that she is moving toward a monometallic standard.
	oll.libertyfund.org /Home3/HTML.php?recordID=0035 (14430 words)

	Coin Collecting - What is a coin?
		Traditionally the value of a coin comes from the intrinsic value of the component metal, but in modern times most coins are made of a base metal and their value comes strictly from their status as fiat money.
		Metal has another value these days: coin-operated vending machines need metal coins so they can tell real coins from counterfeits by the detailed electromagnetic properties of the coin.
		The traditional coinage metals are copper, silver, and gold, elements in Group 11 (IB) of the periodic table.
	www.fleur-de-coin.com /e-library/whatisacoin.asp?sec=2 (845 words)

	Precious Metal And Coinage
		The amount of precious metal produced at our mines varies widely from year to year due to the variance in the market price of the metals other than gold and to the rates of pay for the day labor utilized to conduct mining operations.
		The expense incident to coinage causes it to be inexpedient to coin all the Government's gold holdings.
		The act of March 14, 1900, declares the gold dollar of 25.8 grains and 0.900 fine to be the "standard unit of value," and the parity of all forms of money is required by the act to be maintained at par by redemption at the Treasury at the option of the holder.
	www.oldandsold.com /articles08/money-4.shtml (2038 words)

	Annual Reports of the United States Mint
		Inventories of circulating coinage and numismatic products are valued at the lower of cost or market value, with cost being determined by the average cost method.
		Major alterations and renovations are capitalized over the shorter of a 20-year period or the remaining useful life of the asset and depreciated on the straight-line method, while maintenance and repair costs are charged to expense as incurred.
		The Mint is responsible for safeguarding much of the nation’s precious metals and strategic stockpiles and is the custodian of a significant portion of the United States' gold and silver reserves.
	www.usmint.gov /about_the_mint/annual_report/index.cfm?action=footnotes_00_ann_rpt (3473 words)

	Perspectives in Numismatics - Medieval European Coinage
		An example is the coinage of the boy king, Edward V of England, whose issues can only be differentiated from those of his father, Edward IV, by the initial mark of a boar's head, the personal sign of his uncle and protector, later Richard III.
		Coinages were reduced in western and central Europe to imitatives of the old Roman or the still functioning East Roman (Byzantine) Empires.
		SZEGO, A. The Coinage of Medieval Austria, 1156-1521, 1970.
	www.chicagocoinclub.org /projects/PiN/mec.html (7525 words)

	Main Group Metals
		The metals are often divided into four classes on the basis of their activity, as shown in the table below.
		Metals in the fourth class are so unreactive they are essentially inert at room temperature.
		These metals are ideal for making jewelry or coins because they do not react with the vast majority of the substances with which they come into daily contact.
	chemed.chem.purdue.edu /genchem/topicreview/bp/ch9/activityframe.html (519 words)

	How coins are made - the minting process -- Coin World (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In preparing the raw metals used in coining, the coinage metals are assayed, melted and formed into slabs which are then rolled to the proper thickness.
		For clad coinage, bonding operations are required to bond the two layers of copper-nickel to the core of pure copper.
		Dies and collars are interchangeable and striking pressures are adjustable for the various denominations and metals.
	www.coinworld.com /NewCollector/MintingProcess.asp (1497 words)

	[No title]
		Examples of these assets are coins and coinage metals held by the Bureau of the U.S. Mint (Mint) offices and gold bullion, certificates, or coins held by Federal Reserve Banks (FRBs) for display or in reserve.
		These items include gold, silver, coinage metals, commemorative coins, coins for general circulation, unclassified counter cash, and unfit paper currency in the custody of Treasury offices.
		This includes transactions related to the acquisition of gold and coinage metals, transfer of these assets between other offices or depositaries, and reduction of monetary assets due to sales of coins.
	www.fms.treas.gov /tfm/vol1/v1p2c500.txt (4677 words)

	Municipal Coins Silver
		Silver and gold are the oldest of coinage metals, with the earliest coins minted in electrum, a naturally occuring alloy of gold and silver.
		Silver is a somewhat rare and expensive coinage metal, although neither as rare nor expensive as gold.
		Because it is such a beautiful coinage metal, a proof coin of silver is often held up as among the finest example of the minter’s art, with backgrounds holding a highly mirrored finish and raised sections often appearing as a lustrous white satin.
	www.municipalcoins.com /silver.html (415 words)

	Scientists uncover early warning system for copper toxicity
		By studying the inorganic chemistry of the bacterium E. coli, a research team led by Thomas V. O'Halloran, professor of chemistry at Northwestern, established the molecular and structural basis for the cell's early detection of miniscule amounts of copper.
		O'Halloran likened the cell to a city in which metal ions are similar to important and reactive fuels that must be imported and then carefully delivered from one part of the city to another.
		Reactive metals such as copper have the potential to catalyze runaway reactions that could harm the cell, much as a series of explosions could damage critical systems in a city.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2003-09/nu-sue090403.php (467 words)

	Chapter 2, Section 4 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		As their name suggests, the coinage metals are used throughout the world to make coins.
		All the elements on the left side and in the middle of the periodic table (except for hydrogen) are metallic elements, or metals.
		The metals are separated from the nonmetallic elements by a diagonal steplike line that runs from boron (B) to astatine (At), as shown in Figure 2.13.
	cwx.prenhall.com /bookbind/pubbooks/blb/chapter2/medialib/blb0204.html (930 words)

	Glencoe Online Science Quiz Chapter
		Metals do not share the electrons in their outer energy levels.
		The only metal that is a liquid at room temperature is __________.
		When metal atoms share their outermost electrons with a nonmetal, the metal and nonmetal become __________.
	www.glencoe.com /qe/science.php?qi=342 (262 words)

	Are your 'steelies' too bright? - 3/24/03 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		After all, Lincoln cent authority David Lange wrote that "a worse combination of metals for coinage could not have been devised by a madman" than the zinc-coated steel used for 1943 Lincoln cents.
		The coin makeup was in fact worse than fence material, because the minimally protective zinc coating was applied to coinage metal still in strip form.
		These are subtle lines that radiate outward in the open field of the coin, toward the rim, as tremendous pressure is exerted over the whole metal disc in the process of its being struck as a coin.
	www.coinworld.com /news/032403/BW_0324.asp (886 words)

	Coins, Bodies, Games, and Gold (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The invention of coinage in ancient Greece provided an arena in which rival political groups struggled to imprint their views on the world.
		By linking the imagery of metals and coinage to stories about oracles, prostitutes, Eastern tyrants, counterfeiting, retail trade, and games, she traces the rising egalitarian ideology of the polis, as well as the ongoing resistance of an elitist tradition to that development.
		Kurke re-creates a "language of metals" by analyzing the stories and practices associated with coinage in texts ranging from Herodotus and archaic poetry to Aristotle and Attic inscriptions.
	www.goldcoinsdirect.com /coins-bodies-games-and-gold-0691007365.html (244 words)

	AncientCreations.com...Sharing The Experience of the Ancient World
		Coinage metals are generally alloys whose proportions have been specified by law.
		The regular coinage of the aurei began with Julius Ceasar.
		The unit of silver coinage of Greece equal to 6 oboli.
	www.ancientcreations.com /glossary.asp (1404 words)

	Police Coins - Gold
		This precious metal is sufficiently rare that a single 20 yard cube could hold all of the gold ever mined.
		Gold is among the most ductile of all the coinage metals, and able to be made into sheets of extremely thin metal of as little as.00001 inch.
		As a precious metal, gold is traded in bullion form, and bullion coins are a trading commodity subject to the market price of gold.
	www.policecoins.com /gold.html (370 words)

	Metals Used in Coins and Medals
		Barton's Metal is in fact copper overlaid with a thick layer of gold, and was used in 1825 during the reign of George IV for pattern five pound and two pound coins by the Royal Mint.
		As it is a soft metal it is nowadays almost always used alloyed with copper to make it more durable, although gold-silver alloys have been used, particularly by Australia in the manufacture of sovereigns and half-sovereigns during the period 1855-1870.
		The pure metal is magnetic, and is noticeably yellower than some of the silvery metals such as chromium and aluminium.
	www.tclayton.demon.co.uk /metal.html (6057 words)

	Early Hellenistic Coinage from the Accession of Alexander to the Peace of Apamaea (336—188 BC) - Cambridge University ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Early Hellenistic Coinage from the Accession of Alexander to the Peace of Apamaea (336—188 BC)
		It provides a general history of the coinage of Alexander the Great and his successors, and of the cities of Greece and Asia Minor, over the century and a half 336—188 BC.
		His original intention was to write a survey of Hellenistic coinage down to the Roman acquisition of Egypt in 30 BC, but he died with his project only half finished.
	www.cambridge.org /catalogue/print.asp?isbn=0521395046&print=y (242 words)

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