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Topic: Coinage of Byzantium

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	Byzantium - LoveToKnow 1911
		During the first years of its alliance with Rome it held the rank of a free confederate city; but, having sought arbitration on some of its domestic disputes, it was subjected to the imperial jurisdiction, and gradually stripped of its privileges, until reduced to the status of an ordinary Roman colony.
		This overthrow of Byzantium was a great loss to the empire, since it might have served as a protection against the Goths, who afterwards sailed past it into the Mediterranean.
		The symbol G was a new coinage in the 3rd century B.C. The pronunciation of C throughout the period of classical Latin was that of an unvoiced guttural stop (k).
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Byzantium (1527 words)

	Byzantine Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		"Byzantium may be defined as a multi-ethnic empire that emerged as a Christian empire, soon comprised the Hellenized empire of the East and ended its thousand-year history, in 1453, as a Greek Orthodox state: An empire that became a nation, almost by the modern meaning of the word".
		Byzantium was well positioned astride the trade routes between East and West, was a superb base from which to guard the crucial Danubian provinces, and was reasonably close to the Eastern frontiers.
		From the tenth to the twelfth century Byzantium was the main source of inspiration for the West.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Byzantine_Empire (12065 words)

	Institute of Archaeology and Antiquity
		By placing coins in their geographical, historical and archaeological background, we will trace the commercial, and military land- and sea-routes, the extent of the monetary sector in the cities and the countryside, the political and cultural interchange between areas, and the circulation of various mint issues in the Eastern and Western Medieval Europe.
		During the first semester, the course aims to discuss the history and development of the Byzantine coinage and economic history from the currency reform of Anastasius (AD 498) to the early Macedonian dynasty (AD 867-969).
		In semester two, the course continues the examination of the Byzantine coinage and economic history from 969 to 1453.
	www.arch-ant.bham.ac.uk /staff/coins2.htm (298 words)

	Old Coins: CHRISTIAN COINAGE UNDER CONSTANTINE - NEW BYZANTIUM
		Likewise, the laurel wreath or solar crown which had dominated the coinages of the second and third centuries were dropped in favour of an eastern diadem, or, less frequently, a military helmet.
		The heavenward-gazing portrait is not peculiar to the coinage and Alfoldi (p.
		On the coinage, this survival is well demonstrated by an issue of large bronzes struck in the name of Valentinian II at Rome in AD 378-83.
	www.new-byzantium.org /HocSigno.html (3820 words)

	Liuvigild - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Liuvigild also ousted the Germanic Suevi from their strongholds at León and Zamora, thus enlarging his kingdom to the north and west as well, but for another generation the eastern Roman emperor retained a base in southeastern Spain, which retained its old Roman name of Hispania Baetica.
		Liuvigild further reinforced possibilities of a peaceful future succession, a perennial Visigothic issue, by associating his two sons, Hermenegild and Reccared, with himself in the kingly office and placing certain regions under their regencies.
		Until Liuvigild's reign, the Visigoths minted coins that imitated the imperial coinage of Byzantium which circulated from Byzantine possessions in Baetica.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Liuvigild (1115 words)

	[No title]
		The "Coinage" page is a general discussion of the denominations and types of Byzantine coinage and the changes that occurred over the 1000 years of the empire's existence.
		The name Byzantium is derived from the original name of Constantinople (modern Istanbul), the capital of the Roman Empire from the time of Constantine the Great's refounding of the ancient Greek city of Byzantium in 312 AD.
		Alexius I's reforms in the late 11th century temporarily restored the stability and reputation of Byzantine coinage until the sack of Constantinople by the Venetians and the Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade in 1204 permanently crippled the Empire and its economy.
	americanhistory.si.edu /collections/numismatics/byzant/byzhome.htm (591 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: The Byzantine Empire
		The eastern frontier of the empire in Asia Minor was the home of these multifarious sects, which guaranteed the separate existence of the tribes which belonged to them and regarded themselves as the "faithful" in opposition to the state Church.
		Leo III, the Syrian (717-41), who saved Byzantium from the Arabian peril, repulsed the last serious attack of the Arabs on the capital (September, 717, to August, 718), by his reforms made the empire superior to its foes, and brought the views of these sectaries into the policy of the Byzantine empire.
		Byzantium also reaped great advantage from the establishment of the principalities of the crusaders in Syria.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/03096a.htm (16914 words)

	Angeliki A. Laiou - Byzantium and the West
		Byzantium was the most powerful Christian state until the late eleventh century, and thus in a sense still functioned as the protector of Christendom and was so perceived.
		They would agree that Byzantium in the seventh century saw a change that had similarities with that of Western Europe from the fifth to the eighth centuries, during which the population of Western Europe declined, cities disappeared, and the role of agriculture in the economy became more pronounced.
		The affair was to culminate with the entrance of the emperor and the sultan in the church of Haghia Sophia.
	www.myriobiblos.gr /texts/english/laiou_byzwest.html (4760 words)

	BYZANTIUM
		This exhibition celebrates the University of Michigan's long involvement in the recovery of the material culture of Byzantium, by highlighting the University's collections of artifacts and the University's participation in the expeditions undertaken to document and retrieve those artifacts.
		Byzantine coinage was strictly controlled by the government, produced at mints under imperial control.
		Constantine reformed the Roman coinage system, in response to inflation (reflected in the debasement of metals used in coinage), introducing the solidus (called nomisma in later Byzantine times; known in the medieval western world as the "bezant") and its fractional denominations.
	www.umich.edu /~kelseydb/Exhibits/Byzantium/byzantium.html (4292 words)

	Perspectives in Numismatics - Eight Hundred Years of Roman Coinage
		These were to remain the basic denominations of the Republican bronze coinage, though with inflation and the reduction of the weight standard multiples of the as were occasionally to appear, such as the decussis (ten asses), the quincussis (five asses), the tressis (three asses), and the dupondius (two asses).
		Sulla also produced a gold coinage, and his aureus denarius was the forerunner of the denomination which was to occupy such an important place in the Roman Imperial monetary system.
		Commodus' coinage (A.D. 177-192), especially that produced towards the end of his reign, increasingly reflects the megalomaniac tendencies of this unworthy son of a noble father.
	www.chicagocoinclub.org /projects/PiN/rc.html (7272 words)

	[No title]
		Gold Denominations: Gold coinage was the economic lifeblood of the Byzantine Empire and was produced in large numbers to a high standard and quality for as long as the Byzantines had a source of gold bullion.
		Bronze coinage was the medium which allowed these humble transactions to occur at a time when most of the world relied on barter for small transactions.
		Byzantine gold coinage was suspended during the 14th century after a series of debasements, and the Byzantine Empire ended its long numismatic history with a modest silver and bronze coinage.
	americanhistory.si.edu /collections/numismatics/byzant/denom.htm (653 words)

	CoinArchives.com Search Results
		The Later Roman Empire, Byzantium and the Successo Pulcheria Estimate: CHF 3'500.00 Aelia Pulcheria, Sister of Theodosius II and Wife of Marcian, Augusta 414-453.
		The Later Roman Empire, Byzantium and the Successo Childeric II Estimate: CHF 3'500.00 Childeric II, King of the Franks in Austrasia, 662-675.
		Kingdom of Thrace, Lysimachos, AV Stater, 8.23g., Byzantium, head of Alexander the Great right, with horn of Ammon, rev. baØiËeÙØ ËyØimaxoy, Athena enthroned left, holding Nike and leaning left elbow on shield at her side, behind her rests spear, monogram in left field, by on throne,...
	www.coinarchives.com /a/results.php?results=100&search=Byzantium (2608 words)

	Detail Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		It is not possible to examine here every aspect of Roman coinage, but a general analysis will examine the place of the coins in Roman history, their types and the Roman mints.
		Coinage, once depicting Roma and a sturdy ship, now displayed references to personal achievements, as in the case of Pompey the Great, or portraits of leaders, as in the case of Julius Caesar.
		Knowledge of late 3rd century coinage is very limited because of the chaos of the era.
	www.fofweb.com /Onfiles/Ancient/AncientDetail.asp?iPin=ROME0392 (2117 words)

	Ancient coinage of Thrace
		The autonomous coinage of Maroneia ceased when it fell under the dominion of Philip of Macedon, but the town appears to have remained a place of mintage under Philip, Alexander, Philip Aridaeus, Lysimachus, andc.
		Byzantium was originally a Megarian colony with an Argive element, to the influence of which latter the worship of Hera and the intro- duction of the myth of Io are perhaps to be ascribed.
		, 1898, 210) as the coinage of the Pontic Apollonia (cf.
	www.snible.org /coins/hn/thrace.html (8518 words)

	Vikings in Norway make their own Coins
		As king of Norway (1047 - 1066) Harald Hardråde is responsible of an extensive coinage.
		It is this coinage which in the Sagas is referred to as Haraldsslætten.
		During the intense striking of the inferior coins from the Haraldsslætten inflation the coin-images are being altered and "barbarized".
	www.viking.no /e/heritage/en-money.htm (760 words)

	ACCLA - XII Caesars - Emperor Domitian by Mark Westerline
		The scale of his local coinage is considered to be found in similar numbers as that of Nero who reigned for fourteen years.
		Also among the local coinage, Domitian’s reign was thought to be the first to introduce the anonymous quadrans which endured to the time of Antoninus Pius.
		While examples of his wife Domitia are harder to find in the local coinage of the empire, you will probably have an easier time picking up a provincial example with her portrait.
	www.accla.org /actaaccla/domitian.html (1307 words)

	Byzantine Coins 950 - 1204AD
		This paper will review the evolution of the main types of Byzantine coinage in the Middle Byzantine era (the core period of the New Varangian Guard), and ends with some notes on collecting these coins.
		The silver content of the billon aspron trachy fell from ~7% to zero, and its value to 184 to the hyperpyron, by the end of the twelfth century.
		Despite this, the Alexian reform coinage continued in use in the Byzantine successor states, as well as in the Latin Empire, well after 1204.
	members.ozemail.com.au /~chrisandpeter/coins/coins.html (976 words)

	The Coinage of Malta pre Knights of Malta
		The authority of minting gold and silver coins was vested in the Emperor while the Senate had the privilege of minting "Aes" coinage (copper, bronze and brass) which therefore was marked S C (Senatus Consulto).
		Like the gold coin, the silver coinage was debased considerably during the course of the first three centuries of the Empire.
		The base metal coinage (bronze, copper, brass and compounds of base metals) issued under the Empire included the sestcrius (4 AS), dupondius (2 AS), AS, semis(1/2 AS) and the quadrans (1/4 AS).
	coins.mos.net.au /preKoM.htm (2420 words)

	Ikons - Windows into Heaven - The Twilight of Byzantium
		In spite of the wretched circumstances of the Imperial Government, private aristocratic families of Byzantium were still extremely wealthy and continued to build fabulous palaces and establish glittering churches - although on a reduced scale in comparison to their ancestors.
		The second ikon on the left is from the apse in the side chapel of the Church of St. Savior in Chora in Istanbul, which was rebuilt and redecorated by a erudite and highly cultured high official of the Byzantine Court, Theodore Metochites, around 1300.
		After the initial euphoria of the recapture of Constantinople, Byzantium was soon torn apart by domestic divisions and civil wars.
	www.pallasweb.com /ikons/twilight.html (1536 words)

	SparkNotes: High Middle Ages (1000-1200): Byzantium Triumphant, Byzantium Faltering: 960-1071
		The century from the definitive capture of Crete (960) to the defeat by the Seljuk Turks at Manzikert (1071) illustrates the glorious apogee and beginning of decline of the Byzantine state.
		Up to the 920s, Byzantium was served by excellent generals and warrior emperors.
		Byzantium had seemed a self-sustaining entity beginning in the late 700s.
	www.sparknotes.com /history/european/middle2/section2.rhtml (3755 words)

	The Glory of Byzantium \| Publications for Educators \| Explore & Learn \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		In Byzantium this term referred specifically to the Eucharistic rite, often called the Divine Liturgy, of which there were two Constantinopolitan formulasÑone ascribed to John Chrysostom, the other to Basil the Great.
		A long scarf, especially the jeweled one worn on festive occasions by the emperor or empress and, rarely, by certain dignitaries; archangels attending Christ are often shown wearing loroi.
		By legend this image was supposed to have come from Palestine, where it came to be the image of choice in Byzantium's most elite circles.
	www.metmuseum.org /explore/Byzantium/glossary.html (1451 words)

	Telegraph \| News \| Professor Philip Grierson
		Grierson's teaching career was that of a general historian of medieval Europe, in particular the Carolingian Empire, though it was as a numismatist and expert on medieval coinage that he was most renowned.
		Grierson showed that the Caliph's reforms caused a shift in the relative values of gold and silver at the turn of the 7th and 8th centuries, leading to a flight of silver to the West and gold to the East.
		The main centre of Grierson's work as a numismatist lay in the coinage of Byzantium and the West and its historical context from the 4th to the 15th centuries, though he ranged further afield into Roman coinage and counterfeiting.
	www.telegraph.co.uk /news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/01/20/db2001.xml&sSheet=/portal/2006/01/20/ixportal.html (790 words)

	Coins - Old And Sold Antiques Auction & Marketplace
		The Goths drove Constantine to Byzantium and her gold solidus and copper follis spread over Eurasia with monks, traders and travelers.
		Russia and the Balkans patterned their coinage after Byzantium's, and even far off England copied the gold solidus called byzant for Byzantium.
		England's King Edward III adopted gold coinage and struck gold nobles with French arms and fleur-de-lis, backing up his claim to the French throne.
	www.oldandsold.com /articles01/article755.shtml (1482 words)

	Fools' Gold
		Byzantium’s relatively stable coinage was a function of its relatively stable society maintained by a severe autocracy.
		Its relatively stable society was not a function of its coinage; its relatively stable coinage was a function of its relatively stable society.
		The first central bank of the U. was charted in 1791, and the Coinage Act of 1792 which limited coinage to the haphazard appearance of gold and silver owners at the mint forced seekers of money to use bank credit or debt financing.
	landru.i-link-2.net /monques/goldx2.html (4178 words)

	All Empires History Forum: Continuity from the Roman Empire to Byzantium
		If we can agree for the moment that Byzantium was the heir of the Roman Empire in terms of the imperial tradition of government, then I would like to discuss the other characteristics that Byzantium inherited from Roman civilization.
		One thing I differentiate on is that Byzantium saw a revival, renewal and change for a period of about 4 centuries which defies all the stereotypes that negative historians have applied to it.
		The Prefect in Byzantium was an official who watched over and regulated the economic activity of Constantinople and other big cities in the Empire.
	www.allempires.com /forum/forum_posts.asp?TID=5372&PN=1 (2290 words)

	Ancient coinage of Boeotia
		In Boeotia, as in Phocis, the commencement of the coinage may be placed about the middle of the sixth century B.C. The most striking characteristic of the money of Boeotia is that it is in great part a Federal currency.
		This federal coinage superseded the issues of the separate members of the Boeotian league.
		From the date of the restoration of Thebes (B.C. 315) there is another interval in the coinage of Thespiae, and it does not begin again until after B.C. 146, when the Romans appear to have restored to many Greek cities the right of coining bronze (cf.
	www.snible.org /coins/hn/boeotia.html (2809 words)

	Larry Gaye Interview Dec 03
		Byzantine coinage is an area of real opportunity for the collector so inclined.
		It was the coinage of the common man and used extensively in everyday commerce.
		The birth of Condors and other English tokens in some ways are a parallel to the coinage of Byzantium in that they were both money of necessity.
	www.unsogno.net /conders/larrygayedec03.htm (1897 words)

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