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Topic: Collateral ganglia

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	Autonomic Nervous System
		Postganglionic neurons are located within the sympathetic chain ganglia or in collateral ganglia outside of the sympathetic trunk.
		Postganglionic fibers leave the sympathetic trunk through the gray rami and pass through the spinal nerve again before terminating on the effector organ.
		Pass through the sympathetic trunk without synapsing and synapse with a collateral ganglion outside the sympathetic trunk...
	www.ivcc.edu /caley/107/Lectures_Unit_3/ans.html (393 words)

	Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human Body. Page 976
		From the celiac and superior mesenteric ganglia postganglionic fibers (inhibitory) are distributed to the stomach, the small intestine and most of the large intestine.
		The central ganglia are arranged in two vertical rows, one on either side of the middle line, situated partly in front and partly at the sides of the vertebral column.
		In the neck the ganglia lie in front of the transverse processes of the vertebræ; in the thoracic region in front of the heads of the ribs; in the lumbar region on the sides of the vertebral bodies; and in the sacral region in front of the sacrum.
	www.bartleby.com /107/pages/page976.html (651 words)

	Early American Manual Therapy
		There is a long chain of such ganglia situated on each side of the vertebral column, known as the lateral chain of sympathetic ganglia, and extending from the first cervical to the last sacral vertebra.
		It is easy to note the large cords, the ganglia and the invertebral plexuses of the sympathetic system, to note their distribution and the relations of the ganglia to the viscera in spare subjects hardened by alcohol.
		From this lateral chain of ganglia nerves pass onward to a second chain of ganglia, known as the prevertebral or collateral ganglia, i.
	www.meridianinstitute.com /eamt/files/robinson/Rob1ch16.htm (3458 words)

	Dorlands Medical Dictionary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Bidder's ganglia ganglia on the cardiac nerves, situated at the lower end of the atrial septum.
		cerebrospinal ganglia the ganglia associated with the cranial and spinal nerves.
		gan´glia plex´uum autonomico´rum ganglia of autonomic plexuses: groups of nerve cell bodies found in the autonomic plexuses, composed primarily of sympathetic postganglionic neurons; called also ganglia of visceral plexuses.
	www.mercksource.com /pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands.jspzQzpgzEzzSzppdocszSzuszSzcommonzSzdorlandszSzdorlandzSzdmd_g_02zPzhtm (3404 words)

	Ganglionitis -- Recommendations and Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system deliver information to the body about stress and impending danger, and evokes the familiar fight-or-flight response when activated.
		Neurons of the collateral ganglia, also called the prevertebral ganglia, receive input from the splanchnic nerves and innervate organs of the abdominal and pelvic region.
		Terminal ganglia, or intramural ganglia, are so named because of their close proximity to effector organs and glands.
	www.becomingapediatrician.com /health/61/ganglionitis.html (827 words)

	PSM11N
		3. The postganglionic fibers arise from vertebral chain ganglia (located in chains next to the vertebral column in the sympathetic and lumbar regions) and from the collateral ganglia located in front of the vertebrae and close to major branches of the abdominal aorta.
		In the collateral ganglion the preganglionic fiber synapses with the postganglionic fiber.
		The preganglionic fibers end in terminal ganglia which are located very close to the target organ and sometimes in the wall of the target organ.
	www.accd.edu /sac/biology/ratorres/printouts/psm11n.htm (1847 words)

	Collateral Ganglia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Collateral ganglia aka prevertebral ganglia are located below the diaphragm.
		The celiac ganglion is located in the celiac plexus; this is the only prevertebral ganglion we will study in detail.
		Postganglionic, sympathetic axons from collateral ganglia synapse with smooth muscle in the walls of abdominal and some pelvic viscera.
	ext.sac.edu /faculty_staff/mansfield_patricia/7sympcollat.html (49 words)

	Peripheral nervous system (Anatomy 350A at UWO)
		The ganglia of the sympathetic system are the chains of paravertebral ganglia that lie on the lateral aspects of the bodies of the vertebrae, and also the preaortic or collateral ganglia associated with the branches of the aorta that supply abdominal organs.
		Parasympathetic ganglia are found in the head, connected with certain cranial nerves, and associated with the walls of thoracic and pelvic viscera.
		Of the vagal fibers that enter the abdomen, a majority end in enteric ganglia of the stomach, and the integrity of this preganglionic supply is essential for acid secretion and for opening of the pyloric sphincter.
	publish.uwo.ca /~jkiernan/pns350.htm (2251 words)

	ThoraColumbar Back Support
		These ganglia are connected with the central nervous system by three groups of sympathetic efferent or preganglionic fibers, i.
		The Thoracolumbar Sympathetics—The thoracolumbar sympathetic fibers arise from the dorso-lateral region of the anterior column of the gray matter of the spinal cord and pass with the anterior roots of all the thoracic and the upper two or three lumbar spinal nerves.
		Postganglionic fibers arise in these ganglia, pass through gray rami communicantes to all the spinal nerves, and are distributed with their cutaneous branches, ultimately leaving these branches to join the small arteries.
	leedergroup.com /products/thoracolumbar-back-support (300 words)

	Glossary.4. ganglion to hernia, hamstring to hip joint
		Ex.: the chain of ganglia that form the main sympathetic trunks; the dorsal root ganglion of a spinal nerve.
		One of the ganglia usually occurring in fours in the lumbar portion of the sympathetic trunk.
		One of 11 or 12 ganglia of the thoracic area of the sympathetic trunk.
	www.kneelsit.com /glossary/glossary4.html (1688 words)

	ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY I
		Sympathetic ganglia contribute agray ramus to every spinal nerve and to regions innervated by cranial nerves.
		The viscera are innervated by the sympathetic neurons of collateral ganglia.
		The sympathetic division has a segmentally arranged chain of sympathetic ganglia, regionally organized collateral ganglia, short preganglionic and long postganglionic fibers, and shows considerable divergence when activated.
	members.tripod.com /~rmoskowitz/autonomic.html (761 words)

	[No title]
		These ganglia are "hooked up" to the spinal cord via the sympathetic trunk and its connections to the spinal cord.
		Within the prevertebral (collateral) ganglion, the preganglionic fiber synapses with its postganglionic, and then the postganglionic goes from the prevertebral (collateral) ganglion to the effector.
		In terms of the four cranial nerves involved in the parasympathetic division, the oculomotor, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves synapse in one of the four named ganglia of the head (ciliary, pterygopalatine aka sphenopalatine, submandibular, and otic) and control visceral (involuntary) structures in the head, while the vagus continues inferiorly to innervate thoracic and abdominal viscera.
	inside.msj.edu /academics/faculty/murraye/ch16-martini.htm (3274 words)

	Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human Body. Page 974
		Sympathetic connections of the submaxillary and superior cervical ganglia.
		The Thoracolumbar Sympathetics—The thoracolumbar sympathetic fibers arise from the dorso-lateral region of the anterior column of the gray matter of the spinal cord and pass with the anterior roots of all the thoracic and the upper two or three lumbar spinal nerves.
		These preganglionic fibers enter the white rami communicantes and proceed to the sympathetic trunk where many of them end in its ganglia, others pass to the prevertebral plexuses and terminate in its collateral ganglia.
	www.bartleby.com /107/pages/page974.html (230 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Autonomic motor neurons synapse in ganglia (do SNS neurons?) >>>the Pre-ganglionic neuron originates in the brain or spinal cord >>>the Ganglionic neuron has its cell body in a ganglion, and there it synapses with the axon terminals of the Pre-ganglionic neuron.
		Collateral ganglia- unpaired, located anterior to the vertebral column >>>c.
		Autonomic motor neurons synapse in ganglia (do SNS neurons?)-ÿ¸(0 -(jw >>>the Pre(j~-)ganglionic neu(j÷ron originates in the brain or spinal cord-ÿ¸(jÜ -(¥wG>>>the Ganglionic neuron has its cell body in a ganglion, and there it ;+synapses with the axon terminals of the Pre(à¦-)ganglionic neuron.
	northonline.sccd.ctc.edu /tstilson/PhysANS.doc (1757 words)

	abdomen and lower limb
		The postsynaptic neurons in the collateral ganglia send their axons along blood vessels to the smooth muscle and glands of the viscera.
		This collateral route is between branches of the femoral artery (the continuation of the external iliac artery) and branches of the internal iliac artery.
		Identify the fibular and tibial collateral ligaments (Netter, Plate 472), the medial and lateral menisci (Netter, Plate 474) and the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments (Netter, Plates 474-475).
	www2.hawaii.edu /~rosenhei/abdomen.html (14689 words)

	The Nervous System
		Protocerebrum: The first pair of ganglia are largely associated with vision; they innervate the compound eyes and ocelli.
		Tritocerebrum: The third pair of ganglia innervate the labrum and integrate sensory inputs from proto- and deutocerebrums.
		In the thorax, three pairs of thoracic ganglia (sometimes fused) control locomotion by innervating the legs and wings.
	www.cals.ncsu.edu /course/ent425/tutorial/nerves.html (1007 words)

	Sympathetic Innervation of Viscera (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Rather, the arise directly from the ganglia of the trunk, course throught the body cavity and synapse with the effector.
		All abdominal viscera are supplied by the prevertebral, aka collateral ganglia.
		Preganglionic axons originating in the thoracic spinal cord pass through the sympathetic chain ganglia without synapsing, and enter a splanchnic (visceral) nerve called the "Greater Splanchnic Nerve".
	ext.sac.edu /faculty_staff/mansfield_patricia/7symporgan.html (135 words)

	Physiology Lectures 2/10/99 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Are all B fibers (lightly myelinated) and pass through the white rami to the sympathetic ganglia.
		Pass through the paravertebral ganglia, join to form the splanchnic nerves, and end in the prevertebral (collateral) ganglia such as the celiac, mesenteric, and renal.
		Efferent neuron - Postganglionic cells are C fibers (unmyelinated) and extend axons from the somas in the para- or pre- vertebral ganglia to the effector organs.
	www.spelman.edu /~biology/physiology/lectures/2_10.html (852 words)

	Autonomic Nervous System
		3 in cervical region-superior and middle cervical ganglia and stellate (inferior ganglion)
		Axons from ventral roots of spinal cord to sympathetic ganglia
		Sacral preganglionic fibers go out ventral root, down peripheral nerves, and synapse at terminal ganglia near or in organ innervated; post ganglionic fiber goes into organ.
	science.swu.edu /~wsinnamon/A&Pautonomic.htm (502 words)

	The Connections : tracing symptoms to organic diseases
		These fibers, which are integrated into the spino-olivocerebellar pathway, reach the cerebellum through the contralateral inferior cerebellar peduncle and are mostly concerned with the relay of flexor reflex stimuli.
		The lateral reticular nucleus of the medulla receives collateral branches from the spinothalamic tract, and the parvicellular reticular nucleus receives collateral fibers from visceral, auditory, vestibular, and trigeminal sensory pathways.
		From the lateral reticular nucleus, impulses are relayed to the cerebellum.
	www.neurokinesiology.org /The_Connections/tracing_symptoms_to_organic_diseases.html (2542 words)

	Parasympathetic Nervous System (PaNS) - DrMacDC.Com (MacDonald Chiropractic) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Some of the postganglionic neurones leave the ganglia via the paravertebral sympathetic chain from which they branch off to form various sympathetic nerves serving mainly blood vessels in the head, neck and thorax.
		Some preganglionic neurones do not end in the paravertebral sympathetic ganglia but pass through to further ganglia known as the collateral ganglia which are mainly located in the abdomen close to the aorta and it's major branches.
		Preganglionic neurones in the SyNS utilise the chemical acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter and are therefore known as cholinergic neurones.
	www.drmacdc.com /health/pans.html (1705 words)

	New Page
		In all cases, the fibers synapse on post-g cells, located in enteric ganglia, which then send a relatively short, non-myelinated fiber to the adjacent effector organ.
		Here, the two neuron arc is organized so that pre-g cells project a relatively long, myelinated axon, while the post-g cells lie close to or within the wall of the target viscus.
		Splanchnic nerves are composed of pre-g axons (having passed through their paravertebral g.), and connect the spinal segments directly with thoracic and lumbar prevertebral ganglia.
	www.med.howard.edu /anatomy/gas/wk5/default.html (1570 words)

	Sensory Physiology
		Preganglionic neurons emerge from thoracic and lumbar portions of spinal cord and travel to sympathetic ganglia.
		Some preganglionic neurons travel through sympathetic ganglia without synapsing, and then synapse in collateral ganglia to several postganglionic neurons that travel to effector organs.
		The preganglionic neurons are long and synapse onto postganglionic neurons in ganglia near effector organ.
	eee.uci.edu /clients/dgromis/muscles/sensoryphysiology.htm (819 words)

	Autonomics and Lymphatics of the Abdomen
		a sympathetic ganglion; usually 2 celiac ganglia are located on the abdominal aorta at the origin of the celiac trunk; brs.
		also known as: collateral ganglia, which include: celiac, aorticorenal, superior & inferior mesenteric; brs.
		to pre-aortic or prevertebral ganglia in abdomen; postganglionic processes from prevertebral ganglia supply smooth muscles of vessels; preganglionic fibers supply the adrenal medulla which releases epinephrine and norepinephrine
	anatomy.uams.edu /anatomyhtml/abdautonomics.html (1803 words)

	[No title]
		Somatic motor (somatic efferent) neurons have their cell bodies in the CNS in clusters of cell bodies (called nuclei) or in the ventral horn of the gray matter of the spinal cord.
		If the fibers are sympathetic, the post-ganglionic fibers are either in different levels of the sympathetic trunk or in collateral ganglia.
		Rule of thumb: all sympathetic ganglia have synapses (cervical, thoracic, lumbar ganglia of sympathetic trunk as well as the collateral sympathetic ganglia — celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, and aorticorenal ganglia).
	www.medstudent.ucla.edu /2002/Neuro1.doc (671 words)

	BIO 205 LECTURE REVIEW QUESTIONS - EXAM I - 1999 - L. BLEM
		Autonomic ganglia located on either side of the vertebral column from the base of the skull to the coccyx
		Its ganglia are near or within visceral effectors.
		Autonomic ganglia located on either side of the vertebral column are
	www.people.vcu.edu /~cblem/Test3-Leann.htm (2049 words)

	Univ of Michigan - Gross Anatomy - Nerves of the Abdomen
		a sympathetic ganglion; usually 2 celiac ganglia are located on the abdominal aorta at the origin of the celiac trunk; brs.
		also known as: collateral ganglia which include the celiac ganglion, aorticorenal ganglion, superior mesenteric ganglion and inferior mesenteric ganglion; preganglionic parasympathetic axons of vagal trunk origin pass through the preaortic ganglia but do not synapse there
		located lateral to the vertebral bodies in the neck, thorax & abdominopelvic cavity; the ganglia plus their interconnecting fibers are also known as the sympathetic trunk; preganglionic cell bodies are located in the intermediolateral gray matter of spinal cord levels T1-L2 vagus n.
	www.med.umich.edu /lrc/coursepages/m1/anatomy/html/anatomytables/nerves_abdomen.html (4630 words)

	UAMS Department of Anatomy - Nerves - Abdomen
		also known as: collateral ganglia which include the celiac ganglion, aorticorenal ganglion, superior mesenteric ganglion and inferior mesenteric ganglion; preganglionic parasympathetic axons of vagal trunk origin pass through the preaortic ganglia but do not synapse there
		a sympathetic ganglion; located on the abdominal aorta at the origin of the inferior mesenteric a.; may be a series of small, indistinguishable ganglia rather than a single large one
		located lateral to the vertebral bodies in the neck, thorax & abdominopelvic cavity; the ganglia plus their interconnecting fibers are also known as the sympathetic trunk; preganglionic cell bodies are located in the intermediolateral gray matter of spinal cord levels T1-L2 vagus n.
	anatomy.uams.edu /AnatomyHTML/nerves_abdomen.html (4572 words)

	Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic
		1.) may immediately synapse or ascend/descend within chain ganglia to synapse at higher or lower level.
		2.) may pass through chain ganglia and go to collateral ganglia (via splanchnic nerves) where they synapse.
		-cell bodies located in ganglia (chain ganglia or collateral ganglia) or in adrenal medulla where they synapse with neuroendocrine cells which then release epinephrine and norepinephrine (NE)
	www.harford.edu /faculty/WRappazzo/ANSsummarysheet.htm (300 words)

	Houston CC: Anatomy & Physiology \| Chapter Quiz
		Some sympathetic preganglionic axons pass through the chain ganglia and a collateral ganglion before synapsing with cells in the
		Collateral ganglia are associated with which of these nerves?
		The membranes of all postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia and the membranes of skeletal muscle cells have
	highered.mcgraw-hill.com /sites/bb72351136/student_view0/chapter16/chapter_quiz.html (587 words)

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