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Topic: Collective defense

In the News (Sat 28 Nov 09)

Northern Trust

Marvin Harrison

Peter Chernin

Gary Locke

Match Play

Penelope Cruz

Mickey Rourke

AR Rahman

Danny Boyle

Hugh Jackman

	Carbon Defense League [CDL]
		The artist collective Carbon Defense League (CDL), founded in 1998, has used strategies such as online map making, workshopping, storytelling, hacking children’s toys, re-labeling items on store shelves, and playing with the U.S. Presidential voting process, to create debate where it had previously been suppressed.
		We maintain no liability as individuals or as a collective for illegal use of information posted on Hactivist.com.
		Hactivist.com, the Carbon Defense League, and the Hactivist Media Label are all forms of cultural criticism and satire.
	www.carbondefense.org (443 words)

	[No title]
		NATO as a Collective Defense System At its founding, the most prominent aspect of the Treaty was its requirement for individual and collective actions for defense against armed attack.
		If NATO succeeds, the defense cooperation relationship with Russia, which began with military cooperation in Bosnia and now is developing in the framework of the Russia-NATO Founding Act, could leap-frog over the arms control accords that were designed during the Cold War to regulate relationships between parties which otherwise were in conflict with one another.
		In sum, the collective defense commitment in the North Atlantic Treaty is an obligation taken on by all members, even though Article V leaves much room for nations to decide collectively and individually what to do under any given crisis scenario.
	countingcalifornia.cdlib.org /crs/ascii/97-708 (2786 words)

	The Members (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Additionally, the social defense is a wish to explore and control the world, as a means of obtaining libidinal satisfaction from the object, or as a signal, to communicate to the object that the object has failed to respond to the subject’s unconscious wishes.
		The social defenses are internalized by the entrant, and these defenses and their resulting behaviors overpower the already weakened professional ego ideal which is unable to contain the affects precipitated by the experiences of the entry and the work and the pressure of colleagues.
		In the organization, varieties of psychic defenses are externalized through the interplay of conscious and unconscious affects, and a collusion is created where members consciously or unconsciously identify with affects and internalize the potential of a collective defense.
	www.sba.oakland.edu /ispso/html/MCCzander.htm (6853 words)

	Defense, by Benjamin Zycher: The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics: Library of Economics and Liberty
		In the area of defense, political processes are more likely to achieve the optimal amount of spending if each person pays taxes in proportion to the value he or she derives from the defense services provided.
		For example, U.S. defense spending in the mid-1980s was roughly 60 percent of the NATO total, while the United States provided about 46 percent of the main battle tanks and about 40 percent of the division-equivalent firepower.
		Furthermore, citizens of one nation may value the collective defensive effort less or more than citizens of another nation, and also may have different perceptions of how serious the threat is. That was the case in NATO for many years, as the United States and West Germany perceived a substantially greater threat than did Greece.
	www.econlib.org /library/Enc/Defense.html (2846 words)

	U.S. Institute of Peace Peace Watch - August 1997
		NATO was originally formed under a collective defense agreement to protect member states from an attack by a known outside power--the Soviet Union.
		The NATO collective defense treaty states that an attack on one member is considered an attack on all members.
		Ironically, however, while NATO is stressing its collective security roles in hopes of mollifying Russia, prospective new members are stressing their interest in NATO's collective defense function for protection against Russia.
	www.usip.org /peacewatch/1997/897/profile.html (751 words)

	Collective Punishment Isn't Self-Defense
		Convinced that collective punishment was failing because it wasn't severe enough, the führer issued a September 1941 order to use "the harshest measures" against civilians in areas where the Resistance was active.
		Arguing that "only the [collective] death penalty can be a real means of deterrence," Hitler ordered that 50 civilians be executed for each German soldier killed.
		Israeli Defense Forces, which subject centers of Palestinian resistance in the occupied West Bank to curfews and encirclement by barbed-wire fences, taught their techniques to U.S. occupation troops in Iraq.
	www.informationclearinghouse.info /article14122.htm (865 words)

	[MLTC] MEDS NC Document
		Legal defense of conservation easements, a powerful tool in land conservation, has become a major concern due to development pressures and in certain respects due to the initial acquisitional mind set of the movement throughout the 1980's and most of the 1990's.
		Furthermore, any type of collective action which may need to be taken for defensibility of easements, such as creation of new insurance vehicles, would become far more feasible as the resources of the land trust community as a whole grow.
		The key to this research and to the question of collective legal defense of conservation easements is of course, collective action.
	www.massland.org /pages/info/meds2.htm (6056 words)

	PARAMETERS, US Army War College Quarterly - Winter 1998
		Collective security, as an alternative to alliance, posits the notion that each state shares responsibility for each other state's security.[1] All are supposed to act together and take joint action against any aggressive behavior by any other members.
		The collective interests of all states ought to be protected against the narrow self-interests of one.
		There is a real danger of the traditional collective defense function of a zone of peace in West Europe being undermined and obscured by the lack of strategic focus and convoluted decisionmaking machinery.
	carlisle-www.army.mil /usawc/Parameters/98winter/wyllie.htm (4974 words)

	Collective security - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Collective Security is a system aspiring to the maintenance of peace, in which participants agree that any "breach of the peace is to be declared to be of concern to all the participating states,"
		The lines between what is considered "collective defense" and "collective security" have been blurred.
		The term "collective security" has also been cited as a principle of the United Nations, and the League of Nations before that.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Collective_security (589 words)

	History
		The Inter-American Defense Board has proved to be a valuable agency for the exchange of views, the study of problems and the formulation of recommendations relating to the defense of the Hemisphere, and for the promotion of close collaboration on the part of the military, naval and air forces of the American Republics.
		The activities of the Inter-American Defense Board may be classified in three categories: those deriving from the function of preparing a legitimate defense against eventual aggressions from outside the hemisphere and the activities of military cooperation advisory services; activities requested by organs of the Organization, and those which are referred to it by individual states.
		The Inter-American Defense Board is a permanent military planning organ for the defense of the Continent that has no organic relationship with the Organization of American States and its component parts, and is directly linked with the American Governments.
	www.jid.org /en/about/history.html (3052 words)

	NATO, the UN, and the Use of Force - Ivo H. Daalder (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Some members continue to view NATO as primarily an alliance of collective defense whose main purpose is to provide a hedge against a militarily vengeful Russia that may emerge out of the political and economic chaos that marks present-day Russia.
		They argue that while the ability to conduct high-intensity combat operations must be retained (for the residual case of collective defense), the emphasis of NATO force planning and restructuring must be on strengthening the ability to conduct peace support missions in an era marked by extensive civilian-military cooperation.
		Regional collective defense missions in NATO’s southeastern (and perhaps its eastern) region, where the possibility of direct attack or the escalation of conflict, though not immediate, is not unrealistic.
	www.brook.edu /views/articles/daalder/1999UNA.htm (7044 words)

	The Second Amendment Protects an Individual Right (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The right to self- (and collective) defense does not originate with, nor is it dependent upon, the Second Amendment.
		Collectives may only exercise powers, and no more powers than the individuals who compose them possess, because the source of their power is the individual.
		To argue that a collective may exercise a power which an individual may not, or which an individual does not possess, is, therefore, absurd.
	www.fff.org /freedom/0101f.asp (1206 words)

	Collective Security (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Collective security is one type of coalition building strategy in which a group of nations agree not to attack each other and to defend each other against an attack from one of the others, if such an attack is made.
		The principal is that "an attack against one, is an attack against all." It differs from "collective defense" which is a coalition of nations which agree to defend its own group against outside attacks.
		Proponents of collective security say it is a much more effective approach to security than individual countries trying to act alone, as weaker countries cannot possibly defend themselves, and countries that try often become involved in never-ending arms races which actually detract from, rather than enhance, their security over the long term.
	www.colorado.edu /conflict/peace/treatment/collsec.htm (451 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The mutual defense commitment contained in the NATO treaty's Article 5 will likely remain limited by the geographic description of its coverage in Article 6, but there is nothing in the treaty that geographically constrains non-Article 5 military cooperation.
		Collective defense remains at the core of the U.S. and allied commitments to the alliance.
		Such a posture will help the allies make a more effective allocation of limited defense resources while reassuring Russia and other nonmember countries that their interests will not be threatened and, in fact, will be reinforced by defense cooperation that develops around the nucleus of NATO member states.
	www.ndu.edu /inss/McNair/mcnair46/m046ch05.html (3914 words)

	Colonel David Hackworth RIP and Observations on Collective Defense
		I think that the militia style of defense and emergency response is the only form of military organization that is compatible with the existence of individual freedom and life in a liberty-based society.
		I believe as a matter of philosophical principle that voluntary defense is the only morally just form of military organization.
		If people are unwilling to defend their homes and families against foreign aggression, criminals, bandits, or natural disasters, then they have decided that what they have is not worth defending.
	www.strike-the-root.com /51/massoud/massoud11.html (923 words)

	USIA -- NATO: Article V and Collective Defense
		First, U.S. contributions to collective defense "must supplement, rather than replace, the efforts of the other participants on their behalf." This condition, frequently noted in Senate debate in succeeding years, meant that allies must contribute significant forces to their own defense, so that the United States would not bear the brunt of the burden.
		NATO remains an organization geared for collective defense, and leaders of NATO states point out that the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) serves the purpose of collective security through such actions as monitoring human rights, arbitrating conflicts, and overseeing elections in selective member states.
		At the same time, the important difference from the era of "collective security" between the World Wars is that the United States is clearly engaged in Europe as NATO's leader, and maintains the capacity to deter or defeat an adversary that threatens an ally's survival.
	www.fas.org /man/crs/97-717f.htm (2171 words)

	NATO Moving From Collective Defense to Collective Security
		NATO is moving from the principle of collective defense to the principle of collective security, the alliance's top general said here today.
		He said that the alliance has moved away from reactive defensive missions that characterized the organization in the 20th century to building capabilities that can take on asymmetric threats.
		Jones said there is no question that the alliance and the nations of the alliance are under pressure and attack from radical fundamentalist movements.
	www.blackanthem.com /World/military_2005102106.html (621 words)

	Invincible Defense Technology Command Center
		This phenomenon of removing collective stress and increasing positive trends in society through these techniques of consciousness is known as the "Maharishi Effect" and might be used by the military to avert the rise of enemies and prevent hostilities.
		Its purpose was to ascertain whether collective practice of the TM and TM-Sidhi programs by such experts would alter psychological indicators of stress in employees of a nearby police department who were not practicing the technologies and were blind to the purpose of the study.
		The build-up of collective societal stress, postulated to be the root cause of adversarial relationships ultimately leading to conflict and war, is prevented.
	www.davidleffler.com /doctoraldissertation.html (13079 words)

	Support for the Measures of Individual and Collective Self-Defense
		NOTING the measures taken by the United States of America and other states, individually and collectively, in the exercise of their right of self-defense, in accordance with the OAS Charter, the Rio Treaty, and the Charter of the United Nations; and
		That the measures being applied by the United States of America and other states in the exercise of their inherent right of individual and collective self-defense have the full support of the states parties to the Rio Treaty.
		That the states parties to the Rio Treaty reiterate their willingness to provide additional assistance and support to the United States and to one another, as appropriate, taking into consideration all the provisions of the Rio Treaty, in connection with the attacks of September 11 and to prevent future armed attacks by terrorists.
	www.state.gov /s/ct/rls/other/65903.htm (416 words)

	Estonian President defends collective defense
		Speaking at higher state defense courses on Nov. 7, Estonian President Toomas Hendrik Ilves said collective defense was the cornerstone of the Estonian state defense system.
		Ilves added that collective defense did not mean that Estonia could be absent or passive and still hope that Estonia's allies would save them from the worst in the event of trouble.
		When accepting the sword the president pledged to act in a way that ensures Estonia's national defense would be continuously in good form and that there would be no need to defend our state with arms in hand.
	www.baltictimes.com /news/articles/16757 (611 words)

	Archive \| April 1999 \| NATO: Beyond collective defense - Part 2
		Crystal clear proof that there is a "famine [of legitimate choices] in the land." But then, the coming forth of NATO, as a bulwark against the designs of the evil empire and its Soviet master, was a false alternative from the start, leaving any position shy of a call for its abolition, wanting.
		Truman informed Congress: "The rearmament of the Allies must be planned, not wholly or even primarily to fight a major defensive war against the Soviet Union...but to deal effectively with the possibility of a series of limited wars, such as that in Korea, on a continuing basis.
		"A cooperative approach to the cost of defense;" an effort to "maintain and improve standards of living;" an effort to "provide essential assistance to other (non-NATO) free nations of the world in their development;" indeed, the mission of NATO, said he, was "to advance the welfare" of the entire human race.
	www.enterstageright.com /archive/articles/0499nato2.htm (1494 words)

	USIA Text: Final Communique of NATO Defense Ministers, 96-12-17
		The Defense Planning Committee and the Nuclear Planning Group of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization met in Ministerial session in Brussels on 17th December.
		As part of our regular review of our defense effort we have reviewed national defense plans for 1997-2001 and beyond and have adopted a five- year force plan aimed at the continuing adaptation of our defense plans to match the new security situation.
		To safeguard the Alliance's ability to perform the full range of its missions, we underlined at our meeting in June the importance of developing capabilities for countering the risks stemming from the proliferation of nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons and their means of delivery.
	www.hri.org /news/usa/usia/1996/96-12-17_1.usia.html (1464 words)

	U.S. wanted Japan in 1950s to use collective self-defense Japan Policy & Politics - Find Articles
		In the DMA talks, U.S. negotiators argued that the concept of the right to collective self-defense is outlined in the U.N. Charter and that the U.S. will provide military assistance to get Japan to exercise this right as a sovereign state.
		The Japanese negotiators in turn argued that increasing their country's defense capability quickly and exercising its right to collective defense would require revisions to the Constitution and the government would face strong challenge from opposition parties in parliament.
		The Japanese team also repeatedly asked that the agreement clearly indicate that Japan's economic stability is a premise to developing its defense capability because it has ''serious attachment'' to the policy of placing priority on economic stability.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0XPQ/is_2003_Dec_29/ai_111697620 (633 words)

	DPJ argues for collective self-defense : National : DAILY YOMIURI ONLINE (The Daily Yomiuri) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		In a break with the government over its interpretation of the country's constitutional right to exercise self-defense, the Democratic Party of Japan proposes allowing for the right to collective self-defense under limited circumstances, according to a copy of the opposition party's policy draft obtained by The Yomiuri Shimbun.
		The draft was compiled by the DPJ's policy-setting committee, chaired by Vice President Hirotaka Akamatsu, and is broadly in keeping with the so-called Ozawa Vision--a policy platform presented by President Ichiro Ozawa during September's party leadership election.
		Although allowing for collective self-defense under some circumstances, the DPJ draft does state that action should only be tolerated if the threat to its territory is direct, imminent and unjust.
	www.yomiuri.co.jp /dy/national/20061120TDY02004.htm (289 words)

	NATO Council Reaffirms Collective Defense Role in Europe and Beyond
		Our 26 nations are united in democracy, individual liberty and the rule of law, and faithful to the purposes and principles of the United Nations Charter.
		Inspired by the common vision embodied in the Washington Treaty, we remain fully committed to the collective defence of our populations, territory and forces.
		We have accordingly agreed today an enhanced set of measures to strengthen our individual and collective contribution to the international community's fight against terrorism, including the need to prevent WMD from being acquired by terrorists.
	www.iwar.org.uk /news-archive/2004/06-28-4.htm (5341 words)

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