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Chapter IV Dose estimates - Chernobyl: Assessment of Radiological and Health Impact The collective dose was assessed to be 1 300 person-Sv. The estimates of collective doses for the populations that were evacuated in 1986 from the contaminated areas of Belarus, Russia and Ukraine was about 3 800 man Sv for effective dose and 25 000 man Gy for thyroid doses (UN00). For the total population of Belarus, the average dose to the thyroid is 0.9 to 1 Gy for 0-7-year-old children and 0.3 Gy for the total population giving collective doses of 34 000 and 134 000 man Gy respectively. www.nea.fr /html/rp/chernobyl/c04.html   (4548 words)

Dose Definition   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30) Collective dose is a measure of the total amount of radiation exposure to everyone affected by an activity. Collective dose is usually measured in units of person-rem or person-Sieverts. Another example of collective dose is to say that the U.S. population receives about 81 million person-rem from natural background radiation because about 270 million people receive an average annual exposure of about 300 mrem each from natural sources. hps.org /publicinformation/ate/q525.html   (628 words)

[No title] Reconstruction of thyroid doses for the residents of the Bryansk region not subject to measurements It can be shown that the integral Qth of the activity absorbed by the thyroid and the internal dose Dth due to this intake are proportional. Collective thyroid doses for the population of the Bryansk region For estimation of collective external and internal whole-body doses and internal thyroid exposure for residents of the Bryansk region we used the following data and assumptions: the number of residents in the settlements of the region by data of the 1989 census. The results of reconstruction of absorbed thyroid internal dose for all population points of the Bryansk region were used as the basis for the analysis of radiation risks and dose response of thyroid cancer incidence rate among children and adolescents at the time of the Chernobyl accident. phys4.harvard.edu /~wilson/radiation/rr11-12/chapter4.doc   (3615 words)

Untitled Document In 1999 the annual collective dose, on the basis of the results of the film-dosimetry evaluation of the regulatory authority was 2.0 man*Sv, to which further 0.1 man*Sv was added due to doses of such persons the personal dosimetry of which was done in the NPP by TL (thermoluminescens)-dosimeters. From the annual collective dose the proportion due to operation of the ISIF was negligible. The annual excess dose of the most effected population group in the vicinity of the can be estimated at 0.1 µSv effective dose equivalent, which is less than one thousands of the relevant regulatory limit, and less than one ten thousands of the natural background radiation received by all memebers of the population. www.npp.hu /uzem/mk99/radiation.htm   (667 words)

SDV Nuclear Glossary   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30) It represents a dose equivalent or a dose that is correlated with injury due to radiation exposure. The sievert is the SI unit of absorbed dose; 1 rem is equivalent to 0.01 sievert. Dose is determined by heating the crystal and measuring the light produced when the traps are depopulated. glossary.dataenabled.com /sdvglossary_dose.html   (1642 words)

Radioactive Waste Management Advisory Committee (RWMAC) | DEFRA First, to reiterate the point made in section 7.1, the contributions to the doses to the liquid and aerial discharge critical groups will not be additive because the groups are different and there is relatively little overlap in the doses received via these two discharge pathways. Overall in 1998 there was a decrease in the collective and average whole body dose from 1997 and whilst some of the decreases could be subject to reduced workload, there was also thought to be greater worker awareness of the requirement for minimising radiation exposure. The collective radiation exposure of workers attributed by BNFL to reprocessing between 1960 and 1998 is shown in Figure 5. www.defra.gov.uk /rwmac/reports/reprocess/08.htm   (3743 words)

Radiation protection The collective dose was increasing during the last year in comparison to the previous year, the decisive reason was the earlier mentioned change in approved dosimetry. Though the highest individual dose was not significant for the last year either, radiation exposures from uncontrolled conditions had also occurred during the last year, and the decisive portion of the radiation dose to the worker who received the highest individual dose was due to uncontrolled radiation exposure. The collective dose from the replacement of the three steam generator feed-water collectors was 101 person*mSv, which also includes the collective dose received during the decontamination, shielding work and work area preparation. www.npp.hu /kornyezet/radprot2000.htm   (1271 words)

NUCLEAR ACTIVITIES 1999   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30) Collective dose based on personal dosimetry (monthly or quarterly readings), excluding natural background; for all the results below 0.4 mSv- the doses used for calculations are equal to 0.2 mSv. The collective dose of the operational staff (11 employees) of the National  Radioactive Wastes Disposal Facility  in Różan in 2002 was 0.009 man-Sv (footnote 3 on page 1). The annual collective dose* from X-ray radiation in that exposure group was estimated at 12 man-Sv. www.paa.gov.pl /Nuclear-actvity-2002.htm   (1180 words)

The Beatles - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia On December 15, 2005, McCartney and Starr, along with the families of Lennon and Harrison (who died 29 November 2001) sued EMI in a royalties dispute in which Apple Corps claimed EMI owes The Beatles £30 million. The collection sold 3.6 million copies in its first week and more than 12 million in three weeks worldwide, becoming the fastest-selling album of all time and the biggest-selling album of the year 2000. The BBC have a large collection of Beatles recordings, mostly comprising original studio sessions from 1963 - 1968. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/The_Beatles   (7551 words)

EAN - Newsletter - Issue 8 - May 2000 Dose rates on the working platform positioned on the vessel (open and filled with water) were of the order of 50 µSv/h. The first reason for the lower collective dose connected to the unloading of the experimental devices in 95 was the fact that, in 95, after unloading, the experiments were removed out of the reactor building instead of storing them to one side in the reactor pool. This was in fact a dose consuming task which was not really necessary, as it was known that the interpretation of the matrix radiation map would not significantly alter the unloading procedure. ean.cepn.asso.fr /EAN8/EAN-82.html   (2174 words)

[No title] The collective dose is important because it is assumed to be indicative of the potential number of radiation-induced health effects to the population from the activity being evaluated. If collective dose under one or more of the various options considered is likely to exceed 100 person-rem from the annual release or the release of the property in that year, an optimization analysis should be considered. When collective dose from the release is less than 10 person-rem, the primary focus of the ALARA analysis is more likely to be on doses to individuals; qualitative consideration of collective impacts may be all that is warranted for situations where collective dose is not significant. www.directives.doe.gov /pdfs/doe/doetext/draftord/441/g4411-xx.html   (12889 words)

COMARE Other Docs. - Letter on Controllable Dose Collective dose is central to much of the work of COMARE and the Committee’s position is, therefore, set out in detail below. These collective doses, and the estimated premature deaths due to cancer resulting from them, need to be considered in the context of (a) these uncertainties, (b) the very much greater collective dose and premature deaths resulting from inescapable background radiation, and (c) the risks associated with other activities that are regarded as tolerable by society. The use of the collective dose concept in connection with the storage of radioactive waste does not seem to us to be valid. www.comare.org.uk /other_docs/comare_other_letter.htm   (1270 words)

Radionuclides, selected (EHC 25, 1983) The collective harm to a population resulting from the exposure of all individuals is related to the collective dose in the population, particularly if the linearity of the relationships between dose and effects may be assumed for the exposures involved. Doses from natural tritium can be estimated from the few tritium measurements in environmental materials that were carried out before the contamination with fallout (or that had been preserved from contamination). UNSCEAR'S practice is to divide the collective doses into two components: the local and regional collective doses, which are due to the first passage of the plume, over distances of 100 to 1000 km from the point of release, and the global collective doses, which arise from the mixing of tritium in the whole biosphere. www.inchem.org /documents/ehc/ehc/ehc25.htm   (14568 words)

On collective dose The paper by Fairlie and Sumner (page 9) seemed to justify the use of collective dose on the grounds that everyone's doing it, so it must be OK. However, the authors only reached the nub of the argument in their very last paragraph and then unfortunately did not develop it. The crux of the issue of the calculation of collective dose to assess the impact of radioactive discharges is, surely, that there is no standard or limit with which to compare the effect of such implied societal damage. However, the implications of the collective dose calculation focus attention on the real (industrialised) world and might just encourage comparative risk assessments which would be to the benefit of the environment and society. stacks.iop.org /0952-4746/20/322   (689 words)

On collective dose Collective doses composed of very small individual dose contributions would give a fair estimate of radiation detriment only if the dose response is linear without a dose threshold (LNT), and this assumption is being challenged. At the time when the individual dose limit was the operative quantity it was tempting to apply the principle of dilution and dispersion to releases of radioactive material into the environment. The collective dose commitment per year of a practice may be used as a means to estimate the highest future per caput dose if the practice continues at constant rate. stacks.iop.org /0952-4746/20/1   (930 words)

[No title] By recording NR on the dose record, a future review of the records would not be able to determine whether the individual was actually not monitored at all during this time period, or whether monitoring was provided and the results were simply below the reporting requirement threshold. The use of the dose codes on the NRC Form 5, and the requirement for summation of the external and internal dose equivalents, leads to the necessity of defining the rules of addition" for these codes. It is taken as zero for the purpose of calculating collective doses but is known to involve significant uncertainty and would not be useful for epidemiological purposes. www.reirs.com /dosecode.htm   (2302 words)

collective defence In defence of collective dose In defence of collective dose Recent proposals for a new scheme of radiation protection leave little room for collective dose estimations. Collective defence Collective defence is the term used to describe Europe\'s participation in defence under the Treaties of Brussels... COLLECTIVE DEFENCE IN SOUTH EAST ASIA: The Manila Treaty and its Implications Southeast Asia Royal Institute Of International Affairs Southeast Asia... www.jointctr.org /?Category=collective+defence   (609 words)

HSE, Central Index of Dose Information for 1999 Distribution of DE (dose equivalent) + CDE (committed dose equivalent) to red bone marrow by dose interval plus collective and mean dose for year 1999 Distribution of DE (dose equivalent) + CDE (committed dose equivalent) to gonads by dose interval plus collective and mean dose for year 1999 Distribution of DE (dose equivalent) + CDE (committed dose equivalent) to thyroid by dose interval plus collective and mean dose for year 1999 www.hse.gov.uk /radiation/ionising/doses/dose99c.htm   (312 words)

EAN - Newsletter - Issue 2 - January 1997 - OPTI-RP... The collective dose for an option is entered according to the individual dose ranges of the selected alpha value system. The latter is computed by multiplying the collective doses of the option by the chosen alpha values. As the value of alpha represents the maximum one is willing to spend in order to avoid a collective dose unit, if one multiplies the dosimetric saving by this value, one obtains "what it would be reasonable" to spend given the effectiveness of the option. ean.cepn.asso.fr /EAN2/EAN-23.html   (1152 words)

Occupationally Exposed Workers   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30) In the absence of comparable low dose effects it was prudent to propose tentatively the no threshold hypothesis that extrapolates linearly from effects observed at very high doses to the same effects at very low doses. Therefore, from the point of view of the scientific bases of collective doses for radiation protection purposes, it is prudent to assume the effect per unit dose in the low-dose region following single acute exposures or low-dose fractions in a linear response. However, few experimental studies, and essentially no human data, can be said to prove or even to provide direct support for the concept of collective dose with its implicit uncertainties of nonthreshold linearity and dose-rate independence with respect to risk. www.mesothelioma-911.com /mesothelioma3.htm   (437 words)

ICRP tries to drop Collective Dose Roger Clarke, Chairman of ICRP and Director of NRPB, is making a determined attempt to strip the public of all defences against environmental pollution at the levels which the nuclear industry sees as necessary for its operation, the decommissioning of old plant, the recycling of radioactively contaminated materials, and the delicensing of contaminated land. The proposed replacement - "Controllable Dose" - is the idea that so long as the individual most exposed to radioactivity from a particular source were adequately protected, then everybody else would be adequately protected. "Controllable dose" is reminiscent of a regulatory problem familiar to environmentalists who have long campaigned against pollution limits on the grounds that operators would inevitably tend to pollute up to the limit. www.llrc.org /wobblyscience/subtopic/collectivedose.htm   (1571 words)

CADU - There is No Safe Dose of Radiation: CADU and Collective Dose This is why it is conventionally said that “there is no threshold”, or “no safe dose of radiation”; the smallest amount has some chance of causing a lethal outcome, in the same way that a single lottery ticket confers some chance of winning a million pounds. Collective Dose is a way of calculating the number of potential cancers that will happen in a population exposed to a known dose of radioactivity. ACTION: Write to your MP to ask what is their policy on collective dose Please forward to CADU a copy of your letter and any reply. www.cadu.org.uk /info/health/9_2.htm   (588 words)

Appendix F, Sec. A, Part II, Revised 5/2/96 Collective dose is within 5% of the Laboratory's 3 year running average. collective dose is reduced by at least 10% of the Laboratory's 3 year running average (this criterion is not a factor if the Laboratory is at or below its established control level for collective dose) Public radiation doses to the maximally exposed individual from DOE operations will be measured or calculated and controlled to assure that applicable Federal limits are not exceeded. www.lbl.gov /LBL-Documents/Contract-98/AppFSecAPartII.html   (3526 words)

A Study of Suppression of Information "Selective" collection and reporting of research data, including suppression of information contrary to that which is espoused by the industry in question, is the subject of this paper. The same oral dose of glutamate that causes a dramatic increase in blood glutamate concentrations in humans, causes no increase at all in monkeys. Lest there be any confusion, note that it is the study of sub-human primates, not the study of mice, that is largely irrelevant to an understanding of the effects of MSG on humans. www.truthinlabeling.com /l-manuscript.html   (11687 words)

Low-Dose Ionizing Radiation, Human Biology and Non-Linearity This hypothesis that all radiation is harmful in linear proportion to the dose, is the principle used for collective dose calculations of the number of deaths produced by any radiation, natural of generated, no matter how small. Included are the apparently beneficial effects of low doses of external gamma rays on the life span of radium-dial painters and the significantly lower mortality from cancers at all sites of residents of Misasa, an urban area with radon spas, than residents of the suburbs of Misasa (Figure 3). The efficiency of this biosystem is increased by the adaptive responses to low-dose ionizing radiation (Figures 9, 10). www.up.ac.za /saapmb38/pollycove2/pollycove2.htm   (2911 words)

[No title] Collective Dose from Radiopharmaceuticals by Risk Category, 1996-1998. CONCLUSIONS Review and approval of human studies protocols at this academic medical center are completed strictly in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and rules and regulations within the United States. The Radiation Safety Committee provides assurance that research protocols adequately justify radiation exposure of human subjects and the number of subjects who are exposed. Collective dose over the last three years has decreased due to a lower number of cardiology protocols that utilize multiple doses of 201Tl. www.srp-uk.org /srpcdrom/p4-3.doc   (176 words)

A practical approach to the first iteration in the optimization of radiation dose and image quality in CT: estimates of ... A practical approach to the first iteration in the optimization of radiation dose and image quality in CT: estimates of the collective dose savings achieved -- Crawley et al. A practical approach to the first iteration in the optimization of radiation dose and image quality in CT: estimates of the collective dose savings achieved Collective effective dose before and after dose reduction. bjr.birjournals.org /cgi/content/full/74/883/607   (3047 words)

Provision of MRI can significantly reduce CT collective dose -- Clarke et al. 74 (886): 926 -- The British Journal of ... associated with the radiation dose from CT should be considered. It is apparent that the radiation dose to the population Report of a CT radiation dose survey in Northern Ireland. bjr.birjournals.org /cgi/content/full/74/886/926   (2323 words)

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