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Topic: Collective Security

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	Collective security - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Collective Security is a system aspiring to the maintenance of peace, in which participants agree that any "breach of the peace is to be declared to be of concern to all the participating states,"
		The term "collective security" has also been cited as a principle of the United Nations, and the League of Nations before that.
		An example given of the failure of the League of Nations to adhere to collective security is the Manchurian Crisis, when Japan occupied part of China (who was a League member).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Collective_security (587 words)

	Kosovo and the Rules of Collective Security (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Russia and China’s criticism of the war, however, emphasized the collective security rules consistent with security dilemmas, arguing that the war was a hostile use of force to expand Western power in a global security dilemma.
		In collective security arrangements agents are citizens whose sovereignty is limited by obligations to follow community rules and to use multilateral military force to ensure compliance with those rules.
		Collective security arrangements represent an alternative mechanism to enforce agreed-upon rules that often extend beyond state sovereignty to include human rights, etc. Also, assertion rule 6 (“The use of force is sometimes necessary and appropriate to resolve conflict”) is identical in both collective security arrangements and security dilemmas.
	www.isanet.org /noarchive/frederking.html (6936 words)

	Kosovo
		Only collective security can ultimately manage...a world where weapons of mass destruction proliferate and ethnic and regional conflicts trigger massive refugee flows, enormous economic dislocations, unacceptable human rights atrocities, environmental catastrophes, and the senseless killing and maiming of millions of civilians.
		Collective security arrangements with a minimum number of rules -- perhaps only state sovereignty and non-aggression -- seem similar to a balance of power system because the community is only enforcing realist goals.
		The Security Council has acted in the past because a humanitarian disaster was a "threat to peace and international security" under Chapter VII of the UN Charter: Iraq in 1991; Bosnia and Somalia in 1992; Zaire, Rwanda, and Haiti in 1994; and Albania in 1997.
	www.class.uidaho.edu /martin_archives/Kosovo.htm (5350 words)

	Prospects for Collective Security in the Western Hemisphere
		The collective security goals which could potentially comprise this agenda should be examined, as well as the foundation for a collective strategy to advance these goals.
		Enhanced prospects for collective security in the Americas are largely attributable to the disappearance of anti-communism as the guiding principle of U.S. foreign policy, rather than changes brought about in Latin America by the end of the Cold War.
		Collective actions which will permit the OAS to accept a broader and more meaningful role on hemispheric security issues, as well as national actions taken by American governments to realign their militaries to effectively address post-Cold War security threats, can help translate the rhetorical security goals of the Inter-American community into concrete reality.
	www.wtvi.com /wesley/collectivesecurity.html (9547 words)

	League of Nations - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ultimately, the UK and France both abandoned the concept of collective security in favour of appeasement in the face of growing German militarism under Adolf Hitler.
		That is a terrible thing, but it is an essential part of collective security." It was an accurate assessment and a lesson which clearly was applied in the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, which stood as the League's successor insofar as its role as guarantor of the security of Western Europe was concerned.
		Permanent members of the UN Security Council were given a veto to protect their vital interests, which has prevented the UN acting decisively in many cases.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/League_of_Nations (6073 words)

	COLLECTIVE REGIONAL SECURITY IN WEST AFRICA
		This broader conception must articulate security in a manner that the individual, the group as well as the state may relate to its fundamental objectives of promoting and ensuring the right to life and livelihood in a sub-region where poverty remains the greatest threat to security and stability.
		Since regional collective security refers to values, interests and norms that transcend the military element of security, the challenge is how to frame the law to ensure that illegal overthrow of legitimately constituted governments will not be allowed.
		The security sector is one area where the African civil society has not been very active but in arguing for their involvement, Dr Boadi cautioned against unrestricted roles even as all participants agreed that the energy and dynamism of the civil society can be cultivated in security issues for the purpose of peace building.
	www.cdd.org.uk /conferences/collectivesecurity.htm (7661 words)

	TAP: Vol 12, Iss. 18. Collective Security. Morton H. Halperin. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Security Council shall determine the existence of any threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression and shall make recommendations, or decide what measures shall be taken in accordance with Articles 41 and 42, to maintain or restore international peace and security...
		The Security Council may decide what measures not involving the use of armed force are to be employed to give effect to its decisions, and it may call upon the Members of the United Nations to apply such measures.
		Should the Security Council consider that measures provided for in Article 41 would be inadequate or have proved to be inadequate, it may take such action by air, sea, or land forces as may be necessary to maintain or restore international peace and security.
	prospect.org /print/V12/18/halperin-m.html (2243 words)

	Collective Security (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Collective security is one type of coalition building strategy in which a group of nations agree not to attack each other and to defend each other against an attack from one of the others, if such an attack is made.
		Proponents of collective security say it is a much more effective approach to security than individual countries trying to act alone, as weaker countries cannot possibly defend themselves, and countries that try often become involved in never-ending arms races which actually detract from, rather than enhance, their security over the long term.
		In addition, it is argued, collective security arrangements encourage international cooperation, while balance of power deterrence leads to competition and conflict instead.
	www.colorado.edu /conflict/peace/treatment/collsec.htm (451 words)

	The Great Collective Security Experiment
		The promise of collective action is supposed to have a deterrent effect against cross-border aggression and a coercive diplomatic component when international peace is disturbed.
		The notion of collective security rested on the presumption that a state contemplating a violation of international peace would be unlikely to pursue war if it knew it would face the organized opposition of the entire international community.
		The Security Council resolution authorizing the use of force may have been the only concrete diplomatic compromise the Soviets were able to gain from the United States.
	www.wwnorton.com /internal/lenses/print/cs_pg_un.htm (1409 words)

	UN IN BRIEF (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The United Nations was established on 24 October 1945 by 51 countries committed to preserving peace through international cooperation and collective security.
		According to the Charter, the UN has four purposes: to maintain international peace and security; to develop friendly relations among nations; to cooperate in solving international problems and in promoting respect for human rights; and to be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations.
		Five of them — the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council and the Secretariat — are based at UN Headquarters in New York.
	www.un.org /Overview/brief1.html (1299 words)

	Disarmament Documentation: '[A] collective security framework that will serve the interests of all countries equally, ...
		Like the international community as a whole, the Security Council was deeply divided in its views in the run-up to the Iraq War - and, after years of collective decisions on Iraq, the Council's role and authority was set aside by the decision of the Coalition to take military action.
		If we are ever to build a global security culture based on human solidarity and shared human values - a collective security framework that will serve the interests of all countries equally, and make reliance on nuclear weapons obsolete - the time is now.
		A functional system for collective security is the only alternative to the current hodge-podge of approaches to addressing security issues - ranging from inaction or late action on the part of the international community, to unilateral and "self-help" solutions on the part of individual States or groups of States.
	www.acronym.org.uk /docs/0411/doc04.htm (3744 words)

	Pravda.RU Apropos the Collective Security Treaty
		The Collective Security Treaty was enacted April 20, 1994 and registered at the UN Secretariat November 1, 1995.
		The Collective Security Council, which is the Treaty's supreme political body, comprises national heads of state and the Commander-In-Chief of the joint CIS armed forces.
		Presidents of the member states of the Collective Security Treaty have highly estimated the tenth jubilee session, held in Moscow, and the Treaty proper.
	newsfromrussia.com /cis/2002/05/14/28655.html (2446 words)

	The Ethics of Collective Security (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Today's version of collective security, in contrast to Woodrow Wilson's advocation of exclusive use of political and economic sanctions, often demands military action.
		Collective security offers inherent contradictions: Does multilateral action, for example, usually led by the United States, indicate international accord on countering the 'aggressor'?
		However, he does urge reconsideration of the advantages of collective security as an all-powerful preventor of conflict.
	www.carnegiecouncil.org /viewMedia.php/prmTemplateID/8/prmID/373 (212 words)

	collective security (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		collective security system by which states have attempted to prevent or stop wars.
		SSRN-Reflections on Sovereignty and Collective Security by Mariano...
		SSRN-Reflections on Sovereignty and Collective Security by Mariano-Florentino Cuellar.
	www.jointctr.org /?Category=collective+security (666 words)

	Germany in Collective Security Systems - Anything Goes?
		Instead the Court develops a specific concept of `mutual collective security' for German constitutional law which is based mainly on the legislative history and the rationale underlying Article 24(2).
		From the fact that neither the drafters of the Basic Law nor later commentaries on German constitutional law have reached a common understanding whether `mutual collective security' should also cover defence alliances, the Court concludes that this concept may not be limited to collective security in the classical sense.
		Hence a collective security system in the sense of Article 24(2) must be designed to preserve international peace and security through establishing an organization and a normative framework with mutual obligations and corresponding benefits for all members.
	www.ejil.org /journal/Vol6/No2/art5-01.html (427 words)

	[No title]
		Goodby defines collective security as "a policy that commits governments to develop and enforce broadly accepted international rules and to seek to do so through collective action legitimized by representative international organizations."[p.
		On his approach, collective security is better understood as a strategy and process, rather than as a condition.
		The OSCE was formed in 1990 as the permanent successor to the Conference on Security and Cooperation.
	www.colorado.edu /conflict/peace/example/good7497.htm (783 words)

	Collective Security (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		After Hitler's rise to power and during the period of ''collective security'' of the mid-thirties, the Soviet attitude toward France, England, and the eastern European countries changed considerably, but distrust of possible English and French anti-Soviet "intrigues'' never disappeared completely.
		The French and British decision to yield Austria and the Sudetenland to Germany seriously weakened Czechoslovakia as a Soviet ally and as an obstacle in the way of further German eastward expansion in the proximity of or at the expense of the Soviet Union.
		Whatever remaining faith Soviet diplomats had in the Franco-Soviet security system must have disappeared in September 1938, when Britain and France helped to isolate the Soviet Union in Europe by agreeing to exclude its representatives from the famous Munich Conference that gave European sanction to Germany's annexation of the Sudetenland.
	mars.wnec.edu /~grempel/courses/stalin/lectures/CollectSec.html (2289 words)

	Is the Authorization Authorized? Powers and Practice of the UN Security Council to Authorize the Use of Force by ...
		From the outset, the UN collective security system not only lacked the teeth of a standing UN force, but in addition the Cold War prevented the Security Council more generally from playing the role foreseen by the UN Charter.
		When the United Nations Security Council provides the authorization for countries to use force, these countries are fully accountable for their actions to the Council through a clear system of reporting and accountability, which is not adequately covered in resolution 678 (1990).
		One of the characteristics of franchising is the existence of a uniform marketing concept developed by the franchisor, which is put at the disposal of a franchisee, while the use made of this concept is supervised.
	www.ejil.org /journal/Vol11/No3/art1-01.html (2533 words)

	ParaPundit: Mark T. Clark says Collective Security Does Not Work
		Collective security can work for a single nation because it has a process to reach a decision about when to defend its own interests.
		But collective security has never worked in history, neither under the League of Nations, nor since the creation of the United Nations.
		Implied in the theory of collective security is the notion of unanimity or consensus.
	www.parapundit.com /archives/000808.html (381 words)

	Prendergast \| KEYNOTE SPEECH: Collective Security—Posse or Global Cop?
		A collective security system in the twenty-first century must be based on a broadened definition of security—human security—as well as a redefinition of national interest to include common interests of the intemational comunity.
		I would argue that my concept of collective security of the twenty-first century must include prevention as one of its core pillars.
		The title of this conference suggests that there are many who believe that collective security can only be achieved by a posse or by a global cop.
	www.unc.edu /depts/diplomat/AD_Issues/amdipl_15/prender_15.html (1300 words)

	CIS Collective Security
		The Treaty on Collective Security of CIS Countries was signed on 15 May 1992, but disintegration processes subsequently developed in Commonwealth countries and the parliaments of individual states adopted uncoordinated statutes on defense questions.
		On 10 June 1993 the Russian Federation President appointed Marshal Shaposhnikov secretary of the Security Council, after which the position of CINC Common Armed Forces was abolished and the Combined Staff of the Common Armed Forces remained in place of the Main Command.
		Today the status of the question of ensuring collective security of Commonwealth countries is rather complicated.
	www.fas.org /news/russia/1996/druma198_s96003.htm (2609 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		That the HLP was principally concerned with collective security and not UN reform soon became clear.
		By approaching collective security from this angle, the HLP concluded, the range of viable institutional choices for effective collective action would inevitably be narrowed.
		However, in contrast to the hard security approach to conflict prevention advocated by the Responsibility to Protect, the HLP is likely to place a relatively greater emphasis on, to draw a very direct linkage between, internal conflict and economic security, particularly in the South.
	www.fesny.org /docus/peacesec/HLPendFinal.doc (5984 words)

	Background Research : International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty
		Collection of essays dealing with the concepts of sovereignty and intervention, with an emphasis on transformations in their meaning and practice.
		Collection of essays arguing that the components of state sovereignty - recognition, territory, population, and authority - are socially constructed and vary in different historical circumstances.
		Collection of articles examining the complex causes of conflict and the instruments, actors, techniques, and policies for managing and resolving ethnic and civil conflicts.
	www.iciss.ca /04_Biblio-en.asp (11605 words)

	COLLECTIVE SECURITY IS WORKING
		The Bush people tend to think of the world as a football game, and their strategy is to knock off those who get in their way one at a time.
		Bush’s new policy document, “The National Security Strategy of the United States,” which codifies previous pronouncements, indicates the megalomaniacal scope of the Administration’s ambitions.
		If such collective security can be maintained, it bodes well for the containment of “pre-emptive aggression” in the future.
	www.focusweb.org /publications/2002/collective-security-is-working.htm (1972 words)

	Scoop: David Miller: Collective Security
		The problem when making references to collective security is that as a practical tool for maintaining peace it is flawed.
		If collective security is to work then those UN members who oppose Washington must form a coalition strong enough to deter the US from acting without the Security Council’s consent.
		Either way if there is a collective security system then its days appear numbered and once again the cost could be war.
	www.scoop.co.nz /stories/HL0302/S00062.htm (1171 words)

	[ MINIMUM SECURITY COMPOSERS COLLECTIVE ]
		MSCC’s projects have included collaborations with more than a dozen of America’s finest chamber ensembles in the presentation of more than eighty concerts in forty-six cities worldwide.
		The Minimum Security Ensemble is MSCC’s resident performing group with an internationally-renowned roster of singers and instrumentalists for the performance of newly-minted and classic works.
		Featured composers include Olga Neuwirth, HK Gruber, Kurt Schwertsik, Arnold Schoenberg, Charles Ives, Johannes Brahms, and the Minimum Security Composers.
	www.minimumsecurity.org (364 words)

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