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	Collective trauma - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A collective trauma is a psychological effect on an entire society.
		In hindsight, collective traumas will often be watersheds of history and signify or initiate times of change in the society affected.
		Well known collective traumas include: The John F. Kennedy assassination in the United States, the Estonia disaster in Sweden and various others.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Collective_trauma (176 words)

	Collective Trauma: Insights From a Research Errand
		It examines an array of collective traumas around the world for the insights it provides about the role that culture plays in just two of what really are many critical areas: the shaping of the experience of collective trauma, and the facilitation of recovery from these unexpected ruptures in social life.
		Its themes of the trauma of plantation life and the longing for homeland are offset by a leitmotif of persistence in the face of hardship and, ultimately, independence and success.
		Collective trauma, by its very definition, poses a direct assault on the continuity and integrity of the cultural system.
	www.aaets.org /arts/art55.htm (3406 words)

	Jeffrey Wolf Green - Evolutionary Astrology (Trauma) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The trauma occurs through others who isolate these people because of their beliefs, this isolation occurring, through ridicule, persecution or outright attack In turn, these individuals can create traumatic effects for others as they challenge and rebel against the belief structures of anyone who is not in sympathy with, or supportive of, their own beliefs.
		Trauma occurs when what is being created appears to be insignificant as compared to what is ultimately or idealistically sensed as possible, when what others achieve or create seems more spectacular and grand than what these individuals create for themselves, and when others are acknowledged or treated more special than they are.
		Trauma and disillusionment occur when they experience one group dominating and taking advantage of another group, when they experience the horrible collective pain of people turning upon other people, when the awareness of so many people seems to be limited to the tip of their noses.
	www.evolutionaryastrology.net /TRAUMA.HTM (12909 words)

	Collective (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Collective A collective is a group of people who are organized around an issue or to accomplish a goal together.
		Collective action The economic theory of Collective action is concerned with the provision of externalities on group beh...
		Collective dictatorship A collective dictatorship is a dictator is not a single individual but is rather a group of lead...
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/collective.html (692 words)

	Collective trauma -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		As a result of such trauma, often (Click link for more info and facts about media) media, (A person active in party politics) politicians and, in some extreme instances, the general public, will start looking for (Someone punished for the errors of others) scapegoats.
		Collective traumas often give rise to (Click link for more info and facts about conspiracy theories) conspiracy theories.
		In hindsight, collective traumas will often be (A ridge of land that separates two adjacent river systems) watersheds of history and signify or initiate times of change in the society affected.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/co/collective_trauma.htm (223 words)

	Head Trauma (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		One reason for the establishment of trauma centers is the recognition in medicine that trauma patients often needed immediate surgery, when most hospitals lacked the staff required to perform the surgery immediately.
		A the provider level, a trauma service is led by a team of trauma surgeons and supported by advanced diagnostic equipment immediately available to the trauma team such as a computed tomography (CT) scanner, and surgical specialists such as neurosurgeons and orthopedic surgeons on duty.
		I also remember that at Denver General (a trauma center that was used as an example in my EMT class and located in Denver, Colorado) that you have something like a 90% survival rate if you still have a pulse after reaching their trauma center from suffering trauma to the heart.
	www.blownspeakers.com /pages3/40/head-trauma.html (801 words)

	[No title]
		It is not hard to catch civilized cultures in the act of passing trauma on from generation to generation, though it is difficult to trace the chain of abuse back to its ultimate origin.
		COLLECTIVE TRAUMA AND ITS EFFECTS-SOME EXAMPLES: Anthropologist Colin Turnbull's The Mountain People (Simon & Schuster, 1972), is a classic, poignant study of the Ik-a hunting and gathering people of west-central Africa who had been driven from their former hunting grounds by the creation of a new game preserve.
		Freud believed that humanity's original trauma was the Oedipal crisis, in which sons in the primeval cave typically killed their fathers in order to possess their mothers.
	www.kronia.com /symposium/heinberg.txt (6203 words)

	Intervention in the field of Collective Trauma, Ethiopia
		Collective trauma, although described as a property of a certain community, does exist within the individuals of that community and disables individuals as well as individual trauma.
		Collective memories also find their ways into oral history; the stories that are told among the communities, the songs that become popular, the rumors that go around.
		The original trauma, the loss of identity and the lack of immediate solutions to resolve the problems have had as a consequence that the residents of the shelters have had to construct a new identity: that of the 'innocent victim' that has to be 'helped' by outside forces.
	www.xs4all.nl /~mtrapman/Ethiopia/Pages/interv.htm (2253 words)

	GER G575 2821 Historical Study of German Literature III (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		According to the idea of trauma, the ego is in its very essence not a free entity but an unconscious reaction to some overwhelming event (or to a series of events).
		In fact, trauma serves as the first proof of anything that deserves the name "unconscious," be it an individual or collective unconsciousness.
		Trauma, thus, has the burden not only to justify the existence of the "unconscious" but also of the self or the identity of a culture.
	www.indiana.edu /~deanfac/blfal01/ger/ger_g575_2821.html (458 words)

	Margret Rueffler, Ph.D.
		Prevention of collective violence, however, is a broader approach and process for recognizing, assessing and transforming the underlying collective belief and behavioral patterns that eventually erupt as conflict and lead to crises within and between groups and entire nations.
		The prevention of collective violence aims to uncover fundamentally held collective fears such as the fear of annihilation, which is deeply ingrained in the psyche of humanity due to millennia of individual and collective experiences of prior violent traumas.
		Deeply rooted in the collective experience, it is rooted in the individual experience as well; each individual, with all of his or her beliefs, is embedded in the collective unconscious.
	dwij.org /pathfinders/steve_olweean/rueffler.html (1863 words)

	Collective trauma (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		As a result of such trauma, often media, politicians and, in some extreme instances, the generalpublic, will start looking for scapegoats.
		In hindsight, collective traumas will often be watersheds of history andsignify or initiate times of change in the society affected.
		Well known collective traumas include: The John F. Kennedy assassination in the United States, the Estonia disaster in Swedenand various others.
	www.therfcc.org /collective-trauma-79280.html (162 words)

	Collective (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		This includes that reactions to trauma can vary, often delayed and experienced over the long-term, and reexperienced at times of particular meaning and traumatic reminders--for example, the September 11 anniversary or other more personal anniversaries, experienced on individual and collective dimensions.
		Trauma specialists' collaborative community work with schools, community centers, houses of worship, community forums, neighborhood meetings, senior centers, food co-ops, and local memorials can contribute to public education.
		It is important to learn from one another across the world regarding parallel collective efforts after other terrorism or massive trauma, allowing for the universality and the cultural and social distinctions of unique experience.
	www.istss.org /publications/TS/Fall02/collective.htm (440 words)

	Recovery 9-1-1
		All of my trauma clients, whose courage, honesty, and profound commitment to their healing taught me most of what I know about trauma.
		This kind of trauma, repetitive trauma, has all the features of basic trauma, and it usually involves interpersonal trauma, but it has its own features.
		Presence is necessary because trauma can take us away from the here and now, so that we lose touch with ourselves in the present moment and live instead in memories of what happened and in fear of what will happen.
	members.aol.com /recovery911/recovery911.html (5773 words)

	Memory and Trauma in Postcolonial Writing
		The trauma of Partition had at its very root an act of geographical violence; similarly, the secession of 1971 would create, for Pakistan, a collective trauma of space and state, even as many faced additional, individual traumas in the wake of violence.
		Their collective traumatic response is heightened in the case of the protagonist, who has failed to recognize his migration at any point.
		While these women's memories perpetuate physical and emotional trauma on some level, their shared memory, which is built only through story and relationship, can also be an avenue to healing.
	www.uiowa.edu /~mmla/abstracts2004/memorytraumapostcolonial.htm (885 words)

	Psicologia Politica
		Part II In most cases of individual neurosis, psychoanaysts look for an early trauma, or emotional shock, in the life of the patient--usually a forgotten incident and often one from the preverbal period of life.
		Add to this the impact of natural disasters that have occurred in relatively recent times--such as the Black Death in medieval Europe, in which nearly two-thirds of the population was wiped out, and which may have helped prime the European psyche for witch hunts and bloody colonial exploits.
		Whether humankind as a whole can recall events millennia ago is problematic; it seems more feasible for individuals to bring to mind and face the specific ways in which they were taught--beginning at birth--to throttle their wildness and conform to a contorted system of beliefs and behaviors.
	www.psicopolis.com /Psipol/catastrophe2.htm (3946 words)

	Senato Magistrale
		Carl Jung wrote of "politico-social delusional systems" having their roots in the collective unconscious; Wilhelm Reich believed that civilization was swept up in an "emotional plague"; and Immanuel Velikovsky theorized that humankind suffers collectively from amnesia and repetition compulsion.
		More recently, as it has become apparent that civilization is in the process of profoundly and perhaps permanently impairing the biological viability of the entire planet, a new discipline know as "ecopsychology" has undertaken to expose the roots of civilization's omnicidal mania.
		Psychiatrist Robert Jay Lifton, in his studies of the long-term psychological effects of the Hiroshima bombing in 1945 and the 1972 flood in Buffalo Creek, West Virginia, concluded that the impact of disasters affects not only the immediate victims, but is transmitted to succeeding generations.
	www.psicopolis.com /senato/catastrophe1.htm (3326 words)

	Collective Traumatization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Trauma victims frequently suffer from psychic numbing -- the decreased ability to feel joy or sorrow, or to empathize with the feelings of others.
		Adverse reactions to trauma in adults can be so severe that disaster victims "pass fear and insecurity onto their children -- even those yet to be born -- by replacing in their child-rearing a sense of a secure world with a fearful worldview.
		It is only recently that the courage to reclaim who they are has begun to heal the Native American in a way that can possibly give all of us hope, as they were the peoples who managed this country the longest, with the deepest understanding, keeping her at her most pristine.
	webpages.charter.net /geminiwalker/Collective_Traumatization.html (2715 words)

	American Trauma Society
		He suffered lung damage, heart damage, a fractured vertebrae, broken vertebral processes, broken ribs, multiple right tibia/fibula fractures with severe muscle and nerve damage, broken right arm broken, broken collarbone and shoulder blades, a spleen damaged so badly it had to be removed, and brain damage from oxygen loss.
		The experience with the trauma care system deeply moved him, and he realized he was lucky to have exceptional medical and rehabilitative care.
		The purpose of the Trauma Survivor Network is to utilize the entire trauma community’s collective strength in supporting trauma survivors’ efforts to rebuild their lives.
	www.amtrauma.org /survivor/survivor.html (448 words)

	Technology Projects
		When a community has experienced a collective trauma, such as a forest fire that burned homes, people will tell and retell the major events of the story for weeks or even years afterwards.
		I theorize the difference is imbedded in the syncretism of certain formulaic and thematic content inducing physiological movement through personal or collective symptoms combined with the ability on the part of the individual or community, consciously or unconsciously to integrate that movement and heal.
		Eventually, I came back full circle at the age of forty to a place where all of it was integrated in a single, seamless whole-my own personal memory, the memories of the Russians I had studied, and the ancestral memories and images I had tapped into in states of trance.
	www.people.virginia.edu /~res4n/narratives.html (2052 words)

	Relationship and Collective Trauma
		Each relational and collective trauma, incorporating a unique set of factors, set in cultural context, with particular cultural meaning, and crossing the developmental continuum, may affect the individual, the community, and broader society.
		Adult survivors' frequently disguised presentations of these early traumas at all settings and within all populations, indicate the hidden prevalence of this trauma in general, and its possible presence as a historical factor in the full range of later traumas.
		A normalization of trauma reactions, a mourning process that allows acknowledgment of multiple losses, attention to exposure to and proximity to death and to the impact of pervasive, unrelenting fear, including physiological factors, a context allowing expression of disappointments in relocation, and continual attention to identity issues, enhance the long-term processing of this experience.
	www.naswnyc.org /di5.html (680 words)

	The Camera Never Lies: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In Sri Lanka a child is already traumatized at the point of being born -- he or she is inheriting a culture that is completely subsumed by the experience of social cleavage.
		Psychologists tend to frame the notion of collective trauma in terms of the individual model.
		The difficulty they have with collective trauma is that they can't understand where it resides exactly.
	www.carnegiecouncil.org /viewMedia.php/prmID/188 (2950 words)

	Haruki Murakami - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The processing of collective trauma took a central position in Murakami's writing, which had until then been more light-hearted in nature.
		While he was finishing Chronicle, Japan was shaken by the Kobe earthquake and the Aum Shinrikyo gas attack, in the aftermath of which he returned to Japan.
		Murakami's fiction, which is often criticised for being "pop" literature by Japan's literary establishment, is humorous and surreal, and at the same time reflects an essential alienation, loneliness and longing for love in a way that has touched readers in the US and Europe, as well as in East Asia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Haruki_Murakami (1259 words)

	the William Alanson White Institute : Clinical Services : Trauma Response Service
		The WAWI Trauma Response Service (TRS) was established in November 2001 to address the needs of the community following the terrorist attacks of September 11th.
		Acts of terrorism represent collective trauma – trauma that we experience together – with far reaching and long term effects for individuals, families and organizations.
		The TRS addresses areas of collective trauma in the community for children, adults, couples, families and organizations.
	www.wawhite.org /clinical_services/trauma_response.htm (536 words)

	Table of contents for National trauma and collective memory
		It was on this day that the previous edition of National Trauma and Collective Memory became out of date and a new edition was needed.
		Through the many forms of mass media, traumas become surrounded with episodes of symbolic meaning that eventually becomes incorporated into the social and political life of the nation.
		The Symbolic events were selected to reflect either a major happening as the trauma was unfolding or a subsequent consequential event in the mass culture of remembrance.
	www.loc.gov /catdir/toc/ecip054/2004027365.html (1401 words)

	Trauma: Projects (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The project’s strategy was to increase an appropriate support for children in distress through direct community assistance and mobilization, by helping their leaders and the social workers to understand and to face the child's problems.
		One of the programs was based on trauma counseling and dealt with traumatizing experiences children had and the way they coped with those; the other one was based on Empowerment and dealt mainly with daily hassles and possible solutions that could be implemented by children themselves.
		In an attempt to entertain these children and ease their trauma through creative expression, the 'Alive Kids' project was set up in Kwa Mashu in 1994 to provide music, dance and drama workshops for local young people.
	www.ginie.org /ginie-crises-links/trauma/projects.html (716 words)

	H-Net Review: John Bodnar on National Trauma and Collective Memory: Major Events in the American ...
		Neal is strongest when he moves through the theoretical realm of "events that had a major impact on the institutional structure of society." He argues that national traumas are events that disrupt a social system to such an extent that it commands the attention of all citizens and subgroups.
		Neal concludes with an essay on collective memory and makes the point that national traumas prove that "the social order is fragile and subject to disruptions in unexpected ways." I certainly agree with this point.
		Certainly many films of the thirties invoked memories of past American traumas like the Civil War to reinforce faith that trauma (and economic devastation) could be overcome in the present as it was in the past.
	www.h-net.msu.edu /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=31087904082382 (1529 words)

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