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Topic: Collectivism

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	Collectivism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Collectivism is a term used to describe any doctrine that stresses the importance of a collective, rather than the importance of the individual.
		Collectivism in economics may or may not involve a state as a manager and steward of collective property.
		Other ideologies that define themselves in opposition to collectivism include libertarianism and anarcho-capitalism, which are seen by their supporters as defending individual rights against various forms of collectivism (while many collectivists argue that their policies are aimed at maximizing the rights and benefits of all - or most - individuals within a group).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Collectivism (672 words)

	Collectivism holds that the individual is not an end to himself, but is only a tool to serve the ends of the group.
		Collectivism holds that the individual is not an end to himself, but is only a tool to serve the ends of the group.
		Collectivism, unlike individualism, holds the group as the primary, and the standard of moral value.
		Whether that group is a dictator's gang, the nation, society, the race, (the) god(s), the majority, the community, the tribe, etc., is irrelevant -- the point is that man in principle is a sacrificial victim, whose only value is his ability to sacrifice his happiness for the will of the "group".
	capitalism.org /faq/collectivism.htm (187 words)

	Online Encyclopedia and Dictionary - Collectivism
		Collectivism, in general, is a term used to describe a theoretical or practical emphasis on the group, as opposed to (and seen by many of its opponents to be at the expense of) the individual.
		However, generally speaking, collectivism in the field of economics holds that capital and land should be owned by the group (and presumably used for the benefit of all) rather than being owned by individuals.
		Some, such as Ayn Rand and many influenced by her, supporters of an ideology called Objectivism, claim that collectivism is fallacious in theory and immoral in practice.
	fact-archive.com /encyclopedia/Collectivism (926 words)

	Collectivism Begins In Your Neighborhood by Butler Shaffer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		But the virus of collectivism insinuates itself into our lives long before men and women are beheaded or sent to gulags for their politically incorrect opinions.
		What I am suggesting is that the collectivist mindset is the most dangerous social condition mankind faces, whether it finds expression in the form of suicide bombers, a willingness to become a cog in a government’s war machinery, or simply in resigning oneself to a lifetime of control by institutional bureaucrats.
		Collectivism was not born in congressional chambers or Ivy League classrooms, but in our willingness to abandon our streets and neighborhoods to institutional interests.
	www.lewrockwell.com /shaffer/shaffer70.html (3419 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Collectivism
		Collectivism is scarcely ever used except to designate that system of industry in which the material agents of production may be earned and managed by the public, the collectivity.
		From this outline of what may be regarded as the prevailing theory of collectivism, it appears that many of the arguments against collectivism have lost something of their former strength and pertinency.
		Perhaps the nearest approach to an official pronouncement on the subject of essential and purely economic collectivism is Holy Father declares that man's welfare demands private ownership of "stable possessions" and of "lucrative property".
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/04106a.htm (1124 words)

	BlackCrayon.com: dictionary: 'collectivism' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In politics, collectivism is an emphasis on the rights and responsibilities of different classes or groups, and proposes collective strategies for improving the conditions of those classes and groups considered to be disadvantaged.
		'Collectivism' is defined as the theory and practice which make a collective or collectives rather than individuals the ultimate and fundamental unit of political, social, and economic concern.
		It seems to me that one thing all forms of collectivism share is that individual choice is always subordinate to The Group, be it the fascist volk or a local soviet or an anarcho-syndicalist people's council or whatever other fiction of 'society' the state decides to use.
	blackcrayon.com /library/dictionary/?term=collectivism (238 words)

	A Brief Chronology of Collectivism - 1/4
		Collectivism holds that the group, the nation and the community is the primary unit of reality and the ultimate standard of value.
		Collectivism may describe a political or economic system in which the means of production and the distribution of goods and services are controlled by the people as a group.
		Collectivism is the opposite of capitalism or free enterprise, in which the means of production are owned by private individuals and distribution is determined by free trade and considerations of personal profit.
	www.biblebelievers.org.au /collect1.htm (6250 words)

	Attack on America: Result of World Collectivism, by Per Bylund -- anti-state.com
		The very foundation on collectivism is the conflict involving “us” and “them.” By identifying oneself as part of something greater, with a common goal, one can find strength to carry on in life.
		Some forms of collectivism are “friendly” in the way that they emphasize the “us,” and identify the “them” as a collective of no priority or low or no interest.
		Collectivism in any form is a threat upon humanity, since it is always based on a fiction conflict between two or more subjectively identified abstractions.
	www.anti-state.com /bylund/bylund2.html (824 words)

	Switch\|Journal
		Since 1949, the Communist Party has reinforced collectivism consciously and aggressively in the belief that collectivism is the highest noble moral of communist ideology.
		Horizontal collectivism defines self to be interdependent and same whereas vertical collectivism to be interdependent and different.
		As Triandis points out, collectivism and individualism are coexisting social patterns whether in a region, a race, a nation or a culture.
	switch.sjsu.edu /nextswitch/switch_engine/front/front.php?artc=59 (2460 words)

	Collectivism, Climate Change, and Economic Freedom
		Collectivism considers the group—the collective—to be the primary unit of social reality.
		With the interfering cobwebs of collectivism out of the way, and seeing global warming now as a phenomenon of nature, we are in a position to consider the question of how human beings should deal with global warming and with the wider question of how they should deal with climate change in general.
		It is the intellectual death rattle of collectivism.
	www.freemarketnews.com /Analysis/158/4311/2006-03-29.asp?wid=158&nid=4311 (2939 words)

	On Bureaucratic Collectivism
		A sober response to Ciliga's question required transcending the type of analysis by platitude which satisfied itself by characterizing Stalinism as merely a form of "totalitarianism" and that explained its genesis by the outcome of "crimes and excesses," or "mistaken policies" that were the inevitable result of immutable historic phenomena.
		The collapse of state collectivization in the East and its parallel shrinkage in the West is of comparatively recent circumstance.
		The corporate bureaucracy, moreover, fails to evolve in the direction of class autonomy, because as soon as it acquires capital it is reabsorbed into the preexisting network of social relations and is subject to the same social parameters as the organizational property form which gave birth to it.
	www.wpunj.edu /~newpol/issue23/finger23.htm (4083 words)

	What is Individualism?
		Collectivism holds that the group---the nation, the community, the proletariat, the race, etc.---is the primary unit of reality and the ultimate standard of value.
		Collectivism is, by its nature, an act of balancing the need of the individual against the need of ``society.'' Individualism denies that society has any needs, so the issue of balance is not relevant to it.
		Under collectivism, the individual, in whole or in part, is a means to satisfying the needs of ``society.'' The state is the instrument for organizing people to meet those needs.
	rous.redbarn.org /objectivism/Writing/RaymieStata/WhatIsIndividualism.html (2686 words)

	Racism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		It is a barnyard or stock-farm version of collectivism, appropriate to a mentality that differentiates between various breeds of anmials, but not between animals and men.
		Collectivism holds that the individual has no rights, that his life and work belong to the group (to "society," to the tribe, the state, the nation) and that the group may sacrifice him at its own whim to its own interests.
		It is thus that the theoreticians of collectivism, the "humanitarian" advocates of a "benevolent" absolute state, have led to the rebirth and the new, virulent growth of racism in the 20th century.
	www.freedomkeys.com /ar-racism.htm (3852 words)

	collectivism vs. individualism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		"Collectivism is the political theory that states that the will of the people is omnipotent, an individual must obey; that society as a whole, not the individual, is the unit of moral value.
		Collectivism means the subjugation of the individual to a group -- whether to a race, class or state does not matter.
		Collectivism holds that man must be chained to collective action and collective thought for the sake of what is called `the common good.´ Throughout history, no tyrant ever rose to power except on the claim of representing `the common good.´ Napoleon `served the common good´ of France.
	freedomkeys.com /collectivism.htm (5748 words)

	APS Poster Presentation - May 2005
		Research in the scholarship of teaching and learning has also suggested one’s personal orientation of individualism versus collectivism may influence various classroom behaviors such as asking questions (e.g., Fassinger, 1995; Hwang, Francesco, and Kessler, 2003), and suggested that students with a collectivistic orientation may be less involved and perform poorer in large lecture courses.
		Noting that students high in collectivism may find individualistic learning environments more challenging than others (e.g., Hwang et al., 2003), it was hypothesized that collectivists would report greater problems with learning barriers that involved their learning style.
		Further, given that the ideals of individualism (i.e., independence, personalized goals and desire to gain self-recognition) are often supported in university life in the United States (e.g., Hwang, et al., 2003), the expectation was that students high in individualism would express greater self-efficacy with regard to their academic performance.
	www.uwgb.edu /vondrasd/Learning_Barriers_and_Collectivism.htm (1300 words)

	Collectivism
		Collectivism is an answer to the first question.
		Collectivism demands that the group be more important than the individual.
		Although different from altruism, collectivism complements it well.
	www.importanceofphilosophy.com /Evil_Collectivism.html (332 words)

	A Brief Chronology of Collectivism
		At its root, collectivism is the submergence of the individual to an elite group--no matter whether it is called socialism, communism or fascism.
		Most have absorbed collectivism from their parents and teachers without hearing the word "collectivism." Most believe that belonging to a group, engaging in group activities and fostering group goals are good.
		Collectivism holds that, in human affairs, the collective-society, the community, the nation, the proletariat, the race, ect., --is the unit of reality and the standard of value.
	www.mega.nu:8080 /ampp/samuelson.html (17600 words)

	The Role of Horizontal and Vertical Individualism and Collectivism in Online Consumers' Response toward Persuasive ...
		The basic tenets of cultural dimensions, individualism and collectivism, have helped illuminate and explain differences among cultures under the assumption that people in the same culture are largely homogeneous.
		In the area of communication, individualism and collectivism have served as a useful means to compare communication style and content across cultures (de Mooij, 1998; Hofstede, 1980, 1983).
		The relatively high scores on the collectivism orientations and the lowest average score on vertical individualism are different from the vertical individualistic orientation identified in prior literature for the United States.
	jcmc.indiana.edu /vol11/issue1/wnlee.html (6447 words)

	Collectivism Info - Encyclopedia WikiWhat.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Collectivism is a set of beliefs and practices concerning group activities that is usually based on group ownership of capital.
		Many political systems are based on a form of collectivism known as corporatism.
		This line of reasoning, anti-collectivists allege, often leads to the suppression of individual rights, which are sacrificed for the alleged good of the group.
	wikiwhat.com /encyclopedia/c/co/collectivism.html (195 words)

	CREATIVITY: BEYOND INDIVIDUALISM AND COLLECTIVISM
		One does not have to be a proponent of cyclical theories of American cultural history to acknowledge that in American management literature, and in broader sociological analyses of the culture, that there have been swings between the polarities of individualism and groupism.
		This paradoxical phenomenon, whereby excessive emphasis on one term of a perceived opposition, such as individualism versus collectivism, leads to a strange and seemingly unconscious "return of the repressed," is the result of fundamentally "disjunctive" thought (Morin, 1994): ontological categories are created and then viewed as mutually exclusive.
		The political polarization is a good example of oppositional identity, where two terms such as individualism and collectivism define themselves to a large extent in opposition to the other "opposite" term, that is, in reaction to it.
	online.sfsu.edu /~rpurser/revised/pages/CREATIVITYwam.htm (6038 words)

	War Collectivism in World War I
		It was a "war collectivism," a totally planned economy run largely by big-business interests through the instrumentality of the central government, which served as the model, the precedent, and the inspiration for state corporate capitalism for the remainder of the twentieth century.
		The wartime collectivism also held forth a model to the nation's liberal intellectuals; for here was seemingly a system that replaced laissez-faire not by the rigors and class hatreds of proletarian Marxism, but by a new strong State, planning and organizing the economy in harmony with all leading economic groups.
		In a notable article, Professor Leuchtenburg saw the war collectivism as "a logical outgrowth of the Progressive movement."[53] He demonstrated the enthusiasm of the Progressive intellectuals for the social transformation effected by the war.
	www.mises.org /web/2024 (10660 words)

	collectivism -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Collectivism may be contrasted with individualism (q.v.), in which the rights and interests of the individual are emphasized.
		Whereas Lenin and other Soviet writers could not admit that bureaucracy had a permanent and “organic” position in the Soviet system, other Marxists thought that it was at its centre and that it defined more than anything else the very nature of the regime.
		In elaborating his conception of sociology, he drew on his knowledge of several other fields: philosophy, psychology, biology, anthropology, and the history of religion, ethics, and law.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-9024764 (426 words)

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