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Topic: Collectivisation in the USSR

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Sovkhoz

Collective farming

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Agriculture of the Soviet Union

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Kulak

Soviet collectivism

Joseph Stalin

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Economy of the Soviet Union

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	Collectivisation in the USSR - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Collectivisation sought to modernise Soviet agriculture, consolidating the land into parcels that could be farmed by modern equipment using the latest scientific methods of agriculture.
		Furthermore, collectivisation involved significant changes in the traditional village life of Russian peasants within a very short timeframe, despite the long Russian rural tradition of collectivism in obshchinas.
		This uncertainty as to the death toll of collectivization is reflected in the words of Nikita Khrushchev: "Perhaps we'll never know how many people perished directly as a result of collectivisation, or indirectly as a result of Stalin's eagerness to blame his failure on others".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Collectivisation_in_the_USSR (3654 words)

	Collectivisation Vita @ 216.92.85.60 () (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		In the Soviet Union, collectivization was introduced by Stalin in the late 1920s as a scheme to boost agricultural production through the organization of land and labor into collectives called collective farms (kolkhozes) and state farms (sovkhozes).
		It was hoped that the goals of collectivization could be achieved voluntarily, but when the new farms failed to attract the number of peasants hoped, the government blamed the oppression of the kulaks and resorted to forceful implementation of the plan.
		The collectivisation was implemented in three stages (1949-1952,1953-1955,1955-1960) and officially ended with implementation of the constitution establishing the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, which illegalized private ownership.
	216.92.85.60 /encyclopedia/Collectivisation (897 words)

	Soviet Union - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Although the USSR cooperated with Germany economically and by concluding the Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, which involved the engagement of Red Army into Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and the invasion of Poland in 1939, Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941.
		A referendum for the preservation of the USSR was held on March 17, 1991, with the population voting for preservation of the Union in most republics.
		The fulfillment of the capitalist reforms started in the USSR under Gorbachev can be seen from the fact that in 2005 the Russian Federation became the third country by number of billionaires, who were able to benefit from their former connections in the Communist Party during the post-USSR sale of state property into private hands.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/USSR (6328 words)

	Joseph Stalin
		Collectivisation was instrumental in depriving peasants of the fruits of their labor.
		Collectivisation meant the destruction of a the way of life introduced after abolition of serfdom in 1861, and alienation from control of the land and its produce.
		While the social and economic transformations over which he presided laid the foundations for the USSR's emergence as a global superpower, the harshness of means employed by Stalin to conduct Soviet affairs was subsequently repudiated by his successors in the Communist Party leadership, notably in his denunciation by Khrushchev in February 1956.
	www.starrepublic.org /encyclopedia/wikipedia/j/jo/joseph_stalin.html (4627 words)

	Collective farming - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		In the Soviet Union, collectivization was introduced in the late 1920s as a scheme to boost agricultural production through the organization of land and labor into collectives called collective farms (kolkhozes) and state farms (sovkhozes).
		In many cases, the immediate effect of collectivization was to reduce grain output and almost halve livestock, thus producing major famines in 1932-33.
		In one extreme episode, several million peasants, mainly in the Ukraine, died in a famine during the drought of 1932-1933 after Stalin forced the peasants into the collectives (this famine is known in Ukraine as Holodomor).
	www.encyclopedia-online.info /Collectivisation (488 words)

	YourArt.com >> Encyclopedia >> sovkhoz (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Under Stalin's collectivization campaign, most farmers were forced into either a sovkhoz or a kolkhoz.
		See Collectivisation in the USSR and Agriculture of the Soviet Union for general discussion of Soviet agriculture, its history and efficiency.
		For many peasants, Kulaks and all of the proletariats collectivisation was a disaster and took many of their lives due to the famines and executions that arose.
	www.yourart.com /research/encyclopedia.cgi?subject=/sovkhoz (1162 words)

	Collectivisation in the USSR - TheBestLinks.com - August 7, Communism, Central Committee, Food, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The theory behind collectivisation was that it would replace the small-scale unmechanised and inefficient farms that were then commonplace in the Soviet Union with large-scale mechanised farms that would produce food far more efficiently.
		Collectivization sought to modernize Soviet agriculture, consolidating the land into parcels that could be farmed by modern equipment using the latest scientific methods of agriculture.
		Furthermore, collectivisation involved significant changes in the traditional village life of Russian peasants within a very short timeframe, with a high potential for causing alienation, despite the long Russian rural tradition of collectivism in obshchinas.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Collectivisation_in_the_USSR.html (1445 words)

	Joseph Stalin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Collectivisation also meant a drastic drop in living standards for many peasants, and it faced widespread and often violent resistance among the peasantry, and actually the producivity of agriculture dropped.
		Those who resisted collectivisation were to be shot, transported to Gulag labor camps or deported to remote areas of the country.
		Many historians agree that the disruption caused by forced collectivization was largely responsible for major famines which caused up to 5 million deaths in 1932-33, particularly in Ukraine and the lower Volga region.
	www.peacelink.de /keyword/Josef_Stalin.php (3143 words)

	Joseph Stalin - Article from FactBug.org - the fast Wikipedia mirror site (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Collectivization had met widespread resistance, resulting in a bitter struggle of many peasants against the authorities, which resulted in millions being killed or deported to remote forced-labor camps.
		Collectivisation meant drastic social changes, on a scale not seen since the abolition of serfdom in 1861, and alienation from control of the land and its produce.
		Collectivisation also meant a drastic drop in living standards for many peasants (but not all; the poorest peasants actually saw their living standards increase), and it faced widespread and often violent resistance among the peasantry.
	www.factbug.org /cgi-bin/a.cgi?a=15641 (7037 words)

	Collectivisation in the USSR Online Research :: Information about Collectivisation in the USSR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		For those with property, however, collectivization meant giving it up to the collective farms and selling most of the food that they produced to the state at low prices set by the state itself, so they were opposed to the idea.
		Furthermore, collectivisation involved significant changes in the traditional village life of Russian peasants within a very short timeframe, despite the long Russian rural tradition of collectivism in Obshchina.
		This uncertainty as to the death toll of collectivization is reflected in the words of Nikita Khrushchev : "Perhaps we'll never know how many people perished directly as a result of collectivisation, or indirectly as a result of Stalin's eagerness to blame his failure on others".
	www.ncweddingplanner.com /search/Collectivisation_in_the_USSR.html (3458 words)

	Collectivisation in the USSR
		In the Soviet Union, collectivisation was a policy introduced in the late 1920s, of consolidation of individual land and labour into co-operatives called collective farms (Russian: колхоз, kolkhoz) with the goals to increase the agricultural production and to put it under the control of the state.
		It was hoped that the goals of collectivisation could be achieved voluntarily, but when the new farms failed to attract the number of peasants hoped, the government blamed the oppression of the kulaks and resorted to forceful implementation of the plan.
		Many peasants, notably the kulaks, attempted to sabotage collectivisation, to the extent of burning crops, slaughtering draught animals (half of all Soviet livestock by 1932), destroying property, and attacking officials and members of the collectives.
	www.askfactmaster.com /Collectivisation_in_the_USSR (2246 words)

	Report of the C.C. to the 16th Congress of the CPSU(B)
		The USSR was not invited to take part in the negotiations for the conclusion of the Kellogg Pact, in order that the USSR should not be included among the countries to which the proposed pact for renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy should apply.
		Collectivisation, the fight against the kulaks, the fight against wreckers, anti-religious propaganda, and so forth, are the inalienable right of the workers and peasants of the USSR, sealed by our Constitution.
		Another result is the USSRís adherence to the Kellogg Pact, the signing of the well-known protocol along the lines of the Kellogg Pact with Poland, Rumania, Lithuania, and other countries, the signing of the protocol on the prolongation of the treaty of friendship and neutrality with Turkey.
	www2.cddc.vt.edu /marxists/reference/archive/stalin/works/1930/aug/27.htm (17512 words)

	Holodomor - TheBestLinks.com - Collectivisation in the USSR, Famine, Ukraine, Caucasus, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Holodomor - TheBestLinks.com - Collectivisation in the USSR, Famine, Ukraine, Caucasus,...
		Holodomor, Collectivisation in the USSR, Famine, Ukraine, Caucasus, Volga River...
		The policy of all-out collectivization was instituted by Joseph Stalin in 1929 to finance industrialization, and it had a disastrous effect on agricultural productivity.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Holodomor.html (408 words)

	Collectivisation in the USSR: Encyclopedia topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Collectivisation had been encouraged since the revolution, but only 2% of households belonged to them by 1928.
		Furthermore, collectivisation involved significant changes in the traditional village life of Russian peasants within a very short timeframe, despite the long Russian rural tradition of collectivism in obshchina (obshchina: more facts about this subject) s.
		In Mongolia (Mongolia: A landlocked socialist republic in central Asia), a Soviet dependency, attempted collectivisation was abandoned in 1932 after the loss of 8 million head of livestock.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /reference/collectivisation_in_the_ussr3 (3537 words)

	Soviet Union - Wikilev (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Collectivization met widespread resistance from peasants, resulting in a bitter struggle against the authorities in many areas, famine, and estimated millions of casualties.
		A preservation of the USSR was held on March 17, 1991, with the population voting for preservation of the Union in most republics.
		Crises in the agricultural sector reaped catastrophic consequences in the 1930s, when collectivization met widespread resistance from the kulaks, resulting in a bitter struggle of many peasants against the authorities, famine, and between 5-10 millions of deaths, particularly in Ukraine, but also in the Volga River area and Kazakhstan.
	wiki.krikalev.com /index.php?title=Soviet_Union (5034 words)

	Soviet Union - Free net encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Soviet Union was dissolved in 1991, and today a collection of states commonly dubbed as "the former Soviet Union" are aligned only through a loose organization known as the Commonwealth of Independent States.
		Politically the USSR was divided (from 1940 to 1991) into 15 constituent or union republics — Armenian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR, Byelorussian SSR, Estonian SSR, Georgian SSR, Kazakh SSR, Kirghiz SSR, Latvian SSR, Lithuanian SSR, Moldavian SSR, Russian SFSR, Tajik SSR, Turkmen SSR, Ukrainian SSR, and Uzbek SSR — joined in a strongly centralized federal union.
		Collectivization met widespread resistance from peasants, resulting in a bitter struggle against the authorities in many areas, famine, and estimated millions of deaths.
	www.netipedia.com /index.php/USSR (6088 words)

	cars - Talk:Collectivisation in the USSR
		The USSR goal was equal status for all peasants so I dont see why they would make the distinction between rich peasants and kulaks, if there it is possible to make a distinction.
		Kulak means rich peasant, though its direct translation from russian means "tight fisted one", i believe this term was originally used during the requisitioning of war communism, when the rich peasants refused to give up their grain and were somewhat 'tight fisted'.
		In [[Mongolia]], a Soviet dependency, attempted collectivisation was abandoned in 1932 after the loss of 8 million head of livestock.
	www.carluvers.com /cars/Talk:Collectivisation_in_the_USSR (2371 words)

	NTU Info Centre: Joseph Stalin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Collectivization had met widespread resistance from the kulaks, resulting in a bitter struggle of many peasants against the authorities, famine, and possibly millions of casualties, particularly in Ukraine.
		The two-stage progress of the collectivisation, interrupted for a year by Stalin's famous editorial "Dizzy with success" (Pravda, March 30, 1930), is a prime example of his ability for tactical retreats.
		However, historian Robert Conquest and other Westerners believe that the USSR was bound for industrialisation which was not necessarily enhanced by Bolshevik influence.
	www.nowtryus.com /article:Stalin (6888 words)

	The Road of the October Revolution
		Since Trotsky had been advocating collectivisation and the elimination of the kulaks as a class in 1926-27, one might have expected him to support the Party when it did decide to commence the process of collectivisation.
		The Bukharinites represented the decay of kulak farming as a decay of agriculture in the USSR.
		The Party's policy on collectivisation was successful in routing the kulaks as a class, in emancipating the labouring peasantry from kulak exploitation and bondage, and in providing the Soviet regime with a firm economic basis in the countryside, the basis of large-scale collective farming.
	www.wpb.be /icm/97en/97en05.htm (6606 words)

	Unearthing The Stalin Era (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Whereas the totalitarian historians depict the USSR under Lenin and especially Stalin as being subjected to the iron will of a single despot, with the masses simply silent victims, the “revisionists” point out the role of different class forces in the USSR in the socialist period, including a number of accomplishments of the Soviet revolutionaries.
		Viola gives a brief overview of the economic situation prevailing in the USSR at that time and shows that for those taking part in the campaign collectivisation was felt to be indispensable for continuing the Bolshevik revolution.
		Mao analysed that though collectivisation in the USSR was a great victory, it had excessively squeezed the peasants, and was part of a policy that overemphasised heavy industry to the detriment of agriculture and light industry.
	www.awtw.org /back_issues/1998-24/stalinBookReview24Eng.htm (3898 words)

	Stalin - USSR - Industrialisation - collectivisation - Reasons the policy was adopted
		The human cost of the policy Working condtions were appaling for the workers, especially on big projects like dams and canals.
		There were many deaths and accidents, it is estimated that 100,00 workers died in the construction of the Belomor Canal.
		There was a famine in 1932-1933, this was because of the chaos that had occured from the governments attempts at introducing collectivisation to the peasants.
	www.studentcentral.co.uk /stalin_-_ussr_-_industrialisation_-_collectivisati_3115 (293 words)

	antalyahotelsbooking.info: Main_Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Soviet government responded to these acts of sabotage and opposition by cutting off food supply to kulaks and areas where there was opposition to collectivization, especially in the Ukrainian region.
		Some kulak saboteurs and some who opposed collectivization were executed or sent to forced-labour camps.
		Most historians agree that the disruption caused by collectivisation and the resistance to it by kulaks and some other peasants worsened conditions during the bad harvest of 1932-1933, especially in Ukraine.
	mutluyasam.info /index.php?title=Holodomor (3102 words)

	Collectivisation in the USSR: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		the immediate effect of collectivisation was to reduce grain output and almost halve livestock.
		attempted collectivisation was abandoned in 1932 after the loss of 8 million head of livestock.
		This uncertainty as to the death toll of collectivization is reflected in the words of Nikita Khrushchev (Soviet statesman and premier who denounced stalin (1894-1971))
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /ref/collectivisation_in_the_ussr3 (6566 words)

	Collectivisation In The Ussr - Collectivisation in the USSR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		USSR Custodial Population 1934-1953 (Could not be posted due to format errors)...
		[[Collectivisation in the USSR]]* [[Saturnalia]] [[Joseph Rotblat]] [[Abdul Karim Qassim]] [[Seymour Hersh]] [[Fort Gadsden]] [[Digital Millennium Copyright Act]] [[Copyright Term Extension Act]] [[Chilean coup of 1973]]...
		Whilst not being the disaster collectivisation was, rapid industrialisation still proved very costly, despite it’s success in making the USSR a superpower.
	msn-game.sudukofun.info /History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1927-1953)/Collectivisation_in_the_USSR (412 words)

	Ussr - USSR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		This collection of interactive units was developed with funds from the AnnenbergProject and the Corporation for Public Broadcasting.
		Born In The USSR - Russian Dolls, Shirts, Flags, and More From The...
		Contains the USSR and Ukrainian National Championship tables and scores.
	singletube.blogiston.com /1951/USSR (460 words)

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