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Topic: Collectivist and individualist cultures

	Collectivist and individualist cultures - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cultures are typically divided into two categories: collectivist and individualist.
		Individualist cultures, such as those of the United States, emphasize personal achievement.
		Collectivist cultures, such as those of China, Korea, and Guam, emphasize family and work group goals.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Collectivist_and_individualist_cultures (547 words)

	CULTURAL ISSUES IN MEDIATION: A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO INDIVIDUALIST AND COLLECTIVIST PARADIGMS
		Collectivists' resistance to mediation, as it is practiced in the United States, is likely to be most pronounced when the other disputants are current or former ingroup members or persons with whom the collectivists wish to maintain or re-establish relationships.
		Among collectivists, there tends to be less of a concern about professional credentials and impartiality, but more of a concern that the mediator be an insider, someone who knows the parties or at least the context of their dispute.
		Collectivists, on the other hand, may view members of their ingroup who are not directly involved as parties to a dispute.
	www.attorney-mediators.org /wright.html (3404 words)

	Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, Unit 7, Chapter 1
		In individualist cultures where there is much personal freedom, people have a better chance to choose and invest their time in personally rewarding life projects, evaluate their happiness using more self-flattering standards, and try harder to view their lives in a positive angle.
		In individualist cultures, internal attributes (e.g., emotions) are the key building blocks of the self and are thus easily brought to the person's attention.
		Basically, individualist cultural members seemed to adopt the logic that "if I am feeling good these days, it must mean my overall life is quite satisfying." Collectivists were less likely to follow such reasoning when evaluating their lives.
	www.ac.wwu.edu /~culture/Suh_Oishi.htm (3513 words)

	Gender, peak oil and culture: part 2 \| EnergyBulletin.net \| Peak Oil News Clearinghouse
		A basic concept that I teach to college studies is the differences in individualist cultures, such as America and Australia, and collectivist cultures, such as Hawai’i, Asia and indigenous cultures.
		Individualist cultures tend to emphasize the primacy of the individual, whereas collectivist cultures give greater value to family and group goals.
		This means that while the ‘I’ may be most important in individualist cultures, the ‘we’ is the dominant force in collectivist ones.” Feminine perspectives also tend to be more collectivist and cooperative than masculine individuality, both of which have their values, especially when combined in their strengths and mitigated in their shortcoming.
	www.energybulletin.net /16825.html (2328 words)

	whatdriveschinese
		Chen, Chen, and Meindl (1998) developed a culturally contingent model of cooperation which specifies variations between and within collectivist and individualist cultures in terms of such cooperation mechanisms as group identity, trust, accountability, and reward distribution.
		Boyacigiller and Adler (1991) argued that the level of commitment of employees in a collectivist society may arise from their ties with managers, owners, and co-workers, while commitment of employees in an individualist society may be due to the job itself or the compensation system.
		The empirical studies by Earley (1989, 1993) showed that collectivist and individualist cultural values have differential effects on social loafing and performance, but these effects vary between in-group and outgroup members and are moderated and mediated by such variables as accountability, perception of individual and group efficacy, and anticipated performance outcomes.
	www.uic.edu /depts/soci/xmchen/whatdriveschinese.htm (4959 words)

	Group versus Individual ethos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In many cultures the interests of the group, whether the family or the community, are given priority over those of the individual.
		Collectivist culture students see themselves as part of a group and "it is illogical to speak up without being sanctioned by the group to do so" (Hofstede 1994:62).
		In the collectivist society ideas tend to be the products of tradition and students are trained to be ideal group members.
	www.ecu.edu.au /ses/research/CALLR/nesb/group.htm (256 words)

	cultural continuums
		Individualist cultures are defined as those in which the goals of the individual are valued over any particular group or collective.
		As Triandis and Hui stated about people from collectivist cultures, "individuals pay primary attention to the needs of their group and will sacrifice opportunities for personal gain" because such sacrifice is tied to their sense of self as a member of the larger collective.
		In oral cultures there appears to be greater involvement on the part of the audience, and this in turn, affects the importance of style and devices that enhance audience rapport.
	academic2.american.edu /~zaharna/continuums1.html (1992 words)

	Collectivism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Collectivists focus on community and society, and seek to give priority to group goals over individual goals.
		Some consider an early example of collectivist political philosophy to be Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Social Contract, which maintains that human society is organized along the lines of an implicit contract between members of society, and that the terms of this contract (e.g.
		Some collectivists apply this principle only to the means of production, while others argue that all valued commodities should be regarded as public goods and placed under public ownership.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Collectivist (835 words)

	Interface: The Journal for Education, Community, and Values
		The cultural syndromes individualism and collectivism; high and low-context languages; and unique experiences of APIs in higher education are discussed with reference to the use of electronically-mediated communications.
		Cultural perceptions regarding the appropriateness of public and private praise (self-enhancement vs. self-effacement)and "deferential vs. affirmative" politeness are often mentioned as a dividing line between collectivist and individualist cultures (cf.
		My experience with students from Hawai’i and students from collectivist cultures in general is that Email facilitates my ability to establish a relationship (informal queries about their interests in the course topics; advice about career goals and personal quandaries) later, face to face.
	bcis.pacificu.edu /journal/2001/10/glover.php (3238 words)

	TRUST FORMATION IN COLLECTIVIST AND INDIVIDUALIST SOCIETIES
		In individualist cultures, the emphasis is on rational analyses of the advantages and disadvantages of maintaining a relationship (Kim et al., 1994; Mills and Clark, 1992).
		Both collectivists and individualists will value integrity, but their definition may be different since integrity involves adherence to a set of mutually acceptable principles (Mayer et al, 1995), which may differ across cultures.
		The description of collectivists' relations with other people are often restricted to their relationships with members of their in-groups.
	marketing.byu.edu /htmlpages/ccrs/proceedings99/huff.htm (5017 words)

	take home mid-term #2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Individualist cultures give higher priority to personal as opposed to group goals and needs than do collectivist cultures.
		Collectivist cultures are more conformist and interdependent than individualist cultures.
		Cultures that are collectivist are also likely to be low power-distance cultures.
	cal.jmu.edu /bsumekpk.gcom121/take_home_mid-term_1.htm (3272 words)

	sq test 1 fall 2000
		Cultures can be defined by their values/belief systems/members’ actions.
		Collectivists see themselves as dependent on/independent from members of their groups.
		It is harder/easier to be a stranger in a high/low context culture.
	www4.cord.edu /csta/sqt1fall2000.htm (661 words)

	Lebaron: Mediation and Multicultural Reality
		Recognizing that cultures are constructed from deeply shared meanings, that each individual is a part of multiple cultures, and that there is wide variation within cultures, the aspiration to design culturally appropriate processes is seen in its true complexity.
		Cultural behaviours are shaped and reshaped by the narratives of groups, narratives that give information about degrees of privilege or victimization, status, history, identity, conflict and relationship.
		Self reliance for the collectivist cultures implies not being a burden on the ingroup, and competition is not related to it.
	www.gmu.edu /academic/pcs/lebaron.htm (6226 words)

	Email as a learning technology in the South Pacific: An evaluation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		For example Chinese students from a collectivist culture have been found by some studies to adopt a rote learning approach, which is seen by their western individualist teachers as inferior (Samuelowicz, 1987).
		A recent study(Anakwe, 1999) investigated the media preferences of students from collectivist versus individualist cultures and concluded that collectivist students were significantly less comfortable with computer-mediated interaction favoring face-to-face interaction.
		To further explore the relationship between students’ culture (within the collectivist dimension), and use of email, students were asked how often they sent and received email from lecturers; and how often they sent email to their friends.
	ifets.ieee.org /periodical/vol_3_2002/frank.html (5662 words)

	Multimethod probes of individualism and collectivism « A Discourse on Deafhood
		Given that people in individualist and collectivist cultures not only have a different sense of self, but a different cognitive process, it is only natural that any pertinent study needs to use a multi-method mode of research (Trandis, McCusker, and Hui, 1990).
		The word “idiocentricism” defines a collectivist with individualist traits and the word “allocentrisim” defines an individualist with collectivist traits (Triandis, McCusker, and Hui, 1990).
		The differences between collectivist and individualist cultures is not as simple as defining the role of the self (Triandis, McCusker, and Hui, 1990).
	jhenner.wordpress.com /2006/10/03/115990988122919281 (1783 words)

	Culture
		Kaplan’s conception of culture, however, consisted of a closed system that viewed “culture as based largely on distinct geographical and national entities, which are presented as relatively unchanging and homogeneous” (Connor, 2002, p.
		One of the ways early contrastive rhetoric simplified the notion of culture is described by Connor (1996), who states it was criticized for disregarding “linguistic and cultural differences in writing among related languages, that is, for including Chinese, Thai, and Korean speakers in one ‘Oriental’ group” (p.
		Matsuda (1997) describes the complexity of culture using the hypothetical case of a Japanese student composing a letter to the editor:
	mason.gmu.edu /~mkelly1/culture.html (717 words)

	Dimensions of Cultural Difference
		For a person coming from a collectivist culture individualist cultures can appear to be uncaring and too ready to ignore the rights of older people, and individualists can be confused in a collectivist culture because they can completely fail to take the importance of groups, like families, into account.
		Strong uncertainty avoidance cultures also have an urge to work hard and an emotional need for rules (and taboos), and a fear of what is different, experts are very important and there is a desire for certainty and intolerance of alternative ideas.
		While it is interesting to look at the different dimensions of national culture, and to see the differences between nations, this subject only becomes of real importance when we consider what this means in terms of the problems of people from different cultures living and working together.
	home.planet.nl /~kluijven/Konijn.htm (1375 words)

	Did The Greeks Invent Astrology?
		This was an instinctive knowingness that was not yet unlearned by these early cultures, and not yet encoded and programmed by modern societal demands that are instilled by technological "shoulds." This perspective is now regarded as purely superstitious, and has evolved via a constricted discounting of that knowingness of connection.
		The Early Mesopotamian culture bridged the perspectives of both east and west and acted as an interface between them, which is far more spectacular of a developmental process and advance than was the Greek acceleration of the personal experience of identity.
		The earliest culture of the Sumerians described their origin as lying in the East "where the sun rises" (Patterson, The Essentials of Ancient History, 1990) which implies a movement from the far east to the near east as a possible explanation of origin.
	www.astroconsulting.com /FAQs/did_the_greeks_invent_astrology.htm (2556 words)

	What is the true value of online information?
		In a collectivist society, there is great value placed in consultation with others, which is not the case in an Individualistic culture such as that found in the English-speaking world.
		Collectivist societies such as China, Korea and Japan tend to be more likely to avoid change until a collective decision has been made and the element of uncertainty has been minimised.
		Collectivist Asian cultures can ride the wave of searching, cataloguing and file management technology largely under development by individualist cultures that are forced to put enormous resources into controlling the excess of information their culture generates.
	ausweb.scu.edu.au /aw03/papers/edwards2/paper.html (3214 words)

	Research
		Title: Conception of self and relationship to collectivist and individualist cultures: Comparative analysis of Korean, Japanese, Chinese and American students and adults.
		We are focusing on such factors as individualism/collectivism and horizontal/verticalism on the efficiency with which small groups complete a variety of tasks.
		This project is looking at the relationship between cultural factors such a face and the nature and expression of hypergenderism (i.e., hypermasculinity and hyperfemininity).
	www.interculturalacademy.org /research.html (1123 words)

	ICRP. Kalamazoo College
		I believe that the pressure of being immersed in the culture and the desire to communicate with the locals will allow me to learn the language quickly.
		As part of class we placed ourselves along a continuum of collectivist and individualist cultures; we analyzed our conceptions of time; and we explored whether our locus of control was internal or external.
		It was advantageous to learn where you stand on the cultural continuum and to identify where you deviate from the norms of your home culture.
	www.kzoo.edu /cip/kpic/students/students03/puretz.htm (1115 words)

	Culture and begging in America - is there a connection? \| Ask MetaFilter
		My admittedly half-assed guess is that Asian and Hispanic cultures offer their less-well-off members more options than hitting the streets with absolutely nothing.
		In practice, this means that extended families or, in the case of Confucian societies, the whole community are likely to support its members against outside pressures (for example, the pressure of living in a culture where the norms are different from the 'home' culture).
		Collectivist societies are usually high in power distance, while individualist societies are generally low in power distance.
	ask.metafilter.com /mefi/36797 (1837 words)

	Suggested Essay Topics
		As Hall argues it, there are two ways we can distinguish between cultures in relation to their communication strategies: Collectivist cultures and Individualist Cultures.
		Japan is an illustration of a Collectivist culture; Canada epitomizes the values of the Individualist culture.
		In Individualist cultures self-promotion is viewed as a positive attribute, whereas in Collectivist cultures, self-promotion is eyed with distrust (the Chinese character for "I" looks very much like the word for selfish).
	www.sfu.ca /~gmccarro/110/Topics.htm (2217 words)

	cultural2.html
		Definitions of culture: mentifacts, sociofacts, artifacts; institutions, beliefs, technology, language.
		Using these definitions of culture to explain world culture patterns, including variations in gender roles.
		Cultural convergence and interdependence with improved global communication and transportation networks.
	www.geog.tamu.edu /sarah/humangeog/cultural2.html (221 words)

	Mixing Memory: Traveling from West to East, Cognitively: The Causes of Cultural Differences in Reasoning
		Nisbett has explained these differences as being the result of the dominance of individualism in Western cultures, and collectivism in Eastern cultures, but there is no experimental evidence to support this view.
		In fact, the very distinction between collectivist and individualist cultures may not be a very good one, as evidenced by research attempting to measure cross-cultural differences on these dimensions has shown
		It's possible that the Asian students displayed higher fear of isolation because they were in a different country and culture, but you'd have to make a better case than you have to argue that it negates the conclusions of the research.
	mixingmemory.blogspot.com /2005/08/traveling-from-west-to-east.html (2151 words)

	Syllabi Template healthhumserv
		Discover what parts of their experiences in this culture have been positive, negative, neutral but different from what is typical for their family of origin.
		If possible, find and attend some cultural event such as a religious service, a festival etc. Write your next two segments about the life experience and world view of the person who embodies your Voice.
		Explain why you are seeking counseling and tell the counselor what she or he needs to know about you to help you.
	www.ccsu.edu /counselingtherapy/Fried/CNSL525/CNSL525Syllabus.html (652 words)

	Free Trainer's Guide for the Kraybill Conflict Style Inventory
		For example, people from both individualistic and collectivistic backgrounds who spend a lot of time in institutional roles and group settings benefit from having both sets of scores.
		People from “high-context” collectivist cultures (that is, cultures where someone of lower status determined by age, education, wealth, position is always expected to defer to someone of higher status or age) are likely to find the inventory more realistic to reality as they know it.
		If the group is culturally diverse, this is a great opportunity for people from high-context collectivist cultures to share a bit about the expectations for dealing with conflict within their own culture.
	www.riverhouseepress.com /Conflict_Style_Inventory_Training_Outline.htm (4020 words)

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