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	Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, page 504 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		As regards the functions of the college, besides performing a number of special sacrifices in the service of the household gods, they exercised (as already mentioned) a superintendence over the whole domain of the religious services recognised by the State, public and private.
		In all doubts which arose concerning the religious obligations of the State towards the gods, or concerning the form of any religious offices which were to be undertaken, their opinion was asked by the Senate and by the other secular bodies, who were obliged unhesitatingly to follow it.
		An important and indeed universal influence was exercised by the pontiffs, not only on religious, but also on civic life, by means of the regulation of the calendar, which was assigned to them as possessing technical knowledge of the subject; and by means of their superintendence over the observance i of the holidays.
	www.ancientlibrary.com /seyffert/0507.html (613 words)

	Pontiff - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Pontiff is a title of certain religious leaders.
		Pontiffs were men on the highest council of priests in ancient Rome, called the College of Pontiffs, and the Pontifex Maximus was the highest religious figure.
		Sometimes the Pope is called the Supreme Pontiff and other bishops of the Roman Catholic Church are called Pontiffs.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pontiff (134 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Apostolic College
		For an Apostle is a missionary, sent by competent authority, to extend the Gospel to new lands: a tradition, beginning with the sending of The Twelve, has consecrated this meaning of the term to the exclusion of all others which it might derive from its etymology.
		This college of rulers, teachers, and ministers of the sacraments was placed under the headship of St. Peter, the rock upon whom the foundations of the Church were established.
		The College of the Apostles lives forth in the episcopate, which gradually took its place and filled its functions.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/04112a.htm (1264 words)

	Pope - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Therefore, such definitions of the Roman pontiff are of themselves, and not by the consent of the church, irreformable.
		In 1059, the electorate was restricted to the Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, and the individual votes of all Cardinal Electors were made equal in 1179.
		The Pope is usually a member of the Sacred College of Cardinals, but theoretically any male Catholic (including a layman) may be elected; Pope Urban VI, elected 1378, was the last pope who was not already a cardinal at the time of his election.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope (3924 words)

	BERNARD, SAINT - Online Information article about BERNARD, SAINT
		This tendency of the Sacred College to convert the Roman Church into a constitutional monarchy, in which it should itself play the part of parliament, was a sufficiently grave symptom of the progress of the new spirit.
		The letters that she addressed to the pontiff, on this and other occasions, are documents, which are, perhaps, unique in their kind, and of great literary beauty.
		The result of this change in the attitude of Gregory was the formation of a strong malcontent party in the College of Cardinals; to counteract whose influence, the popefaithless to the conditions attached to his electionresorted to the plan of creating new members.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /BEC_BER/BERNARD_SAINT.html (9773 words)

	Pope Paul VI - Election of the Roman Pontiff - 1 October 1975
		When the Roman Pontiff dies, the cardinals are to celebrate the rites for his soul on nine successive days, according to the Order of Funeral Rites for a Deceased Roman Pontiff, which, like the Order of Sacred Rites for a Conclave, is to be made an appendix to this constitution.
		If the deceased Supreme Pontiff has made a will concerning his possessions and his private letters and documents and has appointed an executor, the latter, in accordance with the powers assigned him by the testator, is to decide upon and carry out what should be done with these private possessions and writings.
		Therefore We decree that the newly elected Supreme Pontiff may now be approached by the substitute secretary of state (papal secretary), the secretary of the council for the public affairs of the Church, the prefect of the pontifical household, and others who must consult with the new pope on immediately pressing matters.
	www.catholic-forum.com /saints/pope0262p.htm (8614 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: The Pope
		Peter, the perpetuity of this office in the person of the Roman pontiff, the pope's jurisdiction over the faithful, and his supreme authority to define in all questions of faith and morals.
		In this case the dogma that the Roman pontiff is at all times the Church's chief pastor would be the conclusion from two premises -- the revealed truth that the Church must ever have a supreme head, and the historic fact that St.
		Peter is ever to be found in the Roman pontiff is almost universally held to be a truth revealed by the Holy Spirit to the Apostles, and by them transmitted to the Church.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/12260a.htm (10804 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2003.10.16 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The question whether the flamines of the divinised emperors belonged to the college of the pontiffs is left open (83f.).
		The body of the pontiffs was the authority in sacred matters to individuals as well as the most important councillor to the senate in ceremony and ritual.
		Her explanation that the pontiffs had only an advisory function and could investigate candidates in front of the comitia is not more convincing than the older theory of the quasi-magistrative imperium of the priests who presided over the comitia (275-308).
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/2003/2003-10-16.html (1807 words)

	Roman Public Religion; roman history, roman civilization
		The college of pontiffs had the most complex structure of the various groups of Roman priests.
		The pontiffs were also different from other priestly colleges in that some of their areas of expertise clearly intersected with political life, while other areas of their expertise seem to have served a "catch-all" function.
		The priests of these college were increasingly drawn from the class of equites and by the early empire, equites proudly erected statues to themselves in the Lupercal dress.
	abacus.bates.edu /~mimber/Rciv/public.relig.htm (2955 words)

	Collegiality (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In a narrower sense, members of the faculty of a university or college are each other's colleagues; very often the word is taken to mean that.
		The word college is sometimes construed broadly to mean a group of colleagues united in a common purpose, and used in proper names, such as Electoral College, College of Cardinals, College of Pontiffs.
		By some in the Roman Catholic Church the collegiality and independence of bishop s is held to mean that only the Pope has authority over other bishops.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Collegiality.html (400 words)

	Chapter Destruction Of Paganism. of History of The Decline And Fall of The Roman Empire by Gibbon
		But the dignity of their sacred character was still protected by the laws, and manners of their country; and they still continued, more especially the college of pontiffs, to exercise in the capital, and sometimes in the provinces, the rights of their ecclesiastical and civil jurisdiction.
		Their robes of purple, chariots of state, and sumptuous entertainments, attracted the admiration of the people; and they received, from the consecrated lands, and the public revenue, an ample stipend, which liberally supported the splendor of the priesthood, and all the expenses of the religious worship of the state.
		The fifteen priests, who composed the college of pontiffs, enjoyed a more distinguished rank as the companions of their sovereign; and the Christian emperors condescended to accept the robe and ensigns, which were appropriated to the office of supreme pontiff.
	www.bibliomania.com /2/1/62/109/25670/1.html (597 words)

	Serebella Contents College of Cardinals---Collegiate Association for the Research of Princip (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		College of Cardinals---Collegiate Association for the Research of Princip
		An institution for adult education at a basic or intermediate level (teaching those of any age).
		It uses material from the Wiktionary page "College".
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/contains-96662-96709-College_of_Cardinals-Collegiate_Association_for_the_Research_of_Princip.html (321 words)

	The Religion of Numa: The Augustan Renaissance
		But now as the first step in the rebuilding of the priesthoods Octavian restored the college to its old rank and gained also the additional advantage that the people were impressed with the moral righteousness of their cause against Antony and Cleopatra, and also with the fact that it was a foreign, i.e.
		The old "colleges of the cross-roads" afforded him just the sort of opportunity which he never failed to seize, that of seeming to restore a neglected republican institution, and at the same time of making it into a support of the monarchy.
		The colleges had antiquity in their favour, and their repeated suppression was clear proof of their power.
	www.sacred-texts.com /cla/numa/numa07.htm (7566 words)

	Collegiality - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In the Roman Republic, collegiality was the practice of having at least two people, and always an even number, in each magistrate position of the Roman Senate.
		There were several notable exceptions: the prestigious, but largely ceremonial (and lacking imperium) positions of pontifex maximus and princeps senatus held one person each; the extraordinary magistrates of Dictator and Magister Equitum were also one person each; and there were three triumvir s.
		The term collegiality also refers to what critics call a tendency in the Roman Catholic Church for conferences of bishops (acting as a "college of bishops") to attempt to impose a real authority over their own membership.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /collegiality.htm (403 words)

	College of Pontiffs - Result for College of Pontiffs - Meaning of College of Pontiffs - Definition of College of ...
		College of Pontiffs - Result for College of Pontiffs - Meaning of College of Pontiffs - Definition of College of Pontiffs - Dictionary of Meaning - www.mauspfeil.net
		In ancient Rome, the '''College of Pontiffs''' or '''Collegium Pontificum''' was a body whose members were the highest-ranking priests of the polytheism polytheistic state religion.
		- Pontifex maximus and the college of pontiffs {{reli-stub}} {{roman-stub}} Category:Ancient Rome
	www.mauspfeil.net /College_of_Pontiffs.html (167 words)

	Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, page 632 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		inauguratio, especially that of the rex sacrificulus and of the fmmines, was sometimes performed by the college of pontiffs in the comitia calata.
		42) ; the chief pontiff had the right to enforce the inauguratio, if it was refused by the augurs, and if he considered that there was no sufficient ground for refusing it.
		After the civil and military power of the kings had been conferred upon the consuls, and the office of high-priest was given to a distinct person, the rex sacrorum, he was, as stated above, inaugurated by the pontiffs in the comitia calata, in which the chief pontiff presided.
	www.ancientlibrary.com /smith-dgra/0639.html (858 words)

	College of Cardinals: sede vacante...
		While the Apostolic See is Vacant, the government of the Church is in the hands of the Sacred College of Cardinals only with regard to ordinary business and those matters which cannot be deffered, and with regard to the preparation of all those matters which are necessary for the election of the new Pope.
		Consequently, during the vacancy, the Sacred College has no power or jurisdiction in those matters which pertain to the Supreme Pontiff while he is alive; all those matters must be reserved for the future Pope alone.
		If the newly elected supreme pontiff is not already a bishop, his episcopal ordination shall be carried out by the dean of the College of Cardinals or, in his absence, by the subdean or, should he too be prevented from doing so, by the senior cardinal bishop.
	www.aquinas-multimedia.com /cards/sedeva.html (1966 words)

	The College of Pontiffs
		There were four great colleges of priests, but the College of Pontiffs was by far the most important.
		This tends to indicate that the pontiffs were considered to replace the king in religious matters.
		A major responsibility of the pontiffs was the issuance of responsa --the deliverance of an opinion on the religious legality of a course of action.
	www.ancientsites.com /aw/Post/95599 (639 words)

	reading_7 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		He was also the supreme pontiff in religious matters, and it is even possible that he played some part as the dispenser of justice within the community.
		Whether this is so or not, it was finally the college of pontiffs who exercised this function, and the first judiciary was therefore the priests (cf.717).
		Not only were the magistracies filled from their ranks, and not only was the powerful body of pontiffs recruited from the same group, but the comitae were so constituted that the patricians always had the majority of votes, notwithstanding their being a minority within the community.
	www.law2.byu.edu /Thomas/Legal_History/Reading_7.html (13908 words)

	Destruction of Paganism
		Four respectable deputations were successively voted to the Imperial court, to represent the grievances of the priesthood and the senate, and to solicit the restoration of the altar of Victory.
		The conduct of this important business was entrusted to the eloquent Symmachus, a wealthy and noble senator, who united the sacred characters of pontiff and augur with the civil dignities of proconsul of Africa and prefect of the city.
		The breast of Symmachus was animated by the warmest zeal for the cause of expiring Paganism; and his religious antagonists lamented the abuse of his genius, and the inefficacy of his moral virtues.
	worldspirituality.org /destruction-paganism.html (6396 words)

	The Avalon Project : Charter of Urso, 44 B.C.
		And the said pontiffs and augurs, having places in their several colleges, and also their children, shall have exemption from military service and from public duties solemnly guaranteed, in such wise as a pontiff in Rome has or shall have the same, and all their military campaigns shall be accounted as discharged.
		No person shall be received or elected in place of another or coopted into the college of pontiffs except at a time when there are or shall be less than three pontiffs belonging to the colony Genetiva.
		The duumvirs or the prefect shall conduct and notify the elections of the pontiffs and augurs provided by this law in like manner as by this law it is proper for the duumvirs to be elected, created, or replaced.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/medieval/charter_of_urso.htm (2619 words)

	The Two Babylons: The Sovereign Pontiff
		In the countries where the Babylonian system was most thoroughly developed, we find the Sovereign Pontiff of the Babylonian god invested with the very attributes now ascribed to the Pope.
		The same was the case with the Chaldean Pontiff, and the system over which he presided.
		Now, moving slowly up, between the two armed lines of soldiers, appeared a long procession of ecclesiastics, bishops, canons, and cardinals, preceding the Roman pontiff, who was borne on a gilded chair, clad in vestments resplendent as the sun.
	www.thunderministries.net /babylon/sect61.htm (3299 words)

	Roman divinities
		There was a college of pontiffs to regulate worship and perform the higher ceremonies, which were complicated and minute.
		The pontiffs were presided over by one called Pontifex Maximus,--a title shrewdly assumed by Caesar to gain control of the popular worship, and still surviving in the title of the Pope of Rome with his college of cardinals.
		Many were manufactured by the pontiffs for utilitarian purposes, and were mere abstractions, like Hope, Fear, Concord, Justice, Clemency, etc., to which temples were erected.
	www.abacci.com /history/history.aspx?historyID=157 (647 words)

	Roman Calendar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Such an eclipse did take place in 400 BC, but it only can have occurred at the new moon, when it is in conjuction with the sun, and that would have been shortly before the Kalends (June 1).
		Nor did the college of pontiffs (from pontifex or "bridge maker"), who were responsible for regulating the calendar and the festivals that depended upon it, always intercalate the additional days necessary to sychronize the lunar and solar years.
		But the pontiffs mistakeningly adjusted for leap year every three years (having counted inclusively) and inserted too many intercalary days.
	itsa.ucsf.edu /~snlrc/encyclopaedia_romana/calendar/romancalendar.html (1390 words)

	Republican Rome
		The Sacred Colleges.-- The four chief sacred colleges or societies were the Keepers of the Sibylline Books, the College of Augurs, the College of Pontiffs, and the College of the Heralds.
		The duty of the members of the College of Augurs was to interpret the omens, or auspices,--which were casual sights or appearances, particularly the flight of birds,--by which means it was believed that Jupiter made known his will.
		The College of Pontiffs was so called probably because one of the duties of its members was to keep in repair a certain bridge (pans) over the Tiber.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/Rome1.html (15362 words)

	Collegiality (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In anarrower sense, members of the faculty of a university or college are each other's colleagues; very often the word is taken tomean that.
		The word college is sometimes construed broadly to mean a group of colleagues united in a commonpurpose, and used in proper names, such as Electoral College, College of Cardinals, College of Pontiffs.
		By some in the Roman Catholic Church the collegialityand independence of bishops is held to mean that only the Pope has authority over other bishops.
	www.therfcc.org /collegiality-11094.html (196 words)

	DECLINE & FALL
		(3) Fifteen PONTIFFs exercised their supreme jurisdiction over all things and persons that were consecrated to the service of the gods; and the various questions which perpetually arose in a loose and traditionary system were submitted to the judgment of their holy tribunal.
		Their robes of purple, chariots of state, and sumptuous entertainments attracted the admiration of the people; and they received, from the consecrated lands and the public revenue, an ample stipend, which liberally supported the splendour of the priesthood and all the expenses of the religious worship of the state.
		Four respectable deputations were successively voted to the Imperial court, (13) to represent the grievances of the priesthood and the senate, and to solicit the restoration of the altar of Victory.
	matrix.csustan.edu /XLib/History/Decline/volume1/chap28.htm (6001 words)

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