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Topic: Collembola

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	Checklist: South African Aquatics Springtails (Insects: Collembola)
		Collembola are small, wingless hexapods, either pigmented or white, normally 1-2 mm long; the mouth-parts are enclosed within the buccal cavity (mouth); one pair of elongate maxillae and one pair of mandibles are enclosed by the labrum and labium.
		Collembola generally are sensitive indicators of disturbances, such as oil pollution on beaches and chemical pollution of rivers and streams and therefore are of value in environmental assessment.
		Collembola act as catalysts in the breakdown of organic matter and in the cycling of plant nutrients by grazing on and distributing propagules of microorganisms and, through their feeding and other activities and the deposition of faecal material, they can alter the physical properties and structure of soils.
	www.ru.ac.za /academic/departments/zooento/Martin/acollembola.html (3594 words)

	News - Collembola found in scrapings from individuals diagnosed with delusory parasitosis
		Evidence of Collembola was found in images of scrapings from 18 of the 20 individuals that had been diagnosed as delusional.
		Collembola were present in ninety percent of the study participants who complained of stinging/biting and/or crawling sensations on or under their skin.
		Griffiths, G. Hypogastrua succinea (Collembola: Hypogastruridae) dispersed by adults of the cabbage maggot, Delia radicum (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), infected with the parasitic fungus, Strongewellsea castrans (Zygomycetes: Entomophtoraceae).
	www.headlice.org /news/2004/pr071204.htm (3032 words)

	Kansas School Naturalist: Springtails
		Although Collembola are among the most numerous arthropods on earth's surface, and over four thousand different species are recognized, they are little known,a and those who are aware of their existence generally think of them either as "snow fleas" or as soil insects.
		It is this structure which gives Collembola their common name of "Springtails." This structure is normally kept tucked under the body, held in place by a sort of latch mechanism called the tenaculum.When the latch is released, the furcula snaps back with great force, driving the animal up to 100 times its body length.
		As might be suspected from their favored diets, most Collembola are reducers, and live in litter, decaying wood, or soil, or under dead bark, stones or litter on the soil surface, where they play an important role in breaking down dead plant materials and controlling the bacteria and fungi.
	www.emporia.edu /ksn/v39n1-october1992/KSNVOL39-1.htm (5322 words)

	Checklist of the Collembola: Are Collembola terrestrial Crustacea?
		In Collembola the hypopharynx is often a short three lobed structure, composed of the lateral superlinguae on either side of the median lingua, while in Protura the superlingua is absent and the hypopharynx is represented by a narrow projection (Matsuda, 1965:106).
		In Collembola, the presence of structures resembling insect Malpighian tubules is definitely excluded (Dallai, 1966; Thibaud, 1968 cited from Dallai and Callaini, 1979:45; Dallai, 1979:175).
		Collembola are a sistergroup of Branchiopoda (Spears and Abele, 1997 cited from Lange and Schram, 1999:236).
	webhost.ua.ac.be /collembola/publicat/crustacn.htm (9217 words)

	Discover Life - Insecta: Collembola - Springtails (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Collembola are primitive wingless insects in the subclass Apterygota.
		Different Collembola appear to be specialized for different microhabitats in the litter, ranging from the warm and dry surface layer down to the cool, moist, deep litter layers.
		Collembola have indeterminate growth and continue to molt after reaching adulthood(a characteristic unique to Aptergota).
	pick5.pick.uga.edu /mp/20q?search=Collembola (1363 words)

	Fathom :: The Source for Online Learning
		Although Collembola share the character of absence of wings with true fleas, the two groups differ in that the fleas (Siphonaptera) lost their wings as a secondary adaptation to their parasitic lifestyle whereas the common ancestor of Collembola never possessed the power of flight.
		Collembola that live in trees graze on algae and lichens from the surface of bark and there are several species that prey on other Collembola and their eggs.
		Collembola are found all over the world and in a great variety of habitats, from the seashore to the highest peaks of the Himalayas.
	www.fathom.com /feature/122603 (2404 words)

	Gordon's Collembola Care Sheet
		Collembola reach sexual maturity after their 4th or 5th moult, but unlike most insects, though they are now adults they do not stop moulting but may have as many as 15 to 20 moults before the end of their life, though they do not get any bigger.
		Collembola are easy to rear in something like an old margarine container with 5 mm of plaster-of- Paris in the bottom, if you want to see inside cut the centre out of the lid and use the remaining edges to clip down a sheet of cling-film or similar plastic.
		Collembola do not actually go in for conventional mating instead the males leave a spermatophore (a bag of sperm) where the females might find it, sometimes this is off the ground on a short stalk.
	www.earthlife.net /insects/collcare.html (1115 words)

	New Genus of Collembola Named After College and Alumna
		“The Collembola is a group often ignored and mostly misunderstood,” said Ken Christiansen, professor emeritus of biology at Grinnell College, Grinnell, Iowa, and a leading researcher of Collembola worldwide.
		Collembola have been on the earth for a long time—the first fossil specimens are about 380 million years old (Devonian period).
		Although there are a few examples of Collembola, specifically the Lucerne Flea, that are agricultural pests—primarily in Australia where they are a serious pest of alfalfa—overall they are a harmless creature.
	www.physorg.com /news73574984.html (847 words)

	Collembola references published during 2004
		Barra, J.A. Springtails of the genus Seira Lubbock, 1869 (Collembola, Entomobryidae) from
		Thibaud, J.M., Schulz, H.J. and da Gama Assalino, M.M. Synopses on Palaearctic Collembola: Hypogastruridae.
		Varshav, E.V. and Chernova, N.M. Trophic rhythms in Collembola.
	www.earthworksresearch.com /collempub/2004.htm (3342 words)

	Follow up Information Regarding ABC's Prime Time Show on Mysterious Diseases
		Collembola, also known as springtails or snow fleas, are described in the authoritative "Biology of Springtails" by Hopkin as among the most widespread and abundant terrestrial arthropods on earth.
		Collembola are referred to as the earliest fossil proof of insect life on the planet.
		In 2004, the National Pediculosis Association reported Collembola in skin scrapings collected from 18 of 20 research participants in its study published in the Journal of the New York Entomological Society at http://www.headlice.org/news/2004/delusory.htm.
	www.prweb.com /releases/2006/8/prweb422816.htm (622 words)

	ENY3004 General Entomology - Order Collembola (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In terms of numbers of individuals, Collembola and ants dominate invertebrate fauna in leaf litter and soil.
		Collembola with sucking mouthparts; almost nothing known of their diet.
		Collembola display epitoky (Greek, epi = upon; tokos = birth) - alternation of a feeding, non-reproductive instar and a reproductive instar during the adult stage.
	www.famu.org /academics/hubbard/eny3004/ord_collembola.asp (196 words)

	North Cascades Glacier Ice Worm research
		Collembola are commonly referred to as 'springtails' or 'snowfleas.' Collembola are a very ancient order, sometimes included under Insecta, and sometimes placed in their own order because of some very unique characteristics -- such as their furculum or 'spring' used for jumping -- are not present in any of the insects.
		Collembola occur in virtually every kind of environment: they are found in soil, fresh water, salt water, snow, ice, and about anywhere else you'd care (or not care) to think about.
		Most species of Collembola found on glaciers of the North Cascades are also found off glaciers, on snowpack, on pools of water, or in duff in the forest.
	www.nichols.edu /departments/glacier/collembola.htm (579 words)

	Cold-weather acrobats
		Springing can be a superb way to evade predators, such as mites and beetles, but it does have one drawback: Collembola can't control their direction and frequently land in the same spot they jumped from.
		Their ability to adhere to the underside of a leaf may have its merits, but the sticky extra limb, called a ventral tube, is also used for drinking and breathing.
		Collembola also can endure hot temperatures as well as cold, with species found in Hawaiian volcanoes as well as in the Antarctic.
	www.wnrmag.com /stories/1998/dec98/snowflea.htm (1328 words)

	Toohey Forest Collembola, a Springtail (Dinaphorura tooheyensis) - Unsuccessful listing advice
		The Toohey Forest Collembola is a soil invertebrate that is known to occur in Toohey Forest, Brisbane, Queensland.
		Collembola are sensitive to disturbance and it is claimed that it is likely that the Toohey Forest Collembola will require undisturbed sites for habitation.
		Collembola generally feed on micro-organisms associated with the root zone and decomposing organic matter.
	www.deh.gov.au /biodiversity/threatened/species/dinaph-tooheyensis.html (1141 words)

	Gordon's Collembola Page
		The name 'Collembola' was first given to the springtails by John Lubbock in 1871 in his monograph on the Collembola and Thysanura, before that they were treated as part of the same order as Thysanura.
		Collembola have been around at least 400 million years, the oldest known fossil Hexapod Rhyniella praecursor is a Collembola from chert of the Lower Devonian era.
		Collembola stand around doing apparently nothing while preparing to moult and have to have an empty gut before moulting because like there close relatives the insects they shed part of the stomach lining with their external skin.
	www.earthlife.net /insects/collembo.html (1003 words)

	Soil invertebrates: Diversity of Collembola
		Collembola families and respective genera recovered from 1995 and 1996 litter bag samples.
		The Simpson index for 1995 Collembola genera is shown in Figure 3, A-C. Figure 3A is a comparison of the corn phases (CS1, CS3 and CS5) and the pasture phase (CS6).
		Collembola diversity in 1996 decomposition bag samples using Simpson index (mean + standard error).
	www.cias.wisc.edu /wicst/pubs/inverteb.htm (2570 words)

	Soil invertebrates: Diversity of Collembola
		This method, Berlese funnel extraction, is especially efficient for Collembola or springtails, a familiar group of six-legged micro-arthropods.
		Collembola families and respective genera recovered from 1997 soil core samples.
		In contrast to the situation where Collembola were absent from samples, this treatment was included in the ANOVA analysis for this date.
	www.cias.wisc.edu /wicst/pubs/inverte2.htm (1284 words)

	Checklist of the Collembola: Collembola
		External anatomy and morphology: The body of Collembola basically comprises three tagmata, a head capsule, a thorax with three segments, and an abdomen with five segments and a terminal periproct.
		The abscence of Malpighian tubules in Collembola suggests that mineral deposition in the midgut epithelium serves an excretory function; excretion is achieved by the renewal of the entire intestinal epithelium, which occurs at each moulting (Humbert, 1979:43,53).
		Tillyard (1928) concluded that Collembola are primary, ancestral, and archaic terrestrial arthropodans and not forms readapted by retrograde evolution as claimed by Handlirsch (1908) (cited from Handschin, 1955:41,49).
	www.geocities.com /~fransjanssens/taxa/collembo.htm (6099 words)

	Collembola Software
		Because dead Collembola and shed skins are losing their hydrophobic characteristic and are eaten by other Collembola as destructive organisms, almost only living organisms float on the water surface.
		If the EC-value of the total collembola area differs significantly from the number, this is a significant indicator on secondary effects of the pollutant, that are not represented by the number.
		The resolution of the images of single collembola can be increased by the decrease of the area of interest or by a simple change of the lens.
	www.lemnatec.com /collembolen_software_en.htm (1331 words)

	Checklist of the Collembola: History - 1998
		The world map that is used as a background to indicate the species distribution in units of biogeographical regions is provided by the Digital Chart of the World Data Server of the Pennsylvania State University.
		on new aquatic Collembola from Brazil by Arlé (1961);
		on new Collembola from Brazil by Arlé (1943);
	webhost.ua.ac.be /collembola/doc/hist1998.htm (2319 words)

	photos of glacier collembola springtails (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Collembola, also known as Springtails, are fascinating creatures that live in virtually every habitat in the world -- including glaciers.
		To learn more about Collembola in general, visit the Collembola website.
		The Isotoma is known as the "Behemoth," overshadowing the other Collembola on the glaciers -- The Behemoths are about the size of a dog flea.
	black.clarku.edu /~phartzel/collembola.htm (201 words)

	Collembola
		Some Collembola live in the surface layers while others are commonly found deeper in the soil usually within the organic layers.
		Most Collembola are vegetarians eating only fungal hyphae, living plants, decomposing organic matter, faeces and bracken spores, others are carnivores feeding on other animals such as nematodes and other species of Collembola while several species display cannabalistic tendencies eating their own companions.
		In terms of sexual preference, female Collembola can be divided into two categories, those which have no need for the opposite sex reproducing parthenogenetically and those which rely on males depositing spermatophores on the ground which can be subsequently picked up by passing individuals.
	www.nicola-reader.supanet.com /collembola.htm (418 words)

	Collembola
		Evolution of the mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase II gene in Collembola.
		Check-list of the Springtails (Collembola) of Puerto Rico.
		Provisional Atlas of the Collembola of Britain and Ireland.
	tolweb.org /tree?group=Collembola&contgroup=Hexapoda (831 words)

	Tiny Bugs Wreak Havoc; Report of Collembola as Human Parasites Supports Recent Research Findings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Needham, MA (PRWEB) August 19, 2005 -- Collembola, also known as springtails or snow fleas, are described in the authoritative "Biology of Springtails" by Hopkin as among the most widespread and abundant terrestrial arthropods on earth.
		Deborah Altschuler, lead author of the NPA paper, likens the scenario of Collembola and humans to the discovery of Helicobacter (H.) pylori otherwise hidden in the stomach lining, and the erroneous yet long held assumption that the stomach was a sterile environment and that peptic ulcers were caused by lifestyle choices.
		Altschuler asserts that there is more of a scientific basis for Collembola in humans than the entomologist and physician's overwhelming acceptance of a psychiatric explanation (Delusions of Parasitosis) for people's sensations of biting, stinging and crawling in their skin.
	www.emediawire.com /releases/2005/8/emw274087.htm (838 words)

	Entomology 201 \|
		A standard piece of equipment for sampling soil inhabiting insects is the Berlese Funnel, which is basically a large funnel with a piece of wire screen placed near the top of the funnel.
		That is all that is needed to collect millions of Collembola.
		Visit the insect image gallery at Iowa State to view several types of Collembola.
	www.ent.iastate.edu /dept/courses/ent201/diversity/collembola/050collecting.html (146 words)

	Collembola Bibliographies/NCState-AgNIC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Suborder Arthropleona: Entomobryidae, with a checklist of Philippine Collembola.
		Lubbock, J. Monograph of the Collembola and Thysanura.
		Mills, H. A Monograph of the Collembola of Iowa.
	www.lib.ncsu.edu /agnic/sys_entomology/ncstate/collembola.html (628 words)

	Observations, Experiments and Photography with respect to the bioluminescence and behavior of Collembola
		Although Collembola may not copulate it is still possible males and females use their antennae in mating or enabling them to recognize members of their own species.
		Antennae certainly enable Collembola to sense their environment, as to locate or identify food, so it is reasonable antennae may also play a role in identifying or expressing the species and sex of an individual, as in communicating this to other Collembola.
		Study of antennae vibration in Collembola and establishing whether or not this serves as a form of communication may represent a future challenge for entomologists.
	www.byteland.org /bioluminus/experiments.html (1466 words)

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