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Topic: Coloboma of choroid and retina

	X. The Organs of the Senses and the Common Integument. 1c. 1. The Tunics of the Eye. Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the ...
		Its outer surface is loosely connected by the lamina suprachorioidea with the sclera; its inner surface is attached to the pigmented layer of the retina.
		The nerves of the choroid and iris are the long and short ciliary; the former being branches of the nasociliary nerve, the latter of the ciliary ganglion.
		Exactly in the center of the posterior part of the retina, corresponding to the axis of the eye, and at a point in which the sense of vision is most perfect, is an oval yellowish area, the macula lutea; in the macula is a central depression, the fovea centralis (Fig.
	bartleby.com /107/225.html (5591 words)

	- Northwestern Memorial Hospital - Chicago
		Coloboma of the iris is a congenital (present since birth) defect of the iris of the eye.
		Coloboma of the iris may appear as a fl, round hole located in or adjacent to the iris (colored portion of the eye).
		A small coloboma, especially if it is not attached to the pupil, may allow a secondary image to focus on the back of the eye, causing a ghost image, blurred vision, or decreased visual acuity.
	www.nmh.org /nmh/adam/adamencyclopedia/HIEArticles/003318.htm (434 words)

	Aicardi syndrome: Encyclopedia of Genetic Disorders
		The eye is composed of three layers: the sclera, the choroid, and the retina.
		Both the choroid and the retina are abnormally formed in individuals affected with Aicardi syndrome.
		Infantile spasms combined with defects of the retina and choroid of one eye or both eyes is sufficient evidence for the diagnosis of Aicardi syndrome.
	health.enotes.com /genetic-disorders-encyclopedia/aicardi-syndrome (1107 words)

	Coloboma - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A coloboma is the term used to describe a hole in one of the structures of the eye, such as the lens, eyelid, iris, retina, choroid or optic disc.
		If, for example, only a small part of the iris is missing, vision may be normal, whereas if a large part of the retina or optic nerve is missing, vision may be poor and a large part of the visual field may be missing.
		There is a rare condition called CHARGE syndrome, in which coloboma is associated with cleft lip and/or palate, ear abnormalities and hearing impairment, choanal atresia, delays in growth and development, central nervous system anomalies and congenital heart defects.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Coloboma (278 words)

	Dorlands Medical Dictionary
		A mild coloboma may be a separate, isolated entity, unilateral, and limited to minor cupping in the optic disk.
		A severe coloboma may be part of a bridge coloboma or part of a complete coloboma, or it may enlarge the optic disk two to four times and thus affect the adjacent retina and choroid.
		re´tinae a congenital fissure of the retina attributed to incomplete closure of the fetal fissure in the optic cup.
	www.mercksource.com /pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands.jspzQzpgzEzzSzppdocszSzuszSzcommonzSzdorlandszSzdorlandzSzdmd_c_46zPzhtm (2551 words)

	North Zone Ophthalmological Society :NZOS
		Intermediate in this range is coloboma of the choroid and retina which may be limited to the quadrant inferonasal to the disc or which may encompass the optic disc with or without sparing of macula.
		Typical iris coloboma may be complete thickness defect of the iris stroma and pigment epithelium which extends inferonasally to the corneoscleral limbus producing the characteristic keyhole shaped pupil.
		Microphthalmos, coloboma, mild cataract, presistence of the primary vitreous and hyaloidal vasculature, absence of secondary vitreous and retinal detachment.
	www.indmedica.com /nzos/nzosoct03/14.html (1441 words)

	Coloboma - Eye Conditions - Neville Clarence Technologies (Pty) Ltd.
		Coloboma describes a situation where the patient has a portion of the structure of the eye lacking.
		The retina is located at the back of the eye and forms a light-sensitive screen made up of several cell layers.
		Coloboma of the iris may sometimes give the appearance of a keyhole in the pupil.
	www.nctec.co.za /eye_conditions/coloboma.html (739 words)

	Coloboma definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		The resultant coloboma can be likened to a missing slice from a pie that may involve a number of different structures within the eye including the choroid, iris, lens, optic nerve, and retina.
		A coloboma can occur as an isolated defect in an otherwise normal baby, or it can be part of a multiple congenital malformation syndrome such as the cat-eye syndrome (named after the coloboma which gives the eye something of a feline look).
		Colobomas are also seen in the aniridia-Wilms tumor association (the concurrence of undergrowth of the iris of the eye and Wilms tumor of the kidney); and the trisomy 13 syndrome (a disastrous disease due to an extra chromosome number 13).
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=12064 (189 words)

	Peripheral Retina
		The peripheral retina is defined as the zone from the equator to the ora serrata and is approximately three to four disc diameters
		Though the retina appears atrophied the condition is more like that of a coloboma or failure of that part of the retina to develop.
		Choroidal neovascularization occurs as the result of disruption in the RPE and Bruch's barrier.
	www.opt.indiana.edu /riley/HomePage/Peripheral_Retina_Lecture/MSW_Peripheral_Retina.html (3984 words)

	Colobomas/Anomalies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		A coloboma is a unilateral abnormality of the optic nerve head thought to be secondary to a failure of fusion of the posterior part of the embryonic fissure.
		Histopathologically, a coloboma is seen as a large defect with mostly bare sclera and a small amount of fibrous tissue or gliosis lining the defect.
		The retina and choroid along the edges of the coloboma may also be involved.
	insight.med.utah.edu /opatharch/onerve/colobomasanomalies.htm (180 words)

	optic-coloboma.html
		Coloboma involving the optic disc, sclerocornea, persistent pupillary membrane, hypoplasia of iris stroma, and Dandy-Walker syndrome were thought to be caused by the abnormal development of neural crest cells.
		AB: Coloboma of the lens is characterized by notching of the equator of the lens.
		The main abnormalities included agenesis of the corpus callosum, micropolygyria, bilateral papillomas of choroid plexi, bilateral microphthalmia, bilateral hypoplasia of the optic nerves, bilateral colobomas of the juxtapapillaris choroid and optic disc, bilateral total retinal detachment with dysplastic rosettes and chorioretinal lacunae with focal thinning, and atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium and choroid.
	www.indiana.edu /~pietsch/optic-coloboma.html (8213 words)

	coloboma - General Practice Notebook (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		A coloboma is a condition in which there is a defect in the normal anatomy of the eye.
		A coloboma of the retina and choroid is in the lower half of the eye and varies in size.
		In this circumstance the white sclera is visible where the overlying retina and choroid are absent.
	www.gpnotebook.co.uk /cache/1617625092.htm (258 words)

	EyeRounds.org: Retinochoroidal coloboma: 54 year-old female with blurred vision
		Coloboma is usually caused by failure of the embryonic fissure to close in the 5th week of development.
		Colobomas are usually inferonasal (typical coloboma), but may uncommonly occur in other locations (atypical coloboma).
		Colobomas may be associated with a variety of ocular complications.
	webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu /eyeforum/cases/53-Retina-Choroidal-Coloboma-Visual-Field.htm (647 words)

	[No title]
		Typical features of these children are microphthalmia (=small eye), colobomas (=a part missing) of the retina, iris and/or the optic nerve, cataracts of different kind, corneal cloudiness and deviations in the structure of the entire anterior chamber of the eye.
		Since the coloboma is in the lower part of the eye, the corresponding visual field defect is in the upper part of the visual field.
		In the beginning of the assessment the possibility of loss of the upper visual field in children with colobomas is kept in mind and measurement of the extent of the visual field is one of the first tests.
	www.lea-test.fi /en/assessme/educearl/part2/early.html (1763 words)

	Coloboma
		The term coloboma implies the absence of tissue.
		The choroid is a highly vascular layer of the eye that lies between the sclera and the retina.
		Example: 35% of the retina is gone, 65% of the retina is gone or 90% of the retina is gone, depending.
	www.nioeyes.com /eyes/problems/coloboma.htm (310 words)

	Coloboma (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		A coloboma is a gap in part of the structures of the eye.
		The optic disc is the exit site from the eye of retinal nerve fibres, which carry the impulses for sight from the retina via the optic nerve to the brain.
		If the hospital staff suspect a child has a coloboma, which is normally first noticed by the possible keyhole-like shape of the pupil, then they will carry out a full eye examination.
	www.rnib.org.uk /xpedio/groups/public/documents/PublicWebsite/public_rnib003643.hcsp (1074 words)

	DETACHED RETINA
		The choroid is a system of blood vessels, located between the retina and sclera, which provides nourishment to the retina.
		Sometimes fluid from the vitreous body passes through the retinal tear and detaches the retina from the choroid.As the retina is lifted away vision becomes darkened and distorted.
		This holds the scarred area of the choroid against the detached retina, while the bond around the hole is hardening, The fluid beneath the retina may or may not be drained out by a cut through sclera.Ideally, the treated choroid and retina will lie so that the hole is on the buckle.
	www.myeyeworld.com /files/detached_retina.htm (656 words)

	Comparative Ophthalmology Notes: Chapter 12 - Retina, Optic Nerve, Vitreous Body (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Müller cells are the major glial cells for the retina; their processes extend from the external to the internal limiting membranes; they have a high glycogen content and are important in retinal nourishment.
		Because the sensory retina is optically clear, ocular fundus appearance depends on retinal vasculature, degree of melanosis of the retinal epithelium and choroid, and presence or absence of a tapetum.
		The sensory retina is normal early in the disease, but soon the photoreceptor outer segments overlying the abnormal epithelial cells degenerate followed by degeneration of all outer retinal layers.
	www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu /courses/vet_eyes/conotes/con_chapter_12.html (9493 words)

	Anophthalmia (anophthalmos) is a condition that means one, or both eyes didn’t form during the early stages of ...
		omplete coloboma is when all of the structures of the eye are involved; these are the choroid, the retina, the optic disk, the ciliary body, the macular and the iris.
		Lens colobomas can also occur but it is very rare and the cause isn’t very well understood.
		Children with coloboma often have a dislike to strong light (photophobia) because the pupil can’t react to light in the normal way.
	www.angelfire.com /mi/microphthalmia/MACSmicroLeaflet.html (1051 words)

	Vitreous & Retina-Chorioretinal Coloboma
		Congenital lesion, characterized by absence of normal retina, RPE and choroid.
		Symptoms: depend on the location of the coloboma and ocular structures involved.
		Choroidal neovascularization may develop at the margin of the coloboma
	dro.hs.columbia.edu /crcoloboma.htm (79 words)

	MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Aicardi syndrome
		Aicardi syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by infantile spasms (jerking), absence of the corpus callosum (the connection between the two hemispheres of the brain), mental retardation, and lesions of the retina of the eye or optic nerve.
		Papillomas of choroid plexuses (a benign, non-cancerous tumor found in a specific section of the brain)
		Optic disc or nerve coloboma (a congenital notch in the optic nerve)
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/ency/article/001664.htm (774 words)

	AllRefer Health - Eye - Coloboma of the Iris: Pictures & Images
		The middle tunic layer (choroid, ciliary body and the iris) is vascular.
		The innermost layer (the retina) is nervous or sensory.
		The fluids in the eye are divided by the lens into the vitreous humor (behind the lens) and the aqueous humor (in front of the lens).
	health.allrefer.com /health/coloboma-of-the-iris-eye.html (362 words)

	Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body - The Tunics of the Eye - Yahoo! Education (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		At the margin of the cornea the posterior elastic lamina breaks up into fibers which form the trabecular tissue already described; the spaces between the trabeculæ are termed the spaces of the angle of the iris (spaces of fontana); they communicate with the sinus venosus scleræ and with the anterior chamber at the filtration angle.
		—The choroid is a thin, highly vascular membrane, of a dark brown or chocolate color, investing the posterior five-sixths of the globe; it is pierced behind by the optic nerve, and in this situation is firmly adherent to the sclera.
		They are attached by their periphery to three or four of the ridges of the orbiculus ciliaris, and are continuous with the layers of the choroid: their opposite extremities are free and rounded, and are directed toward the posterior chamber of the eyeball and circumference of the lens.
	messenger.yahooligans.com /reference/gray/subjects/subject?id=225 (5607 words)

	OCULAR SYMPTOMS AS A KEY IN THE DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF CHARGE - ASSOCIATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		A bridged coloboma of the left eye was the key symptom of our diagnosis.
		The ophthalmologist found the key-symptom: Colobomas of the iris, the choroid, the retina and the papilla in the right eye, and coloboma of choroid and retina and papilla in the left eye; in this eye the macula lutea was intact.
		The diagnosis of a chorio-retinal coloboma R and a bridged coloboma L confirmed the diagnosis.
	www.dog.org /1998/e-abstract98/387.html (377 words)

	Ocular coloboma: a reassessment in the age of molecular neuroscience -- Gregory-Evans et al. 41 (12): 881 -- Journal of ...
		Unknown syndrome: Hirschsprung’s disease, microcephaly, and iris coloboma: a new syndrome of defective neuronal migration.
		A new X-linked syndrome with agenesis of the corpus callosum, mental retardation, coloboma, micrognathia, and a mutation in the alpha 4 gene at Xq13.
		Iris coloboma, ptosis, hypertelorism, and mental retardation: a new syndrome possibly localised on chromosome 2.
	jmg.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/41/12/881 (6656 words)

	Coloboma
		If, for example, only a small part of the iris is missing, vision may be normal, whereas if a large part of the retina or optic nerve is missing, it may be poor and a large part of the visual field may be missing.
		Some children with coloboma of the eye also have problems with malformations in other parts of the body.
		There is a rare condition, called CHARGE syndrome, where coloboma is associated with cleft lip or palate, poor hearing, learning difficulties, slow growth and heart problems.
	www.mrsci.com /Opthamology/Coloboma.php (391 words)

	[No title]
		At the centre of the retina attaches the optic nerve.
		In the outer the rod and cones connect to the vertically running bipolar cells and the horizontally oriented horizontal cells connect to ganglion cells.The central retina is cone-dominated and the peripheral retina is rod-dominated.
		Below the pit the other retina layers are displaced, before building up along the foveal slope until the rim of the fovea or parafovea which is the thickest portion of the retina.
	web.tiscali.it /oculisticaonline/3.htm (8053 words)

	Western Hills: Genetic Problems
		It ranges form inadequate development of the choroid (choroidal hypoplasia) to defects of the choroid, retina, or optic nerve (Coloboma), and complete retinal detachment.
		The retina is a highly complicated tissue located in the back of the eye.
		In the retina, cells called rods are involved with fl and white or night vision and cells called cones are involved with color or day vision.
	www.westernhillsaussies.com /genetics.html (4719 words)

	MACS Detailed Information
		The word "coloboma" comes from the Greek word that literally translates to "mutilation".
		Complete coloboma is when all of the structures of the eye are involved; these are the choroid, the retina, the optic disk, the ciliary body, the macular and the iris.
		Congenital cataracts, optic disk abnormalities, congenital cystic eye, microcornea and persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous.There is also Nanophthalmia.Although similar sounding to anophthalmia, it means that the eye looks normal in appearance but the eyeball is significantly shorter.
	www.macs.org.uk /detailed.html (577 words)

	GeneCard for PAX6 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The clinical presentation of ocular coloboma is variable.
		Disease: defects in pax6 are a cause of coloboma of optic nerve [mim:120430].
		New 3' elements control Pax6 expression in the developing pretectum, neural retina and olfactory region.
	bioinfo.cnio.es /cgi-bin/genecards/carddisp?PAX6&pubmed=35 (1280 words)

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