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Topic: Colonial Heads of Algeria

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	Comparative Criminology \| Africa - Algeria
		Algeria has the fifth-largest reserves of natural gas in the world and is the second largest gas exporter; it ranks 14th in oil reserves.
		Algeria's financial and economic indicators improved during the mid-1990s, in part because of policy reforms supported by the IMF and debt rescheduling from the Paris Club.
		Algeria's finances in 2000 and 2001 benefited from the temporary spike in oil prices and the government's tight fiscal policy, leading to a large increase in the trade surplus, record highs in foreign exchange reserves, and reduction in foreign debt.
	www-rohan.sdsu.edu /faculty/rwinslow/africa/algeria.html (10794 words)

	The Washington Times - Algeria
		On November 8 1942 the allies landed in Algeria and the population breathed a sigh of relief, seeing a possible path towards self-determination from the arrival of the American and British forces.
		Witnesses claim terrible scenes, that legionnaires seized babies by their feet and dashed their heads against rocks, that pregnant mothers were disemboweled, that soldiers dropped grenades down chimneys to kill the occupants of homes, that mourners were machine gunned while taking the dead to the cemetery.
		Muhammad Boudiaf, the head of the HCS, took measures in June to prepare for a multiparty democracy, promising a presidential election and the dissolution of the FLN and ordered the release of 2,000 FIS prisoners.
	www.internationalspecialreports.com /archives/99/algeria/3.html (3501 words)

	ALGERIA
		Despite resistance from the Europeans in Algeria, the French government agreed to a cease-fire in March 1962 and independence was declared on 3 July 1962.
		Algeria is a multi -party state, but parties must obtain approval to exist from the Ministry of the Interior.
		Algeria adopted a penal code in 1966, retaining the death penalty, which was suspended since early 1994.
	www.asylumlaw.org /docs/algeria/ind99b_algeria_ca.htm (17558 words)

	Algeria: The Women Speak - International Center for Transitional Justice (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Chérifa Kheddar is the head of Djazaïrouna, an association of victims of terrorism.
		Algeria's society was torn apart in 1992 when those in power cancelled an electoral process that the Islamist Front Islamique de Salut seemed likely to win; this triggered a violent civil war in which 200,000 people died, and provoked the rise of shadowy, extremist militias such as the Groupes Islamistes Armées.
		That is unsurprising since Algeria's women were crucial to the war of independence against the French, then in the violence of the 1990s.
	www.ictj.org /en/news/coverage/article/915.html (2954 words)

	Algeria-Watch: Extrajudicial Killings
		The term ‘extrajudicial killing’ signifies a type of killing that takes place outside of the legal framework (for example, the enforcement of the death penalty does not constitute an extrajudicial killing) and is conducted by state authorities or by non-state authorities with the endorsement or knowledge of the State.
		In Algeria, political murders are conducted continually at the hands of the Algerian secret service (for example, Krim Belkacem under the authority of Boumedienne and Ali Mecili under Chadli Bendjedid).
		The heads of the militias are still free and were not suspended from their duties.
	www.algeria-watch.org /en/aw/extrajudicial_killings.htm (7605 words)

	Algeria: a state of depression, by Lyes Si Zoubir
		They’ve given up and are waiting for their time to end." This resignation is echoed by another worrying fact: according to the association of private psychiatrists, which held a seminar in Algiers in February 2003, "the incidence of suicide and attempted suicide has been rising significantly for the past four or five years".
		Algeria has only one centre to care for the suicidal, in Annaba - a drop of therapy in the ocean of anguish and fear created by 10 years of violence.
		Algeria has discovered that it has homeless people: in Algiers and other cities, families wander the streets in search of food.
	mondediplo.com /2004/03/06algeria (2581 words)

	Mr. Dowling's Maafa Page
		A colony is a settlement in one land supported by another land, and imperialism is the practice of building empires to support trade.
		The colonial rulers were often cruel and had little regard for the Africans.
		The French finally withdrew from the colony in 1962 after the Algerians voted 6,000,000 to 16,000 to ask the French to leave.
	www.mrdowling.com /610-maafa.html (461 words)

	Karl Kautsky: Socialism and Colonial Policy (9. Relapse into Barbarism) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		If these colonies were given up, and as a result imports and exports were discontinued, less than 6% of world trade would be affected; and if German Africa were given up, not a thousandth part of this trade.
		The colonies could suffer because emancipation could bring about the collapse of the present colonial state structure and thereupon a worse kind of exploitation than capitalist exploitation could arise; and finally, the capitalist undertakings in the colonies would decay or even be directly destroyed.
		A colonial policy which proceeds hand in hand with the education of the natives would have been possible in the democratic work colonies that existed in the 17th and 18th centuries.
	www.marxists.org /archive/kautsky/1907/colonial/9-relapse.htm (4999 words)

	Algeria (1989) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Algeria had presidential misgovernment under Ahmed Ben Bella and, after a period of what was in effect collective leadership, it was very well governed from about 1971 onwards by the late President Boumediene, who had merely presided over the collective leadership before that date.
		Algeria's national unity is not a function of the common Arabo-Muslim culture promoted by the Islamic Reform movement, except in merely ideological opposition to French culture and sub-national parochial culture.
		And because Algerian Algeria is not doctrinaire and because her relationship with France is a fact which has to be accommodated, the 'Party of France' will continue to have its place in Algerian politics and to be represented in the FLN leadership.
	members.aol.com /BevinSoc/l9Algeria.htm (5852 words)

	RaceSci: Bibliographies: Current Scholarship: Dutch Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Myth of the Lazy Native: A Study of the Image of the Malays, Filipinos and Javanese from the 16th to the 20th Century and Its Function in the Ideology of Colonial Capitalism.
		A Colonial Lexicon of Birth Ritual, Medicalization, and Mobility in the Congo.
		Tomkins, Sandra M. "Colonial Administration in British Africa During the Influenza Epidemic of 1918-19." Canadian Journal of African Studies 28, no. 1 (1994): 60-83.
	www.racesci.org /bibliographies/current_scholarship/colonialism_new.htm (3188 words)

	Publius Pundit - Blogging the democratic revolution
		Algeria’s recent reforms have taken her a long way, and it would be an utter shame to see her fall back into the Third Worldist trap.
		Algeria can build itself as a pillar to the development of the developing world, but only if it remains consistent at home and abroad, keeping up with its reforms at home and remaining on good terms with all states while not becoming the property of those states.
		Algeria’s hopes of greater cooperation and integration into NATO and its aims of resoring its international prestige will be put in danger if it places itself on the wrong side of the international divide when it comes to the Iranian issue.
	www.publiuspundit.com /?cat=117 (9903 words)

	Herschel I. Grossman
		Palestinian Arabs often take the colonial experiences of Algeria and South Africa as models for their conflict with Zionism: As Europeans ultimately lost power in both Algeria and South Africa, perhaps Jewish settlers will not prove to be permanent.
		But unless the Arabs, in their hearts as well as in their heads, reconcile themselves to the permanent reality of a Jewish state in Palestine, the sad truth is that the creation of a Palestinian Arab state by itself will not provide more than the temporary palliative of a tenuous truce between Arabs and Jews.
		If the Arabs believe their own argument that Zionism is an instance of colonialism, with themselves as the victims, then, whether or not anybody else accepts this view, the lessons that the Arabs glean from colonial experiences become relevant to prospects for peace between Arabs and Israelis.
	www.brown.edu /Administration/News_Bureau/2002-03/02-006.html (945 words)

	"Algeria: Stronghold of the Pouvoir" (May 2001)
		Blanca Madani is the founder and president of the World Algeria Action Coalition (WAAC), a representative to the United Nations for the Amazigh under the Tazzla Institute for Cultural Diversity, an active member of the Amazigh Cultural Association of America (ACAA) and a co-editor of its publication, The Amazigh Voice.
		This system is based on a mafia network, headed not by the President and congress, but by a group of high-ranking military officers, collectively referred to as the pouvoir (the power) or "the generals," who have amassed enormous wealth through an extended patronage network.
		Belkheir was at the center of much activity prior to the election, swarmed by visitors, and exchanging numerous calls, including overseas, as those seeking favors or beholden to him awaited his decision, and markers were called in to support the general's choice once it was confirmed.
	www.meib.org /articles/0105_me1.htm (3265 words)

	The Permanent Mission of Algeria to the U.N. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Numerous conflicts which are today battering the African continent undeniably stem from that dark period in its history when, dismembered by colonial appetites, it found itself torn apart and carved up, its landmarks broken and the delicate balances on which it had always depended irretrievably destroyed.
		Because there was no State structure aside from that which allowed the colonial administration to maintain order and to pillage the resources of the country, it was necessary to create the State.
		Furthermore, the former colonial Powers throughout the entire colonial period had, without regard for conscience or scruple, applied the old adage ‘divide and conquer", fomenting and fuelling rivalries between tribes and clans, in so doing thwarting any consolidation process for social cohesion and national sentiment.
	www.algeria-un.org /?doc=75 (1366 words)

	Algeria - STRUCTURE OF SOCIETY
		Fundamentally Berber in cultural and racial terms, the society was organized around extended family, clan, and tribe and was adapted to a rural rather than an urban setting before the arrival of the Arabs and, later, the French.
		This population growth, coupled with the appropriation of cultivated and pastoral lands by colonials, which increased sharply in the early twentieth century, created tremendous pressures on the cultivable land.
		The settlers who came to Algeria in the nineteenth century included not only French but also large numbers of Italians and Spaniards who could not find work in their home countries and came in search of new opportunities.
	countrystudies.us /algeria/54.htm (1456 words)

	Berberism: An Historical Travesty in Algeria's Time of Travail
		Knowing that such headlines emanate from the French press, one is forced to conclude that the old demons of colonialism and colonial historiography are returning to the scene of their crimes.
		In Algeria, we remember "who we are." The patron "saint" of the capital, Algiers, is Sidi Abd al-Rahman al-Jurji, a theologian and founder of the Sufi order of the Rahmaniyya—and a Kabyle Berber.
		Algeria was the first country in post-independence North Africa to broadcast radio and television programming in Berber.
	www.washington-report.org /backissues/0195/9501031.htm (2123 words)

	Algeria - The Women's Movement
		The Algerian women's movement has made few gains since independence, and women in Algeria remain relegated to a subordinate position that compares unfavorably with the position of women in such neighboring countries as Tunisia and Morocco.
		Once the war was over, women who had played a significant part in the War of Independence were expected, by the government and society in general, to return to the home and their traditional roles.
		During the colonial period, the French tried to "liberate" Algerian women by pushing for better education and eliminating the veil.
	countrystudies.us /algeria/144.htm (1008 words)

	Scoop: Paul Buchanan: The Neo-Colonial Fallacy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		To be sure, the end of Francophone colonialism in Indochina paved the way for US intervention and eventual defeat at the hands of those who previously had put the French to the sword.
		To the contrary, in both Lusophone Africa, Algeria and Vietnam, the regimes that emerged from the anti-colonial wars were, not surprisingly, quite hostile towards their former masters.
		Recent European colonial history suggests not, and for that reason alone, the lesser evil approach to the US presidential election may be the only viable alternative.
	www.scoop.co.nz /stories/HL0409/S00202.htm (2289 words)

	We Ain't Seen Nothing Yet!
		This brief picture of colonialism is very simplified but be sure that a few decades into the 20th century European countries were ruling large parts of the world and took an outrageous toll in blood and riches for it.
		These new forms of colonialism, through enforced, often unjust trade rules, with the help of mercenaries like Executive Outcome, or with assistance of local dictators and warlords as proxies, still rob people in poorer countries and keep them oppressed.
		The old and the new colonialism is the natural cradle of what we call terrorism and what the victims of the colonialism call a 'struggle for freedom and justice'.
	www.dissidentvoice.org /Articles5/Skog_Colonialism-Terrorism.htm (3026 words)

	Press Releases from the Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		He mixed meetings with heads of state and military leaders with everyday citizens to gauge their perceptions of the United States and the war.
		Willkie stated that colonial possessions throughout the Third World were chafing under the control of European nations.
		He worked with such public figures as Walter White, the head of the NAACP, in attacking segregation in American life, especially in the military and films.
	www.feri.org /news/news_detail.cfm?QID=2852 (704 words)

	Rastafari Speaks \| Natlon-Wide Broadcast On African Liberation Day
		It will be recalled that the Cairo Assembly of the Heads of State and Government decided to convene the Second Assembly of the Heads of State and Government in Accra, Ghana, in September this year.
		Nonetheless, the regular Assembly of the Heads of State and Government was, in the first place, designed to find peaceful solutions, through deliberations and frank exchange of views to such misunderstandings among member-states.
		We reiterate that Ethiopia, in co-operation with the member-states of the Organization of African Unity, will always continue to give her full support for their just struggles to win their inalienable rights to freedom and independence, and to be masters of their own destiny.
	www.rastafarispeaks.com /Selassie/AfricanLiberationDay.html (823 words)

	A Culture of Hate
		This culture of hate has justified international terrorism, the terrorism of the media, and air and sea piracy, which have caused countless innocent victims.
		The culture of hate has multiple heads from Algeria to Afghanistan, via Gaza, Damascus, Cairo, Khartoum, Teheran and other countries.
		Israel's battle is not a battle of colonists, as some European political circles like to claim, because Europe has itself had a colonial history on all continents and it projects this history on to Israel in the same way as it projects its own history of Nazism on to the Israelis,.
	www.hvk.org /articles/0103/134.html (1032 words)

	Morocco, Algeria stress necessity of complementary partnership
		The meeting pondered aspects of bilateral cooperation in relevant realms and issued recommendations pertaining to economy, trade, finance, investments, energy, transport and environment, the Moroccan department of foreign affairs and cooperation said in a release.
		The commission of economic affairs is co-chaired by heads of the two foreign departments' Arab affairs sections.
		The Sahara is a former Spanish comlony retrieved by Morocco in 1975 under the Madrid tripartite accords, signed with Mauritania and the former colonial power.
	www.marweb.com /news/morocco_algeria.htm (260 words)

	The Washington Times - Algeria
		Today, Algeria is one of the major economic and trade partners of the United States in Africa and in the Near East.
		Algeria is also an emerging pluralist democracy which has undertaken with determination the political and economic reform programs required to establish the rule of law and a market economy.
		However, the systemic transition undertaken since 1989 has been one of the country’s most difficult post-independence experiences because it was heavily burdened by the scourge of terrorism which the people and the State of Algeria have fought off with a higher sense of responsibility.
	www.internationalspecialreports.com /archives/99/algeria/14.html (671 words)

	Digital History
		Struggles against colonial domination led to a romanticizing of revolutionary violence, an attitude that found its most influential expression in Frantz Fanon’s influential book The Wretched of the Earth.
		Following the successful use of terrorism by the FLN in Algeria, terrorism was adopted by other nationalist and separatist groups, including some Basques, Irish, Quebecois, and African and Latin American revolutionaries.
		In general, it appears that terrorism has been most successful when its goal has been to end colonial domination, in part been wearing down a colonial power’s will and partly by winning international recognition for the validity of the perpetrators’ aims.
	www.digitalhistory.uh.edu /historyonline/terrorism.cfm (2128 words)

	Nazi collaborator was chief of Police in Paris when 200 Algerians were killed
		In the three months preceding the protest, over 30 Paris policemen were killed by the Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN), a group fighting to end French colonial rule in Algeria.
		Before the massacre, 14 French police had been killed by Algerian guerilla movement, the FLN (which rose to become the first government in Algeria after the French were driven out in 1962).
		French atrocities are well documented in Algeria, but few have suspected that a crime had been carried out in Paris comparable with the Nazi atrocities during the second world war.
	www.fantompowa.net /Flame/algerians.htm (2099 words)

	Will Bush or Kerry Learn a Lesson from Charles de Gaulle?
		Soustelle had been nominated governor-general of Algeria (1955-56) at the initiative of synarchist operative François Mitterrand—a leftover of the fascist, freemasonic organization called the Cagoule, and of the Vichy regime—who was then Interior Minister in Pierre Mendès-France's government.
		Until 1962, Algeria was legally part of France and was, paradoxically, and for all intents and purposes, a French province.
		His plan to disengage France from its centuries-old colonial policy in Africa was launched by a referendum in which the entire Algerian population was to choose between the status quo ante and independence.
	www.larouchepub.com /other/2004/3124iraq_algeria.html (5753 words)

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