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Topic: Colonial Heads of Botswana (Bechuanaland)

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	Botswana: Peace and Pain
		Botswana is entangled in a struggle to produce what is healthiest for its country’s people and environment for the present time and for the infinite years to come.
		Since Botswana is dominantly a broad, flat, arid, subtropical plateau, 46% of its lands are used as permanent pastures and 47% as forests and woodlands (2).
		Botswana style democracy is a reflection of the way in which traditional Tswana chiefs carried the divine, authoritarian sanction of kings.
	ejw.i8.com /geog/99/bot.html (4019 words)

	Botswana History and Information - Safari info for Botswana
		From 1974 Botswana was, together with Zambia and Tanzania, and joined by Moçambique and Angola, one of the "Front Line States" seeking to bring majority rule to Zimbabwe, Namibia and South Africa.
		Botswana has maintained one of the world's highest economic growth rates since its independence, transforming it from one of the world's poorest countries to a middle-income country today.
		Although much of Botswana is covered by the Kalahari (the Kalahari sands extend over 84% of Botswana's surface area), a huge expanse of semi-desert wilderness with very little surface water, its more luxuriant northern regions provide sanctuary to vast herds of indigenous wildlife, including one of the largest Elephant populations on earth.
	www.eyesonafrica.net /african-safari-botswana/botswana-info.htm (3608 words)

	Botswana -- Attorney-General v. Dow, Appeal Court, 1994 (6) BCLR 1 (locus standi)
		Botswana is a member of a comity of civilised nations and the rights and freedoms of its citizens are entrenched in its constitution which is binding on the legislature.
		When the freedom of the mother to enter Botswana to live and to leave when she wishes is indirectly controlled by the location of the child, excluding the child from Botswana is in effect excluding the mother from Botswana.
		A person born in Botswana shall be a citizen of Botswana by birth and by descent if, at the time of his birth — (a) his father was a citizen of Botswana; or (b) in the case of a person born out of wedlock, his mother was a citizen of Botswana.
	www.elaw.org /resources/text.asp?id=3045 (17597 words)

	Botswana
		SE OF Traditional architecture in Botswana is distinguished from modern architecture in three domains: the use of materials (mud/dung, wooden poles, thatch) that may be manufactured by members of a household; the round house form and/or thatched roofing; and/or the presence of a courtyard known as a lolwapa where much activity takes place.
		The legacy of women's unequal citizenship in Botswana was contested by a landmark case brought successfully against the government, challenging laws that allowed a man married to a foreign woman to transmit citizenship to his children, but not allowing a woman married to a foreigner to do the same.
		The senior male is traditionally the head of the household, and is responsible for mediating internal affairs and representing the group to larger society.
	www.everyculture.com /Bo-Co/Botswana.html (5888 words)

	Lists of Office-holders Encyclopedia Article @ 216.92.11.26 () (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Heads of state of the Republic of the Congo
		Heads of government of the Republic of the Congo
		Colonial Heads of Port Cresson and Bassa Cove
	216.92.11.26 /encyclopedia/Lists_of_office-holders (604 words)

	High Commissioner - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		As many Commonwealth members share the same head of state (Queen Elizabeth II), Commonwealth diplomatic relations are technically at a governmental level, and Commonwealth Governments thus do not appoint ambassadors, who are the representatives of one head of state to another.
		The role of High Commissioner for Southern Africa was coupled with that of governor of Cape Colony in the nineteenth century giving the colonial administrator in question responsibility both for administering British possessions and relating to neighbouring Boer settlements.
		Crown colonies (which were British sovereign territory) would normally be administered by a Governor, while the most significant possessions, confederations and the independent Commonwealth Dominions would be headed by a Governor-General.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/h/i/g/High_Commissioner_2c7a.html (761 words)

	UB History and Archaeology Publications
		In the colonial era the Kalahari sandveld and its margins were not perceived to be important for palaeontological research or the study of farming societies and states.
		The University of Botswana's undergraduate history research essay course began in the early 1970s when the Gaborone campus was still a small outpost of the University of Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland.
		When the Botswana historians took up Sir Seretse Khama's famous call for the rediscovery of the African past, they were starting, if not from scratch, at least from a dearth of written history.
	ubh.tripod.com /ac/pub.htm (2702 words)

	Diplomatic Traffic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Botswana has made it into headlines in recent years because it has one of the highest rates of HIV/AIDS infection in the world.
		As Botswana’s ambassador to Washington, Lapologang Caesar Lekoa, tells it, Britain was glad to be rid of an impoverished region called Bechuanaland that boasted only two kilometers of paved highway and virtually no institutions of government.
		Botswana’s GDP grew 3.4 percent in 04, a respectable amount, but from the 70s through the 90s it enjoyed double-digit growth most years.
	www.diplomatictraffic.com /highlights_archives.asp?ID=123 (1450 words)

	UMass Amherst Office of News & Information : News Releases : UMass Amherst Journalism Professor Howard Ziff ...
		Botswana, a landlocked nation slightly smaller than Texas, is a stable parliamentary democracy with a free press, by African standards.
		Botswana contains the Kalahari Desert in its southwestern region and is surrounded by Namibia on the west and northwest, South Africa on the south and southeast, and Zimbabwe on the northeast.
		Ziff said Botswana is a relatively wealthy nation of about 1.4 million people that exports diamonds but has an economy historically based on raising cattle and crops.
	www.umass.edu /newsoffice/newsreleases/articles/11831.php (604 words)

	British Empire page
		The result was a series of colonies along the eastern coast of what is now the United States and Canada.
		From here British traders extended to the island of Borneo where two colonies were formed in the north, one the quasi-feudal state of Sarawak, ruled by the so-called White Rajahs of the Brooks family on behalf of the Sultan of Brunei, the other North Borneo (now Sabah).
		In the other African colonies it began with the end of the second world war when the African soldiers returned home, bringing with them their experiences of helping the British fight other Europeans and losing their awe of the "white man".
	www.angelfire.com /mac/egmatthews/worldinfo/europe/empire.html (3981 words)

	CIA - The World Factbook -- Field Listing - Background
		Six colonies were created in the late 18th and 19th centuries; they federated and became the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901.
		The colony was turned over to Spain two years later and the islands have since been the subject of a territorial dispute, first between Britain and Spain, then between Britain and Argentina.
		Malaysia was formed in 1963 when the former British colonies of Singapore and the East Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak on the northern coast of Borneo joined the Federation.
	www.umsl.edu /services/govdocs/wofact2005/fields/2028.html (17349 words)

	Democracy and democratisation in Zambia and Botswana
		Until quite late in the colonial period, however, only a minority of the African population was sufficiently deeply involved in imported organisational structures to internalise the attitudes and values that would make them into articulate democrats in the global, constitutional sense.
		The imposition of colonial rule had reinforced the hold of the Lozi indigenous administration in the region, and it was the Lozi, far more than the British, who were perceived as oppressors.
		The Botswana constitution (Republic of Botswana 1983) guarantees the usual human rights, and its extensive limiting clauses in the interest of peace and order are fairly standard by comparison to other constitutions.
	www.shikanda.net /ethnicity/democrac.htm (9000 words)

	Field Listing - Background :: CountrySeek.com - World Information Portal
		British settlement of the islands began in 1647; the islands became a colony in 1783.
		Dominica was the last of the Caribbean islands to be colonized by Europeans, due chiefly to the fierce resistance of the native Caribs.
		Democratic rule was interrupted by two military coups in 1987, caused by concern over a government perceived as dominated by the Indian community (descendants of contract laborers brought to the islands by the British in the 19th century).
	www.countryseek.com /fields/2028.html (17433 words)

	RSA-Overseas - The Expat Portal: The People of RSA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		This amazing gallery accumulated works of art for 20,000 years until the San were threatened by the white colonists from the south and the fl migrants from the north.
		Thier ancestral homeland is in KwaZulu-Natal monarch King Goodwill Zwelithini heads a hierarchy of tribal chiefs and headmen.
		The tribe was cut in half by a colonial border between the Transvall and Botswana, then known as Bechuanaland.
	www.rsa-overseas.com /tutorial/people.htm (1245 words)

	Charles Rey: ZoomInfo Business People Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The recruitment of officers in London for the High Commission Territories, along the lines of other British colonial service recuits, began in 1932 as an experiment and in 1939 in earnest, and eventually staffed the senior ranks with an Oxbridge-educated administrative elite.
		The Picard thesis is essentially that administrative continuity into post-colonial Botswana was achieved smoothly by gradual transfer of power to a compatible local elite headed by Seretse Khama, himself an Oxbridge man who had once declined the offer of a position in the Colonial Service (to Jamaica in 1951).
		Charles Rey was therefore deliberately chosen as a counter-weight against the 'missionary' tradition of colonial administration as exemplified by Jules Ellenberger.
	www.zoominfo.com /directory/Rey_Charles_508346684.htm (1398 words)

	Lists of office-holders - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Colonial heads of the Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)
		Colonial heads of Djibouti (French Somaliland)/FTAI (Afars and Issas)
		Heads of Government of the British Virgin Islands
	88.208.194.172 /wiki/index.php/Lists_of_incumbents (814 words)

	The Revolution in South Africa: An Analysis
		If the colonial question were absent, the idea that the land belongs to all of the people would be correct.
		Also, as a legacy of colonial rule, almost all the railroads in the region were designed for transportation of raw materials to South Africa.
		Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland, as members of the South African Customs Union, conduct most of their trade through South Africa.
	www.mltranslations.org /SouthAfrica/SApamphl.htm (20545 words)

	Home > Barrigada, Guam, GU, 96913, Barrigada Real Estate, Barrigada Yellow Pages, Barrigada Classifieds, Barrigada ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Heads of the Federal Department of Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications
		Heads of the Federal Department of Economic Affairs
		Heads of the Federal Department of Justice and Police
	barrigada.guamus.com /details/Lists_of_incumbents (747 words)

	Colonial Intelligence in the Bechuanaland Protectorate
		As in other British colonies, district administration in the Bechuanaland Protectorate originated with a cadre of military police officers in their capacity as resident magistrates.
		Within the B.P. the need for political and security intelligence was brought to a head by the totally unexpected rejection of the widely respected Regent Tshekedi Khama by his people in June 1949, and their support for his nephew Seretse Khama's marriage to an English woman.
		The Bechuanaland Protectectorate in the 1950s and early 60s offers something like a complete picture of state intelligence operations, thanks largely to the chance survival of many samples of two record series otherwise destined for destruction.
	www.thuto.org /ubh/bw/colad/colad4.htm (2757 words)

	Making sense of urban space in Francistown, Botswana: A study in urban symbolism
		Thus the residential area is rudimentarily articulated by its economic and political central places, and there conveys a (limited) degree of meaning within the context of the post-colonial state and capitalism, highlighting differences in political and economic power between inhabitants of the residential area, and suggesting possible reference groups and strategies for status advancement.
		In this way he is able to pin-point specific differences in church idiom, and also to construe these differences as elements in an ‘argument of images’ which essentially addresses the dilemmas of displacement, movement and alienation in the context of migrancy, urbanization and an eroded rural cosmology and economy.
		They are to a considerable extent underground, tacitly acknowledged and utilized by the African population as major components of their ‘collective private’ domain, but never articulated in the latter’s interaction with powerful representatives of the state and of capitalism: civil servants and employers.
	www.shikanda.net /ethnicity/making.htm (10444 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Yesterday, the deputy Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Communications, Science and Technology, Andrew Sesinyi, was quoted as having instructed all departmental heads in the state media that any negative reporting on the controversial relocations from the CKGR be contrasted strongly with freshly-sought government statements.
		The Acting President of Botswana Congress Party (BCP) Dr Kesetigile Gobotswang revealed that his party plans to meet President Festus Mogae to air their grievances over the selective coverage extended by the public media over the CKGR issue...
		Moses Lekaukau, the Chief Executive Officer of the Botswana Telecommunication Authority (BTA), announced that he would retire from the Chairmanship of the Commonwealth Telecomm-unications Organisation (CTO) by end of this year.
	www.osisa.org /taxonomy_menu/2/8?from=30 (1281 words)

	Cock and Bernstein/Melting Pots & Rainbow Nations. Chapter 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		There are also lots of thin dogs, but these walked with their tails in the air, unlike in India, and the monkeys are regarded as sacred and are bold and confident as a result.
		That is, they are not entitled to a set of programs and earmarked funds that have been allocated to "federally recognized Indian peoples." Yet, they persist in their efforts to force the federal government to declare them a legal entity, an "authentic" tribe.
		The shift from a colonial mode of conservation that excluded people (fences and fines) to a community-based model that recognizes human needs is really dramatic.
	www.press.uillinois.edu /epub/books/cock/ch3.html (8206 words)

	Colonial heads of Botswana (Bechuanaland) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		(30 September 1885 to 16 November 1885) Divided into British Bechuanaland Crown Colony (north) and Bechuanaland Protectorate (south)
		For continuation after independence see: Heads of State of Botswana
		Heads of State and Government, 2nd Edition, John V da Graca, MacMillan Press 2000
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Colonial_heads_of_Botswana_(Bechuanaland) (111 words)

	USA/Africa Dialogue, No 716: Botswana Weekly Report
		President of the Republic of Botswana at a State
		Botswana are committed to the process of regional
		Botswana, on hearing of the death of the Hon.
	www.utexas.edu /conferences/africa/ads/716.html (3893 words)

	Unity in Action (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		These resolutions which attacked the racism inherent in the Draft Act were delivered to the Governors and Prime Ministers of the 4 colonies (Cape, Natal, OFS and Transvaal) and to the British High Commissioner for transfer to the Secretary of State for Colonies.
		The delegation was to comprise Rev Rubusana, president of the Native Convention, T.M. Mapikela of the Orange River Colony and D. Dwanya of the Cape Congress.
		Every effort was made by the colonial rulers to create a special status for Coloured people, giving them a modicum of political rights designed to reinforce their own domination over the African majority.
	www.anc.org.za /ancdocs/history/unity.html (20065 words)

	Namib STAMPS - Africa Postage Stamps \| British Africa Stamp Dealers \| African Topical, German Colonial Dealer, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		African and British Africa, German Colonies (Colonial), Topical Stamps (Thematic Philately) and various British Commonwealth and Empire.
		Botswana, Natal, Swaziland, Lesotho, Transvaal, Cape of Good Hope and Zambia stamps.
		All the German Colonies and Post Offices : German East Africa, Kamerun, Togo, Samoa, Kiautschou, Deutsch SWA Stamps, Marianen, China, New Guinea, Karolinen, Turkey, etc.
	www.namibstamps.com (272 words)

	History of South Africa
		By the former head of the American Committee on Africa (New York City).
		Discusses Bechuanaland, attitudes towards Africans, missionaries, John Mackenzie, Cecil Rhodes, Lobengula, Umzilakazi, Khama, Portugal, Mozambique, Gungunhana, etc. The Appendices include the 1891 Anglo-Portuguese Treaty, Ordinances made by the British South Africa Company, 1889 Message to Lobengula, the 1889 Charter of the British South Africa Company.
		Features on rock paintings, terracotta heads, a history of the museum, the second oldest scientific institute in South Africa.
	www.empereur.com /Africa/history/safrica.html (5401 words)

	Heads of government of Botswana - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		1 List of Heads of Government of Botswana
		[edit] List of Heads of Government of Botswana
		Heads of State and Government, 2nd Edition, John V da Graca, MacMillan Press Ltd, 2000
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Heads_of_government_of_Botswana (103 words)

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