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Topic: Colonial Heads of British Cameroon

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Heads of Government of British Cameroon

Colonial heads of German Cameroon

Heads of Government of Cameroon

Politics of Cameroon

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	Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1999 - Cameroon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Cameroon is a republic dominated by a strong presidency.
		In November 1997, 81 of 87 churches of the Cameroon Baptist Conference (CBC) in the Belo Field District, in Boyo Division of Northwest Province, reportedly withdrew from the CBC and formed a new denomination, the Cameroon National Baptist Convention (CNBC).
		Northern Cameroon suffers from ethnic tensions between the Fulani (or Peuhl), a Muslim group that conquered most of the region 200 years ago, and the "Kirdi," the descendents of diverse groups who then practiced traditional indigenous religions and whom the Fulani conquered or displaced, justifying their conquest on religious grounds.
	www.usemb.se /human/human1999/cameroon.html (16093 words)

	MOST Ethno-Net publication: Africa at Crossroads
		The belligerent attitude of its monarchy contributed to the decision of the British to disband it.
		Cameroon’s Minister of Territorial Administration was drawn into one of these debates recently when reacting to an interview granted by Christian Cardinal Tumi in which he denounced the institutionalization of corruption in Cameroon.
		Coming in the wake of Cameroon’s victory of the football trophy at the Sydney Olympics, his allusion to Indomitable Lions(the national football team), to which the Cardinal Tumi did not refer in his interview must be seen as a rhetorical strategy meant to deviate attention away from his castigation of corruption.
	www.ethnonet-africa.org /pubs/crossroadsjua.htm (16168 words)

	British Empire page
		After the Suez Canal was built in Egypt the Canal Zone was a British base to protect it and Egypt itself became a protectorate, and Aden at the southern tip of Arabia was a fueling point for ships passing from Suez to India and a Naval base for patrolling the Red Sea and Indian Ocean.
		From here British traders extended to the island of Borneo where two colonies were formed in the north, one the quasi-feudal state of Sarawak, ruled by the so-called White Rajahs of the Brooks family on behalf of the Sultan of Brunei, the other North Borneo (now Sabah).
		China was not formally ruled as a colony but British and other European traders had immunity from Chinese courts and controlled such governmental functions as the Customs and the navigation on the Yangtse.
	www.angelfire.com /mac/egmatthews/worldinfo/europe/empire.html (3981 words)

	South Sudan - Right of Self Determination
		The British colonial rule in Sudan administered the Arab and Muslim North and the South separately as a result of acute and irreconcilable geographical, political, cultural distinctions between the two regions of the then Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.
		Had the British colonial administration provided equal opportunity in education, economics, management and administration as well as social services today, the South would not be at this current precarious situation which it has been now for the past forty years.
		British policy in South Sudan in 1946, could only be compared to the British policy in Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) and Southwest Africa (Namibia) at the end of world War I. Without a doubt, such a diabolical and sell out policy provoked bitter reaction from the South Sudanese nationalists, sympathizers, including some Britain.
	www.tamilnation.org /selfdetermination/countrystudies/95sudan.htm (6105 words)

	MOST Ethno-Net publication: Africa at Crossroads
		The imposition of colonial rule and state by the metropolitan bourgeoisie and its attendant contradiction embedded in exploitation of the colony led to a bourgeois revolution in the colony which led to the establishment of a bourgeois state, and the attendant legal and institutional framework.
		The creation of these two districts was a direct response of the colonial state to the persistence of Chamba warlords engaged in several forms of banditry and slavery through forceful seizure of women for wives, thus creating a situation of insecurity in defiance of the desire by the colonial authorities to stop the act.
		From the point of view of the Chamba, the changes made by the colonial state in 1914, was an act of usurpation and the publication of the 1963 Gazette was a culmination and it's wholly unacceptable to the Chambas.
	www.unesco.org /most/crossroadskabir.htm (9843 words)

	Francophonia page
		The last remnant of the North American colonies is the small colony of St Pierre and Miquelon, off the coast of Newfoundland.
		At the same time as the north American colonies were being settled, French people settled in the Caribbean and developed slave-worked sugar plantations, especially in the western part of the island of Hispaniola Haiti.
		However, their expansion was frustrated by the British mobilising more forces against them and they were eventually confined to the colony of Pondicherry near Madras (Chennai) which remained throughout the period of British India.
	www.angelfire.com /mac/egmatthews/worldinfo/europe/francophonie.html (1693 words)

	John Champion
		The British went in reluctantly, under some Australian pressure, to prevent the French from taking the islands over entirely, to try to curb the worst excesses of the flbirders, and to protect the interests of British and Australian traders and missionaries, as much from French competitors as from local cannibals.
		The French colonial tradition is to seek to evolve an elite of indigenous Frenchmen; the British to promote the emergence of a regime of self-governing natives.
		In the New Hebrides, however, the British District Agents’ relations tended naturally to be with the local anglophone communities and the French District Agents’ with the francophones.
	www.british-friends-of-vanuatu.com /Champion.htm (3168 words)

	South Sudan Claims for Right of Self-Determination, (David de Chand)
		British policy was to keep African people of South Sudan were discriminated against in all spheres of political economy.
		Interestingly, none of the British colonial officers in South Sudan were neither invited to attend the said Administrative Conference.
		British policy in South Sudan in 1946, could only be compared to the British policy in Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) and Southwest Africa (Namibia) at the end of world War I. Without a doubt, such a diabolical and sale out policy provoked bitter reaction from the South Sudanese nationalists, sympathizers, including some Britain.
	www.africa.upenn.edu /Articles_Gen/de_chand.html (6005 words)

	Core Reports - Cameroon - HRI/CORE/1/Add.109 (2000)
		Cameroon is characterized by a great diversity of the natural environments found in different parts of Africa.
		Cameroon was a de facto one-party State from 1966 to 1990, when Act No. 90/56 of 19 December 1990 concerning political parties was adopted.
		Technically speaking, decentralization is also implemented in Cameroon through numerous administrative, industrial and commercial State corporations, as well as through a variety of parastatal enterprises active in various sectors of the economic and social life of the country.
	www.bayefsky.com /core/cameroon_hri_core_1_add.109_2000.php (2931 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Africa \| Border dispute an African colonial legacy
		The dispute between Cameroon and Nigeria over the Bakassi peninsula is yet another of Africa's throwbacks to the colonial division of the continent.
		Cameroon referred the dispute over the ownership of Bakassi to the international court in 1994.
		Arbitrary lines drawn on maps - notably by colonial powers sitting at the Conference of Berlin in 1884 and 1885 - have left countries with meaningless boundaries with no rhyme or reason in the geographical, topographical or ethnic character of particular regions.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/africa/2316645.stm (650 words)

	African History
		Meanwhile, speakers of Niger-Congo languages living in what is today eastern Nigeria and western Cameroon developed a new form of farming which, because it relied on yams and plantains (bananas) which flourish in moist, humid environments, was well adapted to the forests in which they lived.
		For most Africans (and this was particularly true for women), the colonial period was deeply frustrating, because they had little opportunity to obtain the new forms of knowledge and economic opportunity which were being introduced by colonialism, and instead were confined to menial, poorly-paid occupations.
		Although much of the continent was free of colonial rule by the mid-1960s, European domination of southern Africa seemed unshaken until the mid-1970s, when liberation movements in Angola and Mozambique expelled the Portuguese, paving the way for the Zimbabwe liberation struggle which triumphed finally in 1980.
	www.uiowa.edu /~africart/toc/history/giblinhistory.html (5215 words)

	afrol News - Cameroon, Nigeria to withdraw from Bakassi
		Nigeria claims another interpretation of British protection contracts of 1884 with the villages of Bakassi and is backed by the local population, mostly claiming to be Nigerian.
		Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea and Sao Tomé and Principe are all involved in oil production in the Gulf of Guinea, and much is at stake as the first maritime borders are to be defined.
		While both Nigeria and Cameroon already are sourcing crude oil from the disputed Peninsula and its offshore areas, large-scale developments will only start after the ICT has announced its ruling and investors observe a peaceful implementation of the deal.
	www.afrol.com /News2002/cam013_nig_bakassi2.htm (733 words)

	Governance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Cameroon's strategy has been guided by the need to formulate and implement policies that will contain the challenges of human, ecological and climatic diversities.
		Cameroon had been described as an island of prosperity in the Sub-Saharan region before the economic crisis.
		After the situation analyses of the Republic of Cameroon, it becomes necessary that immediate measures be taken to redress the morose situation in which Cameroon finds herself (economical, political and administrative).
	www.uneca.org /unsia/cluster/govern/cameron.htm (3729 words)

	EPAA Vol. 11 No. 47 Ngwana: University Strategic Planning in Cameroon Assessments: Legal and Psychometric Issues
		Heads of departments and senior administrators were interviewed and the main documentary evidence related to strategic planning in UB were collected and analysed.
		The transition between liberation from the slave trade and the imposition of colonial rule generated a vision of a university mission characterised by mental liberation from the shackles of the slave trade and religious dogma.
		The regional location of the universities in Cameroon, for instance, and the diversity of institutions might give room for the development of various individual competitive strategies, which will be depicted in their missions.
	epaa.asu.edu /epaa/v11n47 (9383 words)

	Nigeria
		The group is headed by the minister of police and former adjutant general of the army, retired Maj. Gen.
		After Germany's WWI defeat, Cameroon was divided between the British and the French but the peninsula issue remained unresolved.
		An agreement similar to the one in 1913 was reportedly drawn up in 1975 as a reward to Cameroon for its neutrality during the Nigerian civil war in 1967-70.
	www.tpwmi.com /nigeria.html (4050 words)

	Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handbook Series / Belize / Appendix B
		In member nations in which the British monarch serves as the head of state, she or he is represented by an appointed governor general, who is independent of the British government.
		Canada was the first British colony to gain self-government, and from that time on Britain began to redefine its relationship with its colonies.
		The British government codified these basic principles of equal status and free association in 1931 in the Statute of Westminster, which has been characterized as the "Magna Carta of the Commonwealth." The statute also recognized the full legislative autonomy of the dominions and offered all former colonies the right to secede from the Commonwealth.
	lcweb2.loc.gov /frd/cs/belize/bz_appnb.html (1603 words)

	Jouvert 7.2: Deborah Wyrick, "Colonial Posts"
		That only one post was turned outward implies that Kurtz was less interested in the traditional purpose of 'posting heads' (to deter would-be criminals or 'rebels') than in staging a face-to-face ritual spectacle, one in which the European is complete master of the gaze, one in which only unidirectional communication is possible.
		Another genealogy of colonial posting takes shape in Alicia Jenkins's poems, "Voices from Under the Cliff." Jenkins offers a family history of colonial immigration, allowing the silent voices of ancestors and island topography to speak of triangular journeys (Ireland, Barbados, the United States) that reciprocally haunt present and past.
		As a mode of public comportment, however, it 'reads' the colonial aloud, creating a supplement that critiques colonial lack and calls for ethical responsibility toward the colonial past(a past that is never absolutely expunged from the present) and toward the emerging postcolonial future.
	social.chass.ncsu.edu /jouvert/v7i2/ed72.htm (3409 words)

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		Most notable is the unresolved Dagbon conflict that erupted in 2002 in the northern town of Yendi when the paramount chief of the Dagbon ethnic group was murdered along with 40 of his followers.
		Though the seeds of these conflicts began in colonial times, they did not flare up into full clashes then as long as the landowners were respected for their authority.
		Secondly, land in colonial days was in abundance and did not necessarily lead to conflicts.
	www.irinnews.org /report.asp?ReportID=51492 (2007 words)

	WRM Bulletin Nº 62 - Africa / September 2002
		When France became the dominant colonial power earlier last century virtually all lands in Cameroon became property of the State, even though almost all land in Cameroon is held under customary principles.
		For instance, now in the Ocean Department of Cameroon local communities are coming to terms with the many impacts of an oil pipeline that now traverses their lands, facilitating the export of oil from the southern fields of Chad via an offshore pumping station near Kribi, Cameroon.
		During the colonial period, land held by heads of clans was redistributed and from the 1960s onwards government policy encouraged farmers to expand into pastures, wetlands and forest areas such as around the Volcanoes National Park, and migrate east into less densely populated grazing lands.
	www.wrm.org.uy /bulletin/62/AF.html (3861 words)

	Gregory Zinoviev: Wars - Defensive and Aggressive 3 (1916)
		Whippings are the lightest penalty in the Cameroons.
		During the uprising in Cameroon, hundreds of Negroes were tied together on the orders of the German officials, Leist and Wehlau, and left in the hot sun-rays until they died of thirst.
		Women are lashed with rods in the presence of their husbands, whole settlements are burned to the ground and left to die of hunger.
	www.marxists.org /archive/zinoviev/works/1916/war/war3.htm (4253 words)

	Notes on Conquest of the Western Sudan--Part III (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Archinard was appointed Director of Defense under the Ministry of Colonies at the end of July 1895 and promoted to brigadier general within the year.
		Then cooler heads in the respective foreign offices get control of their local military commanders, and the French recognized that their military was heavily outnumbered by the British.
		In the end, Binger (now with the African Department of the Ministry of Colonies) concluded that it was necessary to abolish the office of Lt. Governor, and the reorganization of French West Africa was the means to accomplish this.
	courses.wcupa.edu /jones/his311/archives/sec/kanya3.htm (9288 words)

	anthro2
		Cameroon's glory days of rapid development have given way to economic volatility, cultural strife, and rising crime, especially in the larger cities and remote areas like the far north beyond Waza.
		Cameroonians are chafing under the long, tightening grip of their rulers more than ever--all of which makes Cameroon a challenge for travelers, but not an impossible one for those who keep their heads.
		Following World War II, the British established themselves again, this time building plantations of bananas, cocoa, oil palms, and rubber trees which line the roads as you are driving down the coastline.
	www.dickinson.edu /~landisb/1999fs.html (1140 words)

	The Ants of Africa
		In Cape Colony, where in about 1880 the railways were limited to the neighbourhood of Cape Town, Port Elizabeth and East London, the next decade saw the completion of the trunk-line from Cape Town to Kimberley, with a junction at De Aar with that from Port Elizabeth.
		In the British colonies on the same coast the building of railways was begun in 1896.
		All the main railways in South Africa, the lines in British West Africa, in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan and in Egypt south of Luxor are of 3 ft 6 in gauge.
	antbase.org /ants/africa/history1a.htm (4107 words)

	Online NewsHour: Chasing Votes -- March 10, 2003
		British Ambassador to the U.N. Jeremy Greenstock introduced a new resolution on Iraq to the United Nations.
		You may remember that about a month ago the African heads of state met in Addis Ababa and the African Union actually took a position with regards to the crisis in Iraq, going more towards laying emphasis on the inspections.
		GWEN IFILL: But Guinea and Cameroon, in particular, their ties to France, or colonial ties to France are presumably still strong.
	www.pbs.org /newshour/bb/international/jan-june03/votes_3-10.html (1957 words)

	Keyword (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The viruses, found in rural Cameroon among people who hunt monkeys and other primates, were probably transmitted from the animals through blood from bites and scratches received in hunting, butchering and keeping the primates as pets,...
		Cameroon, which has a history of appalling corruption, is a secular state with full religious freedom....
		In its ruling Thursday, the International Court of Justice agreed with Cameroon's argument that the area was part of its territory under an early 20th century treaty between German and British colonial powers in West Africa.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/keyword?k=cameroon (3203 words)

	Wide Angle. Printable Pages \| PBS
		That the colonial whites who ran these countries did not allow Africans to emerge into positions of responsibility and authority.
		GEORGE AYITTEY: That colonial wrong is the inequitable distribution of land.
		The richest in Africa are African heads of state and ministers.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/wideangle/printable/transcript_botswana_print.html (7102 words)

	ANNEX 1. EVOLUTION OF THE AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SYSTEMS
		This was particularly the case for the colonial period when two major colonial powers (France and the United Kingdom and to a lesser extent Germany) ruled these countries.
		Ghana, formerly known as the Gold Coast, was a British colony established in 1874.
		The Joint British West Africa Inter-Territorial Organization was also responsible for institutes and schemes spread throughout the four former British colonies of West Africa.
	www.fao.org /DOCREP/005/Y4349E/y4349e0b.htm (7870 words)

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