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Topic: Colonial heads of German Cameroon

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	Travel in Yaoun De, Cameroon - History
		European explorers encountered the coastal region of Cameroon in the fifteenth century.
		Colonial rule was usually exploitative, especially (as was common in French Cameroon) when the people's own social and political institutions were systematically undermined and destroyed.
		All this was considered a threat by the French colonial government, and Njoya was removed from power and died in exile.
	www.africatravelling.net /cameroon/yaoun_de/yaoun_de_history.htm (802 words)

	Cameroon information - Search.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Cameroon, officially the Republic of Cameroon, is a unitary republic of central Africa.
		Cameroon, a German colony at the time of World War I, was split among the French and British as war spoils after the defeat of Germany.
		Cameroon's coastal plain extends 10 to 50 miles (15–80 km) inland from the Gulf of Guinea (part of the Atlantic Ocean) to the edge of a plateau.
	c10-ss-1-lb.cnet.com /reference/Cameroon (1997 words)

	Cameroon
		The colours of the flag of Cameroon are the pan-African colours, green/red/yellow.
		The colours of the Cameroon flag form a vertical tri-colour based on the flag of France which was the colonial power controlling most of its territory before independence.
		The escutcheon shall be composed of a gold star or on a field vert and triangle gules, charged with the geographical outline of Cameroon azure and surcharged with the sword and scales of justice sable.
	www.fotw.net /flags/cm.html (1296 words)

	MOST Ethno-Net publication: Africa at Crossroads
		The imposition of colonial rule and state by the metropolitan bourgeoisie and its attendant contradiction embedded in exploitation of the colony led to a bourgeois revolution in the colony which led to the establishment of a bourgeois state, and the attendant legal and institutional framework.
		The contemporary African state inherited essential characteristics of the colonial state which was exported to Africa, fused together in related institutions which consist of mainly instrument of violence and coercion and they follow sequentially: (a) the military and police; (b) the judiciary (c) the bureaucracy.
		The creation of these two districts was a direct response of the colonial state to the persistence of Chamba warlords engaged in several forms of banditry and slavery through forceful seizure of women for wives, thus creating a situation of insecurity in defiance of the desire by the colonial authorities to stop the act.
	www.unesco.org /most/crossroadskabir.htm (9843 words)

	MOST Ethno-Net publication: Africa at Crossroads
		Granting the German maxim that “city air makes one free” and the African belief that those in cities are the eyes and ears of those in the villages, the latter thereby benefit from the osmotic effect of this relationship.
		Cameroon’s Minister of Territorial Administration was drawn into one of these debates recently when reacting to an interview granted by Christian Cardinal Tumi in which he denounced the institutionalization of corruption in Cameroon.
		Coming in the wake of Cameroon’s victory of the football trophy at the Sydney Olympics, his allusion to Indomitable Lions(the national football team), to which the Cardinal Tumi did not refer in his interview must be seen as a rhetorical strategy meant to deviate attention away from his castigation of corruption.
	www.unesco.org /most/crossroadsjua.htm (16187 words)

	An anarchist account of Cameroun - Cameroon - Kamerun (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Cameroon was initially a German colony, 'Kamerun', until their defeat in the first world war, whereafter it was shared out among the victorious British and French.
		The overt foreign influences in Cameroon are visible on the streets of Douala and Yaounde, in the shape of a large number of expatriate workers, mostly French and German, working for large foreign companies as consultants, engineers and senior management.
		Cameroon insists that wood be sawed in the country in an attempt to create jobs and add value to the wood rather than to simply export it raw, elsewhere there is not even this meagre effort.
	flag.blackened.net /revolt/africa/accounts/chekov/cameroon.html (10661 words)

	BiafraNigeriaWorld (BNW) Magazine:: The Loss of Bakassi Peninsula as a Nemesis of Biafra
		In the 1960s as the colonial masters began to grant independence to their former colonies, some Africans raised the issue of reversing the colonial order and redesigning the African continent and its countries to respect the rights of the people, their tribes and heritage.
		Certainly, the 1913 treaty is one of those colonial treaties and its boundary delineation is one of those colonial boundaries that ought to be respected.
		While the 1913 treaty was an agreement between colonial countries on the administration of their territories, the acceptance by Nigeria and the OAU that all colonial treaties and boundaries should remain sacrosanct was made with aim of defeating Biafra.
	magazine.biafranigeriaworld.com /ujnjoku/2002oct18.html (1326 words)

	Germany
		Although one can speak of a German culture in general which is reflected in the literature, poetry, and art of the German people as a whole there are considerable differences in the way of life from region to region.
		Most East Germans, however, were able to receive West German television programs on sets in their homes and thus had exposure to Western films and other programs with a view of life and society that was not approved by their government.
		The head of government was the chairman of the Council of Ministers (prime minister), who was the leader of the party that held the most seats in parliament.
	itc3.tripod.com /germany.htm (12498 words)

	Charles Zorgbibe*
		Class C mandates consist of Southwest Africa and German colonies in the Pacific; in these mostly sparsely populated territories the mandatories will be able to apply their own laws, as if they were parts of their own territory.
		The German naval base of Tsing Tao in China, and the leased territory of Kiao Cheu in Chantoung are assigned to Japan, which will provoke a break-up with the Chinese delegation in Versailles and a deep crisis in the American public opinion.
		Hitler thus attempts to seduce the heads of the colonial lobby during the first three years of the new regime, which is a period of compromise.
	www.african-geopolitics.org /show.aspx?ArticleId=3543 (3778 words)

	PRE-20TH CENTURY GENOCIDE AND MASS MURDER
		Meanwhile the soldiery had been massacring the population, and brought the heads of their victims into the king's presence, where they were counted up by the scribes.
		Often the heads of governments have led their armies; generals have sometimes been rewarded for their bloody deeds, and in any case, not punished.
		In some German cities historians estimate that as many as 900 "witches" in a year were killed, often after agonizing torture to force out confessions; in some villages hardly a women was left alive.
	www.hawaii.edu /powerkills/DBG.CHAP3.HTM (9589 words)

	Cameroon stool and beaded thrones from Cameroon- RAND AFRICAN ART
		In Cameroon seats, in particular, were the prerogative of royalty.
		From 1884, Cameroon had been a German protectorate but during the 1914-18 World War it was divided between the British and French.
		Grassfields of northern Cameroon, two types of beads were in demand: those that had been hand rolled and those that were mold-made.
	www.randafricanart.com /Cameroon_stool.html (3161 words)

	The International response to Conflict and Genocide; Lessons from the Rwanda experience. Study 1. Historical ...
		During 40 years of Belgian administration, as under most colonial dispensations, we observe the disintegration, distortion or bastardization of indigenous social and political structures and their consequences.
		Colonial policies were merely grafted onto a foundation that already contained a potential for conflict (Reyntjens, 1994).
		Starting from the colonial thesis that Tutsi were outsiders/foreigners and claiming that Hutu (in majority) were true Rwandese nationals, and thus the rightful rulers of Rwanda, the manifesto was a significant statement for both the social revolution from 1959 and the deepening ethnic cleavage.
	www.ess.uwe.ac.uk /Rwanda/Rwanda4b.htm (6154 words)

	Germany
		In the treaty, the Germans renounced nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons and stated their intention to reduce German armed forces to 370,000 within 3 to 4 years after the Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) Treaty, signed in Paris on November 19, 1990, entered into force.
		An important aspect of postwar German politics was the emergence of a moderate Christian party--the Christian Democratic Union (CDU)--operating in alliance with a related Bavarian party, the Christian Social Union (CSU).
		German employers, even during periods of relatively fast growth, say they often prefer to invest overseas or install more machinery, rather than make job-creating investments at their domestic facilities.
	www.factmonster.com /country/profiles/germany.html (5034 words)

	British Empire page
		The result was a series of colonies along the eastern coast of what is now the United States and Canada.
		From here British traders extended to the island of Borneo where two colonies were formed in the north, one the quasi-feudal state of Sarawak, ruled by the so-called White Rajahs of the Brooks family on behalf of the Sultan of Brunei, the other North Borneo (now Sabah).
		In the other African colonies it began with the end of the second world war when the African soldiers returned home, bringing with them their experiences of helping the British fight other Europeans and losing their awe of the "white man".
	www.angelfire.com /mac/egmatthews/worldinfo/europe/empire.html (4548 words)

	The Post Online (Cameroon): Bakassi Nigerians Disavow Cameroon's Take over
		Cameroon is expected to restrain from exercising customs rights on Nigerians living in the area, according to the accord.
		It was in 2002 that the ICJ passed its verdict, declaring that Bakassi belongs to Cameroon.
		Worse for Cameroon is the fact that Ambazonia has at long last asserted its sovereignty and filed an inter-pleader summons at the ICJ in its own right.
	www.postnewsline.com /2006/08/bakassi_nigeria.html (2422 words)

	anthro2
		Cameroon's glory days of rapid development have given way to economic volatility, cultural strife, and rising crime, especially in the larger cities and remote areas like the far north beyond Waza.
		Cameroonians are chafing under the long, tightening grip of their rulers more than ever--all of which makes Cameroon a challenge for travelers, but not an impossible one for those who keep their heads.
		Cameroon is known for having some of the best food in Central Africa.
	www.dickinson.edu /~landisb/1999fs.html (1140 words)

	World Cup Blog: Germany 2006 Archives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Japan’s coach Zico likes his team heading into this summer’s World Cup, but the one area of concern is its inability to finish in front of the goal.
		Amid pressures from members of parliament, the head of Sweden’s Football Federation is on record as saying that his players will not be partaking in any activities in German brothels this summer.
		Heading into this year's draw in Germany, the US was ranked 8th in the world.
	www.worldcupblog.org /archives/cat_germany_2006.shtml (10926 words)

	EPAA Vol. 11 No. 47 Ngwana: University Strategic Planning in Cameroon Assessments: Legal and Psychometric Issues
		Heads of departments and senior administrators were interviewed and the main documentary evidence related to strategic planning in UB were collected and analysed.
		The transition between liberation from the slave trade and the imposition of colonial rule generated a vision of a university mission characterised by mental liberation from the shackles of the slave trade and religious dogma.
		The regional location of the universities in Cameroon, for instance, and the diversity of institutions might give room for the development of various individual competitive strategies, which will be depicted in their missions.
	epaa.asu.edu /epaa/v11n47 (9383 words)

	afrol News - Cameroon, Nigeria to withdraw from Bakassi
		Cameroon dates its claims over the Bakassi Peninsula to the 1913 border treaty between the German and British colonial powers.
		Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea and Sao Tomé and Principe are all involved in oil production in the Gulf of Guinea, and much is at stake as the first maritime borders are to be defined.
		While both Nigeria and Cameroon already are sourcing crude oil from the disputed Peninsula and its offshore areas, large-scale developments will only start after the ICT has announced its ruling and investors observe a peaceful implementation of the deal.
	www.afrol.com /News2002/cam013_nig_bakassi2.htm (733 words)

	Land Reform / Réforme agraire / Reforma agraria /
		However, the German colonial strategy in Namibia cannot be considered the only explanation for the current pattern of land ownership in the country.
		Pretoria’s regime in Namibia was even more oppressive than the German one, as it basically consisted of the rigid application of all apartheid extremist policies, leading the country to a bitter liberation war.
		Project managers rarely know the exact number of heads pasturing the fields under their authority, and more often than not farms are experiencing severe overgrazing problems as in Hardin’s (1968) Tragedy of the commons-type drama.
	www.fao.org /docrep/007/y5639t/y5639t05.htm (6894 words)

	World Cup Soccer - The World's Game - National Geographic Magazine
		For better or worse this is V. Naipaul's Africa: a place of magic that is also on display at the many roadblocks in the north and west of the country, where soldiers are convinced that the amulets they wear around their necks will ward off bullets.
		When the Ivoirians lost for the second time to Cameroon in the qualifiers, and it was believed their chance had gone, Drogba—who had played brilliantly in the match and scored two goals—received threats and menacing messages from fans, and was worried enough to consider not playing for the national team.
		We'd still rather be bombing the Germans; but after 60 years, there's a slowly dawning suspicion that those days aren't coming back any time soon, and in the meantime we must rely on sarong-wearing, multimillionaire pretty boys to kick the Argies for us.
	www7.nationalgeographic.com /ngm/0606/feature1 (5688 words)

	Central African Republic (09/06)
		In 1906, the Oubangui-Chari territory was united with the Chad colony; in 1910, it became one of the four territories of the Federation of French Equatorial Africa (A.E.F.), along with Chad, Congo (Brazzaville), and Gabon.
		There are 174 communes, each headed by a mayor and council appointed by the president.
		Fuel supplies must be barged in via the Ubangui River or trucked overland through Cameroon, resulting in frequent shortages of gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/4007.htm (3782 words)

	Cameroon - Cameroun on the Internet
		Jacob Crawfurd's 100 photographs of Cameroon, a panorama photograph of the valley in Bafang, Cameroon, East Africa slide show and video clips, plus a few1937 historical photographs (no captions).
		As the gatekeeper to the Congo Basin, Cameroon is an important indicator for the future of the entire region." "Samuel Nguiffo, 33, directs the Center for Environment and Development (CED) in Cameroon's capital, Yaounde.
		LESA serves current students and graduates of Our Lady of Lourdes Secondary School, Bamenda, Cameroon which was established in 1963 as a secondary school for girls, one of only 3 secondary schools for girls in Cameroon at the time.
	www-sul.stanford.edu /depts/ssrg/africa/camer.html (5550 words)

	The End of Lebanon? - by Ran HaCohen
		Israel's first leader, David Ben-Gurion, believed the natural border of the Jewish state should be Lebanon's Litani River, and this legacy has apparently guided the Israeli army ever since.
		The resolution draft sets no timetable for the creation of this new force, which at any rate needs to be authorized in a further UNSC resolution before it is constituted.
		He also works as a literary translator (from German, English and Dutch), and as a literary critic for the Israeli daily Yedioth Achronoth.
	www.antiwar.com /hacohen/?articleid=9496 (1132 words)

	Col. Qaddafi seeks to lead new club - Africa
		The streets of the capital Tripoli and Sirte, Qaddafi's hometown and venue for the OAU meeting, are plastered with posters that declare Africa a "paradise on earth" and Libya as the "historical gate of the African continent from time immemorial."
		The idea of African unity is not new and was a powerful force in the 1960s, when Africans rejected colonial rule.
		A World Bank study, for example, found that quality of life in the capital Yaound in 1994 was comparable to what it had been in 1964.
	www.csmonitor.com /1999/0910/p1s3.html (1001 words)

	Heads of state of Cameroon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This is a List of Heads of State of Cameroon.
		Summary of the 11 October 2004 Cameroon presidential election results
		(Cameroon Union) French Cameroon-based, from 1966: part of UNC
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Cameroon (156 words)

	Cameroon 1891
		In 1891 again a mission of the imperial German navy on the African west coast became necessary.
		This mission was carried out by the deployed at that time, S.M. Kreuzer HABICHT and S.M. Kanonenboot HYÄNE.
		c) expedition of captain von Gravenreuth, consisting of 3 negro-companies of 100 heads and 50 females to carry loads
	www.medalnet.net /Cameroon_1891.htm (1057 words)

	Tanzania and Zanzibar on the Internet
		Has a map of Africa in the early 1900s showing colonial possessions, a map of the Maji Maji rebellion 1905-1906, boundaries of the former Biafra (Nigeria), Southern Africa 1968-1975, the Chad civil war mid to late 1980s, Sudan civil war 1983.
		Coast, E. Colonial preconceptions and contemporary demographic reality: Maasai of Kenya and Tanzania.
		Information for the Institute of Kiswahili Research, etc. Has university addresses, a senior administration directory, News and Events (academic), a directory of journals published at the University.
	www-sul.stanford.edu /depts/ssrg/africa/tanzan.html (8199 words)

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