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Topic: Colonial Heads of Ghana

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	Food in Ghana
		In Ghana at Komenda during the Second World War, for example, peasants were forced to grow maize, sweet potatoes and peanuts to supply to the air force station that was established there.
		Bread from wheat in Ghana is typically made in small or medium-size urban bakeries, while commodities such as instant coffee and margarine are produced in factories owned by multinational corporations such as Nestles and Unilever.
		Various regimes of government in post-independence Ghana have willingly accepted food aid because it compensated for their own production shortfalls and ensured that cheap food supplies were available for politically important urban populations.
	www.cfiks.org /food_in_ghana.htm (2129 words)

	Ghana - Introduction
		Ghana's current borders were realized in 1956 when the Volta region voted to join Ghana.
		Nkrumah saw Ghana as the "Star of Black Africa." He believed that Ghana should lead the effort to free Africa from the shackles of Western colonialism and envisioned a union of independent African states that would command respect in the world.
		The fragility of the economic and political transition underway in Ghana in the mid-1990s was evident from events in the spring of 1995.
	countrystudies.us /ghana/3.htm (3889 words)

	Ghana: A Businessman's Guide to Tunisia
		Vestiges of the extent of European colonial presence and concentration of activity in the country are evidenced by the fact that 29 of the 32 European colonial forts and castles dotted along the coast of West Africa are in Ghana.
		Ghana's President is the also chairman of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), a regional economic organisation comprising a thriving market of 250 million people in West Africa.
		Ghana's trading access to other African nations is expected to increase significantly as Africa moves towards implementation of the African Economic Community, established by African heads of state and government in 1991.
	www.africa-business.com /features/ghana.html (616 words)

	Ghana - THE PRECOLONIAL PERIOD
		Strictly speaking, ghana was the title of the king, but the Arabs, who left records of the kingdom, applied the term to the king, the capital, and the state.
		Ghana succumbed to attacks by its neighbors in the eleventh century, but its name and reputation endured.
		Although none of the states of the western Sudan controlled territories in the area that is modern Ghana, several small kingdoms that later developed in the north of the country were ruled by nobles believed to have immigrated from that region.
	countrystudies.us /ghana/5.htm (1379 words)

	Ghana History Timeline - historic overview of Ghana (Gold Coast), Africa
		In modern-day Ghana the fort is the residence and office of the president.
		Originally the colony was only a 100 km wide strip along the coast, but the British still seeks control of the Asante kingdom and their wealth of gold.
		Ghana is the leading cocoa exporter in the world and produces one tenth of the world's gold.
	crawfurd.dk /africa/ghana_timeline.htm (3964 words)

	Ghana
		Fortunately when I got to Ghana Lisa inspired me with all the great clothes that she had had made and also knew exactly where to go, so it was easy.
		The ocean along the length of Ghana is apparently plagued with all sorts of nasty tides and undertows and it is often not safe to swim, or only a very small portion of a large beach will be marked as safe for swimming.
		We head to the cultural center, look at a lot of crafts and learn that the museum was open Sunday after all, but is not open mondays until 2 pm.
	www.radix.net /~karo/ghana.htm (9591 words)

	The Kogyae Strict Nature Reserve
		Ghana is located on the Greenwich meridian, the zero degree longitude and about five (5) degrees latitude above the equator.
		The seriousness of the environmental degradation lies in the fact that most of the farmers cultivate Yams, whose agronomic practice require that the land must first be stripped bare of all vegetation to facilitate the making of mounds for the cultivation of the crop.
		The problem of encroachment of the reserve and the refusal of the settler farmers to stop their farming activities and quit the reserve is very well known to the political authorities at both the district and regional levels, the District Authority and Regional Coordinating Council.
	srdis.ciesin.org /cases/ghana-003.html (2268 words)

	Ghana :: Any Travels
		Much of the attraction of Ghana is based upon its legacy as the center of the gold, ivory, and slave trade during the 17th and 18th centuries, when the mighty Ashanti empire held sway here.
		Ghana is one of the five African nations along the northern coastline of the Gulf of Guinea.
		Ghana's role as a focus of the gold, ivory, and slave trade resulted in the construction of an entire string of colonial forts along its coastline, and many remain as picturesque legacies of that era.
	www.anytravels.com /africa/ghana (1128 words)

	Colonial Links - Women (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-09)
		According to the usual definition, the head of a family is the person recognized as such by him- or herself and by the other members of the household.
		The lowest proportions of women household heads are found in the countries of the Sahel and North Africa (due to the influence of religion, the strongly patriarchal nature of these societies and traditional forms of cohabitation) and in other Islamic countries such as Iran, Kuwait, Pakistan and Indonesia.
		A woman's deliberate choice to be head of a household is often part of her search for an identity outside that based on the family and the conjugal unit; for a woman to accept such a role involuntarily, on the other hand, is to accept limitations on some of her aspirations.
	athena.english.vt.edu /~hbrizee/1106coloniallinkswomen.htm (1189 words)

	An anarchist account of Ghana
		A controversy was raging on the radio phone-in shows as one administrative area of the country had confined all religious activities to their own premises and imposed a maximum decibel level on them in an attempt to reduce noise pollution from over-enthusiastic worshippers, a move fiercly opposed by the evangelicalists.
		All of the ex-French colonies use a common currency, the CFA franc, which is tied to the value of the French franc at a fixed rate.
		They chuckled and shook their heads in sadness that there were such foolish people in the world before explaining to us that all the security measures propounded by the guide books and travel experts were utterly wrong.
	flag.blackened.net /revolt/africa/accounts/chekov/ghana.html (8096 words)

	ThisWeek (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-09)
		So to indict Ghana as the film "Lumumba" does is a revision of history and an attempt to undermine the iconic and spunky nature of the liberation spirit of that entire era in Africa.
		Ghana's troops maintained the peace in the Congolese capital for a while until UN troops arrived.
		Ghana, about 10% the size of the Congo, had put her meager resources to aid a sister African nation while many independent African states remained on the sideline.
	www.thisweekghana.com /ThisWeek/Review.lumumba.htm (1262 words)

	Graphic Ghana - News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-09)
		One settlement in Ghana that must engage the attention of the organisers of the Golden Jubilee Anniversary, and, of course the government, is Nkroful.
		This town is a household name in the country as it is the birth place and the original burial grounds of Osagyefo Dr Kwame Nkrumah, the great visionary leader who spearheaded the struggle for Ghana’s independence and actually proclaimed her independence on March 6, 1957, and as a sovereign country on July 1, 1960.
		Not only that it is anticipated that most of the renowned heads of state and foreign dignitaries who may be invited to the celebrations would want to visit the home town of the man who declared on March 6, 1957 that Ghana, our beloved country was free forever.
	www.graphicghana.com /article.asp?artid=14516 (1035 words)

	Right of Abode II
		For that reason I am inclined to think it was initially a sincere attempt to provide a place of refuge for the millions of Africans, born in the Diaspora, seeking to return to their homeland without the threat of being treated as outcast in their motherland.
		Ghana, being the first African state to achieve ‘independence’, could not escape the destiny forged into its being, during conception, thus she rose to the occasion and extended to her lost children, open arms.
		For this big party, Ghana is ensuring a full house by appealing to the African community born and living in the Diaspora.
	www.info-ghana.com /right_of_abode_ii.htm (1627 words)

	Ghana
		Ghana's subequatorial climate is warm and humid, with distinct alternations between rainy summer and dry winters.
		Ghana is a colonial creation, pieced together from numerous indigenous societies arbitrarily consolidated, and sometimes divided, according to European interests.
		The rural masses were disadvantaged by the colonial regime and the exactions of their chiefs but gained some degree of wealth and local development through the growth of a lucrative export trade in cocoa, especially in the forest zone.
	www.everyculture.com /Ge-It/Ghana.html (8290 words)

	"); NewWindow.document.write("IRINnews"); NewWindow.document.write(" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-09)
		Though the seeds of these conflicts began in colonial times, they did not flare up into full clashes then as long as the landowners were respected for their authority.
		But once Ghana moved towards independence where [traditional] political authoritybegan to assume great importance, all these people began to demand the right to rule themselves rather than [be ruled by] by surrogate overlords.
		Remember, Ghana is moving towards the 2008 general elections and if things are not handled well, that in my view can be enough for a further escalation of the violence.
	www.irinnews.org /report.asp?ReportID=51492 (1999 words)

	www.ghana.co.uk - History & Culture
		At the head of the colonial administration in Ghana, as in other British colonial territories, was the governor appointed by and representing the British Crown and answerable to the metropolitan government through the Secretary of State for the Colonies.
		Before colonialism took firm roots in the country, the indigenous ruler occupied a unique position in his realm; he was accepted by his subjects as religious, political and judicial head of the kingdom, the spirit and embodiment of the nation, and the custodian of the people's ancestral cultural heritage.
		Considering these rulers as the body, which represented the public views and wishes, the colonial system granted the 'commoners' practically no place in the relationship between the indigenes and the colonial government or in the administration at the local level.
	www.ghana.co.uk /history/history/colonial_rule.htm (1030 words)

	Centre for Social Policy Studies, Ghana- Action Auction
		Research conducted by the Department of Social Administration, University of Ghana, for the Transport Research Laboratory, U.K./ODA on the interaction between gender and transport (Grieco, Apt and Turner, 1996) indicated that this is a critical policy area for Africa.
		Ghana is currently viewed as something of a leader in the area of social policy provision and development and represents an appropriate point of contribution to indigenous African social policy development.
		This is to help understand the social and economic factors involved in planning for the elderly and the retired and the nature of the relationship between social roles and social support systems and the current urbanisational family life.
	www.geocities.com /csps_ghana/actionauction/index.html (5459 words)

	Pre-colonial history of Ghana
		Ghana succumbed to attacks by its neighbours in the eleventh century, but its name and reputation endured.
		In 1957 when the leaders of the former British colony of the Gold Coast sought an appropriate name for their newly independent state, the first fl African nation to gain its independence from colonial rule they named their new country after ancient Ghana.
		Although none of the states of the western Sudan controlled territories in the area that is modern Ghana, several small Kingdoms that later developed in the north of the country were ruled by nobles believed to have emigrated from that region.
	www.ghanaweb.com /GhanaHomePage/history/pre-colonial.php (1355 words)

	The New Ghana: Championing Africa's Excellence
		The mass band from the Ghana Armed Forces and the Police reminded the large gathering that had occupied every space on the ground to be "bold to defend forever the cause of freedom and of right" and "Raise High the flag of Ghana and one with Africa advance".
		There was cultural pageant by school children and gymnastic display and the trooping of band and colours, which attracted the reverence of the Head of State and the general public, who stood up to show their respect.
		Before the Head of State's address, there was 21- gun salute from GNS Seboe and GNS Achimota anchored behind the Square, while Ghana Air Force jets and helicopters flew past with one of copters carrying the national flag.
	www.ghanaweb.com /GhanaHomePage/features/artikel.php?ID=100514 (794 words)

	Ghana: Fire and Water
		The walkways were no wider than a single body and you will meet a constant stream of people carrying large loads on their heads who know exactly where they are going (mostly, it seems, in the opposite direction you are trying to go).
		Ghana specializes in batik prints on heavy cotton that have a wonderful rustic look and bold patterns.
		Her head will also be covered, tied up in a gailay.
	www.sallys-place.com /travel/africa/ghana.htm (8225 words)

	Ghana in The News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-09)
		English-speaking Ghana is one of the most popular destinations for American tourists to Africa who do the “triangle tour” of Accra, the coastal slave fortresses, and the Ashanti city of Kumasi.
		Ghana’s species of outdoor patio restaurants with trees are called “gardens,” and the best one in Accra is Afrikiko’s (Liberation Avenue, 21/299-997).
		Kumasi is full of colonial buildings decorated with terraces and columns, and the thriving, massive Kejetia Market is said to be one of the largest on the continent, covering over 24 acres in the center of the city with thousands of vendors-don’t venture in unless you have plenty of time and patience.
	home.caribsurf.com /gingerlandprimary/ghana_in_the_news.htm (2946 words)

	Ghanaian Chronicle - Online : The current time is 11:58:27 AM on 12/13/2006 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-09)
		The most recent Ghana living standard survey showed that about 82.2% of the Ghana's population defined as poor in the country and 86.3% of the extremely poor population reside in the rural areas.
		In spite of the almost 50 years of struggle for rural development, Ghana can only boast of innumerable rural development strategies and policies, however their resultant impact they have made in improving the quality of life of the rural poor is nothing to write home about.
		An ongoing survey on poverty and health in the rural communities in Ghana, case study of the Amansie West District revealed that from the basic means perspective, about 84.9% of heads of households in the study villages are income poor, and 93.7% of them are knowledge poor.
	www.ghanaian-chronicle.com /thestory.asp?id=11860 (1303 words)

	CHIEFTAINCY AND POLITICS IN GHANA SINCE 1982
		The nature of challenges to the chieftancy institution over the years are varied and range from colonially crafted mechanisms to break their authority to the imperceptible marginalization of chiefs in political life through constitutional provisions.
		Whereas in Nigeria the authority of the powerful emirs were curtailed by the colonial administration, “the advent of local government ensured that the chiefs lost their role as the link between the people and the government, and even their functions as administrators and tax collectors” (cited in Vaughan, 2000:61).
		Thus, a more compelling reason should be assigned to the survival of chieftancy in light of longstanding attempts during colonial and post colonial times to not only stifle their role but in some instances to abolish the institution.
	www.westafricareview.com /vol3.1/boafo.html (9546 words)

	African History
		African colonies were governed by quite small corps of European officials; most local-level administration was provided by African employees and appointees of the colonial government.
		For most Africans (and this was particularly true for women), the colonial period was deeply frustrating, because they had little opportunity to obtain the new forms of knowledge and economic opportunity which were being introduced by colonialism, and instead were confined to menial, poorly-paid occupations.
		Although much of the continent was free of colonial rule by the mid-1960s, European domination of southern Africa seemed unshaken until the mid-1970s, when liberation movements in Angola and Mozambique expelled the Portuguese, paving the way for the Zimbabwe liberation struggle which triumphed finally in 1980.
	www.uiowa.edu /~africart/toc/history/giblinhistory.html (5215 words)

	SERSAS
		One notable exception to this rule are the asafo companies of southern Ghana, which have awed, and puzzled, scholars of many stripes--including historians, art historians, anthropologists, musicologists and political scientists.
		It is clear from the records of the Colonial Secretary and the District Commissioners that the asafo companies were very active during the colonial period, primarily in inter-asafo rivalries within towns or between neighboring towns.
		But they were constantly restrained from doing so by the fact that, according to their own observations, the asafo institution was so central to the functioning of traditional government that to do away with it would cause a deterioration of the "fabric of the state".
	www.ecu.edu /african/sersas/Papers/ShumwayRebeccaFall2001.htm (3780 words)

	Ghana - History and Politics
		The name of modern day Ghana was taken from the ancient kingdom of Ghana, which was one of the most powerful three West African states of Mali and Songhai.
		With the settlement along the coastal belt of present day Ghana, most of the inhabitants along the coast became traders and middlemen between European traders who peddeled their wares along the West coast and the hinterland traders who brought their goods to the coast to sell in exchange for European goods.
		Finally, Ghana was made a socialist one-party state in which the CPP became the most dominant and powerful political group.
	www.iss.co.za /AF/profiles/Ghana/Politics.html (3301 words)

	ThisWeekGhana (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-09)
		Presenting my research on Lebanese presence in Ghana since the mid 1880s and their prominent role in business, I made a straightforward argument for the integration of Lebanese-Ghanaians, some of them third and fourth generations, as active citizens with political voice.
		This phenomenon, where the patriarch of the family heads the family business and strictly controls the lives and futures of family members, has been described by sociologists as utilitarian familialism and family governmentality.
		In the case of the Lebanese in Ghana, there is a disjuncture in these two spheres.
	www.thisweekghana.com /ThisWeek/Commentary.akyeampong.062106.htm (954 words)

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