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Topic: Colonial Heads of Portuguese Guinea

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	Portuguese Guinea - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Portuguese Guinea had been part of the Sahel Empire, and the local Landurna and Naula tribes traded in salt and grew rice.
		Though the coast had been under firm Portuguese control for the past four centuries, it was not until the Scramble for Africa that any interest was taken in the inland part of the colony.
		Portuguese Guinea was administered as part of the Cape Verde Islands colony until 1879, when it was separated from the islands to become its own colony.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Portuguese_Guinea (679 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Portugal
		One of the first acts of his son Edward (in Portuguese Duarte-1433-38) was to promulgate the "Lei Mental" which enacted that these properties should only descend in the direct male line of the grantee, on the failure of which they reverted to the Crown.
		The opening of the ports of Brazil to foreign ships ruined Portuguese commerce, the separation of the colony diminished the prestige of the mother country, which was reduced to a miserable plight by the long war, and internal feuds were added to external troubles.
		The last half-century of the Portuguese Monarchy, embracing the reigns of Pedro V (1853-61), Louis I (1861-89), and Charles I (1889-1908), was one of internal peace and increasing material prosperity.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/12297a.htm (9947 words)

	The Portuguese Revolution
		And 2.5 million Portuguese were driven abroad to escape the poverty or the threat of four years' conscription in the African wars.
		The CDE - the organisation of Portuguese "democrats" warned that "the ultra-left [?] was becoming the ally of reaction." (Morning Star, May 29, 1974) It is true that there is a danger of reaction.
		On a fighting programme such as this, the Portuguese workers could unite all the impoverished and oppressed sections of society, for the transition from the Portuguese February to the Portuguese October, which would have an even more decisive effect on the history of mankind than the Russian Revolution itself.
	www.marxist.com /History/portugal1974.html (3433 words)

	The Banknotes of Guinea-Bissau
		As Cape Verde was a Portuguese colony within close proximity to Portuguese Guinea, and because many Cape Verdeans had come to live and work in the mainland colony, the aims of the PAIGC included the liberation of Cape Verde.
		Honorio Pereira Barreto (1813-1859) was a governor of the Portuguese colony of Guinea (or ‘province’ as it was referred to during the time of his administration).
		The son of a senior bureaucrat in the Portuguese administration of Guinea-Bissau, Domingos Ramos was a member of the pioneers who commenced the initial phase of guerilla activity under the leadership of Amilcar Cabral in the early 1960s.
	www.pjsymes.com.au /articles/Guinea-Bissau.htm (6660 words)

	Guinea
		Neighboring colonies also bore the name "Guinea." The British colony of Sierra Leone to the south was sometimes identified as British Guinea, and to the north, Portugal's colony was named Portuguese Guinea.
		To the east of the Futa Jallon is Upper Guinea, a savanna region with plains and river valleys.
		Household heads are almost always men and custom allows them to exercise absolute authority over their wives, sisters, and daughters.
	www.everyculture.com /Ge-It/Guinea.html (6207 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Although the long-established Genoese colony in Lisbon provided the next base for his operations Columbus was unsuccessful in gaining royal patronage for his schemes since the crown would not divert funds from its successful Africa coasting operations after a panel of specialists turned down his proposal.
		Portuguese North Africa, from the Straits of Gibraltar to the borders of Sahara, is a privileged scene for the study of these transformations, a laboratory where many experts converged, including Columbus, and unique experiences in fortification were held, with or without success.
		The focus of will be upon Spanish colonial painting, how it developed in the Americas, a list of its influences, some of the unique type of paintings, and the function of colonial painting as it related to architecture and other arts.
	muweb.millersville.edu /~columbus/data/spc/GU-ABS-2.SPK (6482 words)

	History of West Papua
		The territorial flag of Netherlands New Guinea shall be a rectangle consisting of a vertical wide red stripe at the hoist and seven horizontal blue stripes separated by six white stripes.
		The territorial flag of Netherlands New Guinea, when it is displayed with the flag of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in a hall at an outdoor meeting where speeches are delivered, shall be placed at the speaker’s left and the flag of the Kingdom of the Netherlands at the speaker’s right.
		When the territorial flag of Netherlands New Guinea is displayed with the flag of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, this shall not in any way affect the regulations concerning the use of the orange pennant with the latter flag.
	www.wpngnc.org /history.htm (4167 words)

	POLITIQUE AFRICAINE PORTUGAISE:
		and its former African colonies is recent: it begins to circulate in 1984, as a proposition of the government uniting socialists and liberals.
		This cooperation, which is developing rather rapidly, essentially stems from the contacts established by the Portuguese and African forces during the struggle for independence, and especially during the transitional period : at the time guerrilla movements inherited facilities, uniforms and even some military counselors.
		Anyway, Portuguese Africanists seem to agree about one point : the necessity of being attentive and opposing the influence of other European countries, the Commonwealth and French-speaking countries, which are a threat for the role of the Portuguese language in Mozambique, Angola and Guinea Bissau.
	www.african-geopolitics.org /show.aspx?ArticleId=3712 (1045 words)

	Cape Verde Info. Page 2
		The President is the head of state and of the armed forces.
		The judicial branch is headed by a Supreme Court composed of five justices named by the President, the Executive branch and the Lawyers' Association.
		The Portuguese discovered and explored the Cape Verde islands between 1460 and 1462 in expeditions led by Antonio de Noli, Diego Gomes and Diego Afonso, but the archipelago was certainly known to the West African coastal empires and had been visited in antiquity by Arab geographers and even, some theories hold, by the Greeks.
	members.tripod.com /cvfaith/cvi2.html (1432 words)

	afrol News - Military coup in Guinea-Bissau
		The Portuguese embassy in Bissau reported there had been "no acts of violence, no shots fired and no injuries." Although a curfew has been imposed, street life was been reported to be normal in the Bissauan capital.
		The coup makers in Guinea-Bissau are however not expected to become the target of international sanctions and pressure as was the case during the coup in São Tomé and Príncipe earlier this year.
		Following a repressive Portuguese colonial rule and a bloody liberation war, the country slipped into a corrupt dictatorship.
	www.afrol.com /articles/10510 (709 words)

	African Politics Notebook (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The construction of colonial state institutions did not take great consideration of existing indigenous institutions of rule, though I pointed out that colonial rulers were not ignorant of these structures.
		Colonial rulers recognized an obligation to include their African colonies in the process of economic development, not least because this would generate the revenues needed to address rising popular demands for state services (and paternal policies that sought to provide them for subjects).
		It was observed that colonial and post-colonial state strategies that relied upon recruiting local ethnic leaders as agents of state administration seemed to reinforce boundaries of ethnic identity and to politicize it where it becomes relevant for individuals’ and groups’ access to state resources and services.
	pubweb.northwestern.edu /~wsr737/Notebook.htm (5368 words)

	Lead Stories June 30, 2005
		When the Portuguese flag came down in the capital of the new Cape Verdean Republic on July 5, 1975, Jose Barros was there among the thousands of former colonial subjects catching their first breath of liberation.
		Portuguese settlers were given the best jobs and even the indigenous Cape Verdean music forms were suppressed by the Portuguese.
		A key turning point in the struggle came in April of 1974, when a cadre of captains in the Portuguese military staged a coup d’etat, and made clear their intentions to make peace with the anti-colonial movements that by then were raging in Angola, Mozambique and Guinea.
	www.baystatebanner.com /archives/stories/2005/063005-1.htm (1146 words)

	Rastafari Speaks \| Natlon-Wide Broadcast On African Liberation Day
		Instead of granting their rightful freedom and independence to the indigenous Africans in Angola, Mozambique and Portuguese Guinea, the Portuguese Govemment has intensified even more its campaign of ruthless suppression of African freedom fighters in these territories, under the outmoded, illogical pretext that these territories are part of Portugal.
		It will be recalled that the Cairo Assembly of the Heads of State and Government decided to convene the Second Assembly of the Heads of State and Government in Accra, Ghana, in September this year.
		Nonetheless, the regular Assembly of the Heads of State and Government was, in the first place, designed to find peaceful solutions, through deliberations and frank exchange of views to such misunderstandings among member-states.
	www.rastafarispeaks.com /Selassie/AfricanLiberationDay.html (823 words)

	Lists of incumbents - Avoo - Ask Us A Question - These are lists of incumbents, i (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Heads of government of the Republic of the Congo
		Colonial heads of Equatorial Guinea (Fernando Póo/Spanish Guinea)
		Colonial Heads of Port Cresson and Bassa Cove
	www.millvalleycaus.com /details/Lists_of_incumbents (921 words)

	THe origins of Sapele Township in British Colonial Nigeria
		From the description of the proximity of the town to the other market towns in the area, and also of the water-plants of the creek, I am inclined to agree with Burton that Arebo or Arbon was Arogbo, not Sapele.
		Captain Gallwey was of the opinion that the Portuguese, in their trade in the Benin River district, "must have confined their labors to the Benin country proper, as there was nothing to show that the white man had ever before been in the Sobo country."
		The school was not at first assisted by Government because it was not prepared to comply with the requirements of the Education Code, particularly in regard to religious instructions.
	www.waado.org /Biographies/Salubi/Publications/Sapele.htm (6676 words)

	IRIN-WA Update 234 of Events in West Africa, 22 Jun 1998
		According to Portuguese newspaper and radio reports, and the Vatican's Missionary Service News Agency (MISNA), the Bishop of Bissau, Settimio Ferrazzetta, said he believed the rebel camp were ready to negotiate, and that the government ought to talk instead of continue fighting.
		The Portuguese ambassador to Guinea Bissau, Francisco Henriques da Silva, quoted by Portuguese Antena 1 radio reported looting in certain districts of Bissau, even though a quarter of a million people, comprising two-thirds of the city's population, had fled in the past two-and-a-half weeks.
		A Portuguese Air Force C-130 carrying a consignment of 20 mt of food was not allowed to drop relief supplies over the town of Bafata, 150 km north of Bissau, on Monday, according to Portuguese Antena 1 radio.
	www.africa.upenn.edu /Newsletters/irinw234.html (1703 words)

	AFRICA-PORTUGAL: Three Decades After Last Colonial Empire Came to an End
		As in Asia, it was the Portuguese who initiated the long era of colonialism in Africa, on Aug. 21, 1415, when Henry the Navigator's fleet landed at what is today the Spanish enclave of Ceuta, in modern-day Morocco.
		Reserve Colonel Vasco Lourenço, who was a central figure in the Armed Forces Movement, told IPS that "the independence of the former Portuguese colonies had important repercussions" because it represented the end of the last colonial empire.
		Thirty years after achieving independence, the former Portuguese colonies in Africa, and Angola in particular, remain heavily dependent on Portuguese foreign aid and investment, and are countries of strong contrasts, with vast social and economic differences, largely the result of civil wars or palace coups.
	ipsnews.net /news.asp?idnews=31142 (1316 words)

	Dar Es Salaam, British Colonialism
		Post-World War II education of the students from former and still-emerging colonies in Africa, was the application of “ethnology” in the classroom.
		By the time the “colonials” were arriving in Europe to be trained to “take over” their countries, the cultural pessimism that had plunged the world into two world wars had completely dominated the universities of Europe.
		Tanzania was under colonial rule in 1958, and the party was not allowed to set up a college because the British Colonial administrators felt that it would become a party college, and this would be a bad thing.
	www.schillerinstitute.org /fid_97-01/974_faces_brit_colonial.html (6679 words)

	Images and Empires: Visuality in Colonial and Postcolonial Africa
		Thankfully he goes much further by noting how indigenous artists and audiences created their own visual commentary on the colonial experience and appropriated imported pictures and genres for their own ends.
		One of the most fruitful areas Landau opens up is the complicated ways representations were made, read, and altered in a colonial context.
		Young men needed to master colonial technologies of power and influence, Gable contends, that were embodied in the statues.
	www.africa.ufl.edu /asq/v7/v7i4a15.htm (840 words)

	We Ain't Seen Nothing Yet!
		This brief picture of colonialism is very simplified but be sure that a few decades into the 20th century European countries were ruling large parts of the world and took an outrageous toll in blood and riches for it.
		These new forms of colonialism, through enforced, often unjust trade rules, with the help of mercenaries like Executive Outcome, or with assistance of local dictators and warlords as proxies, still rob people in poorer countries and keep them oppressed.
		The old and the new colonialism is the natural cradle of what we call terrorism and what the victims of the colonialism call a 'struggle for freedom and justice'.
	www.dissidentvoice.org /Articles5/Skog_Colonialism-Terrorism.htm (3026 words)

	Amilcar Cabral: an extraction from the literature Monthly Review - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		When one realizes the enormous odds against a successful anti-colonial insurgency in Guinea Bissau during the early 1960's the implications for future socialist insurgencies in Africa are positive.
		He was undoubtedly the most knowledgeable person about the colony at the beginning of the armed struggle in 1962.
		True enough, the peasants were the main force in the colony - 'a great physical force' - but in 1959 not yet a revolutionary force.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1132/is_7_50/ai_53590417 (861 words)

	BBC NEWS \| World \| Africa \| Q&A: Cape Verde presidential election
		Cape Verde's president serves as the head of state, while the prime minister, who is appointed by the National Assembly, heads the government.
		Formerly Marxist, the PAICV was known as the Party for the Independence of Guinea Bissau and Cape Verde (PAIGC) until 1981.
		The two Portuguese colonies had planned to unite, but the plan was dropped after a coup in Guinea-Bissau in 1980 strained relations.
	news.bbc.co.uk /go/rss/-/1/hi/world/africa/4696718.stm (765 words)

	AngolaPress - News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Recognising that the military committed atrocities in the country, Major General Nan Batcha recalled the national liberation struggle period, with the summary execution of heads of villages and kings accused of collaborating with the Portuguese colonisers.
		He recalled that over 500 people in the PAIGC (African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde) accused for the assassination of Amilcar Cabral in 1973 were summarily executed on orders of the party`s hierarchy.
		And thousands of Guinea-Bissau people called "comandos africanos" from the Portuguese colonial army were also killed without being tried after independence in 1974.
	www.angolapress-angop.ao /noticia-e.asp?ID=408773 (457 words)

	Chapter 2-Schaw
		On the head of the centre row, stands the turtle soup, and at the bottom of the same line the shell.
		He has been close confined for many months with an illness in his head; one of his eyes is already lost, and it is dreaded, that tho’ he were to recover his health, he would be deprived of the pleasure of viewing these beauties I have so much admired.
		There he continued to live until 1738, when he was appointed collector of customs at Perth, at the head of the Firth of Tay, serving in that capacity until 1751, when he became assistant to Harnage, the register-general of tobacco in Scotland, with the title of assistant in Scotland to the register-general in England.
	www.ah.dcr.state.nc.us /sections/hp/colonial/bookshelf/Schaw/chap2.htm (20367 words)

	Amilcar Cabral
		They were active in the Portuguese democratic youth movement known as MUD Juvenil, the Movement for Peace.
		In November, 1957, he attends a meeting in Paris called to discuss and plan the struggle against Portuguese colonialism; he makes contact with anticolonialists in Lisbon; goes to Accra, capital of Ghana, for a Pan-African meeting and then heads for Luanda when the Pidjiguiti massacre occurs.
		The scene is in Conakry, capital of the Republic of Guinea, whose president is Séku Turé.
	www.nathanielturner.com /amilcarcabral.htm (3080 words)

	PORTUGAL: Second and Third Generation Foreigners
		However, because Portugal's current legislation is based on the principle of "jus sanguinis" (right of blood, in Latin), citizenship is passed down from parents to their children, no matter where these children are born.
		Of all the former Portuguese possessions and colonies, her own country and Sao Tome and Principe are the most "ethnically pure", in contrast with the intermixing of races that is especially prevalent in Brazil, Cape Verde and East Timor, and to a lesser extent in Angola and Mozambique.
		Despite being the son of one of the wealthiest families in this former Portuguese colony, he was an ardent defender of the decolonisation of the old Portuguese empire in the 1960s and 1970s.
	www.ipsnews.net /news.asp?idnews=30271 (1242 words)

	H-Net Multimedia Reviews: Mustafah Dhada on Mortu Nega, Death Denied
		One is the Portuguese siege at Komo, an island south of the Geba Estuary in the Balanta region in which the fighters were left with a gauntlet to escape.
		In short, when all is said and done, when the struggle is betrayed, when the people who do not wish to betray their own ontology of life as they lived during the war, there is only one thing left: the resort to any past, particularly a past that can instil meaning into life.
		It is this a-colonial past that then liberates in spirit and deed the imprisoned condition of the post-colonial present.
	www.h-net.org /mmreviews/showrev.cgi?path=437 (3021 words)

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