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Topic: Colonisation of the Congo

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	Democratic Republic Of The Congo [Definition] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		It is bordered in the east by Kenya, in the north by Sudan, by the Democratic Republic of Congo in the west, Rwanda in the southwest and Tanzania in the south.
		It is bordered by Kenya and Uganda on the north, Rwanda, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo on the west, and Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique on the south.
		Congo was given to King Leopold II of BelgiumLeopold II, King of the Belgians (Louis Philippe Marie Victor) (April 9, 1835–December 17, 1909), succeeded his father, Leopold I of Belgium, to the Belgian throne in 1865 and remained king until his death.
	www.wikimirror.com /Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo (10676 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Congo
		Congo had been considered an arid, uninhabited desert; Stanley found there rich forests, an immense river, vast lakes, and millions of human being to be civilized.
		Briefly, the successive stages of the foundation of the Congo Free State were as follows: As a consequence of the expeditions (1840; 1 May, 1873) of Livingstone and Stanley, public attention began to be drawn to Central Africa, and Leopold II divined the greatest possibilities of the newly-discovered country.
		The innumerable rivers of the Congo are rocky in their upper courses and cut their way by rapids from one terrace to another, until, on the great alleuvial plains of the centre, they form an immense network of from 9,000 to 11,000 miles of navigable water-ways and spread out fan-like from Leopoldville.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/04228a.htm (10021 words)

	Congo: The Western Heart of Darkness
		The people of the Congo "probably suffered more than any other colonized group." Their hands were cut off for not working hard enough and on one day 1,000 severed hands were delivered in baskets to an official.
		The Congo borders nine African states and in terms of mineral wealth it is the richest country in Africa holding the world's biggest copper, cobalt and cadmium deposits.
		The result is a partitioned Congo with Rwanda and Uganda still occupying the eastern half having ignored all deadlines for leaving.
	www.minesandcommunities.org /Country/congo1.htm (2627 words)

	WHKMLA Documents : J.W. Wack, the Story of the Congo Free State, 1905, ch.5 pt.b
		By means of the Congo and it's tributaries an sdmirable system of communication is being established, the ramifications of which, supplemented by the telegraph and the railway, will within a few years render every part of this vast territory accessible.
		Following the lead of the Congo and it's tributaries, Belgian pioneers have moved through the great wilderness, planting the plough and the cross, until today Central Africa, so long curtained from the eyes of civilised man, lies bare to the world.
		These wide rivers, the veins of the civilisation of the Congo, are the key to a situation of which triumphant Belgian sacrifice and valour in Central Africa will yet perfect the sequel.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/documents/wack/wackch5b.html (2856 words)

	Winne.com - Report on Congo DRC, Paving the reconstruction
		At that period, the trade dispute between Portuguese and Dutch was mainly based on the colonisation of the Congo territory, once called the Kongo Kingdom, that gathered the Portuguese Congo (Angola), the Belgian one (democratic Congo), and the French one (Brazzaville).
		In the 17th century the historians evoke a climate of general crisis in the Congo (we talk about civil war, starvation and a non state existence) resulting from the conflict of interests between the European powers in one side and the candidates to the royal throne in the other side.
		Indeed, these were oppressed by the Belgian, French and Portuguese colonisation added to the fact that the mortality rate was increasing because of a Spanish epidemic flue that afflicted the local population, also, the illiteracy kept them from accessing to the Christ's message or the Bible.
	www.winne.com /congo/bf10.html (1813 words)

	raceandhistory.com - A chronology of key events in the Congo
		Congo becomes independent with Patrice Lumumba as prime minister and Joseph Kasavubu as president.
		Congo president Laurent Kabila is killed by one of his bodyguards.
		The Belgian Foreign Ministry was the first to claim that they had been reliably informed of the president's death while Congo officials were reporting he was alive.
	www.raceandhistory.com /historicalviews/chronologycongo.htm (776 words)

	The War in the Congo
		The Standard writes that the moral of the troops is very low, that most of the soldiers don't want to risk their life in Congo, that the army is divided on a regional and tribal basis and that recently, soldiers have refused to fight, a week long.
		The adopted strategy towards Congo finds it origin in the South African apartheid; its aim is to secure the expansion and the hegemony of South Africa on the continent.
		In the beginning of August 1998, the new Congo of Kabila was a country that disposed of formidable potentialities.
	www.wpb.be /icm/2001/01en/PTB_Congo.htm (17109 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - King Leopold II and the Belgian Congo
		The expressed concern of the conference was the continent of Africa, specifically clarifications of trade practices in the area of the Congo river and the dispersion of the interior slave trade in that area.
		He was able to win support for a plan to charge import duties on goods moving into the Congo, as a means of support for a campaign to end slaving in the area permanently — despite the intent of the Berlin Conference to keep the Congo as a 'free trade' zone.
		Though the Congo was run by a governor-general appointed by the Belgian government, the real rulers of natives' lives were the missionaries, who, through the establishment of Western-style schools and churches, served to supress the native way of life in a manner common to many former colonies around the world.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/ww2/A3681560 (2037 words)

	History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The area now known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo was populated as early as 10,000 years ago and settled in the 7th and 8th centuries A.D. by Bantus from present-day Nigeria.
		On November 15, 1908, King Leopold II of Belgium formally relinquished personal control of the Congo Free State and the renamed Belgian Congo came under the administration of the Belgian parliament, a system which lasted until independence was granted in 1960.
		Between 1880 and 1920 the population of Congo thus halved; over 10 million ‘indolent natives’ unaccustomed to the bourgeois ethos of labor productivity, were the victims of murder, starvation, exhaustion induced by over-work, and disease.
	belgian-congo.biography.ms (2047 words)

	WHKMLA : History of the D.R. Congo, ToC
		Chronology of Catholic Dioceses : D.R. Congo, from Kirken i Norge
		Languages of the D.R. Congo (218), from Ethnologue
		Histoire de la colonisation belge du Congo, 1876-1910, from La Republique nous appelle..
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/centrafrica/xcongol.html (297 words)

	Panel 69 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		I argue that collecting paintings which were either executed during the colonial era or executing in the Africanist style, which originated during the colonial era, allows Van Severen to legitimise his ongoing identification with Belgium's colonisation of the Congo, a much contested period in contemporary Belgian (Flemish) society.
		The paper reflects on the image of the Congo that emerges and on the relationship this collector has developed with the Congo.
		The declared purpose of the process is to 'decolonise' the image of Africa that was created for and shown to the Belgian audience by a museography that has changed little since the post-war period and the independence of Belgian colonies.
	www.nomadit.co.uk /~aegis/panels/69d.htm (1589 words)

	Democratic Republic of the Congo - Questionz.net , answers to all your questions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Democratic Republic of the Congo, between 1971 and 1999 called Zaire, is a nation in central Africa.
		This area is surrounded by mountainous terraces in the west, plateaus merging into savannas in the south and southwest, and dense grasslands extending beyond the Congo River in the north.
		Economy Sparsely populated in relation to its area, the Democratic Republic of the Congo is home to a vast potential of natural resources and mineral wealth, yet the economy of the country has declined drastically since the mid-1980s.
	www.questionz.net /Countries/Congo.html (835 words)

	WWW-VL History Index
		Chronologies of the Provinces of Belgian Congo and Congo (Kinshasa)
		Cascon Case CON: Congo (Katanga) 1960-63 Outline of the revolt of Moise Tschombe in Katanga, 30 June 1960, and its aftermath.
		The UN in the Congo, by Keith Kyle.
	vlib.iue.it /history/africa/congo.html (1015 words)

	Democratic Republic of Congo DRC on the Internet
		Causes of the conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo, and the way forward" by Claude Kabemba) and the complete texts of their most recent policy briefs ("From dilemma to détente: Pretoria's policy options on the DRC and Great Lakes" by Francis Kornegay and Chris Landsberg.
		Held the Montreal Conference on Durable Peace and Democratic Development in the Democratic Republic of Congo, (Jan. 1999) and the International Non-Governmental Commission of Inquiry into the Massive Violations of Human Rrights Committed in the Democratic Republic of Congo (former Zaïre) 1996-1997, (Aug. 1998).
		Congo The Transition, by Ernest Wamba dia Wamba and Mandisi Majavu.
	www-sul.stanford.edu /depts/ssrg/africa/zaire.html (9454 words)

	The Congo Free State - a colony of gross excess. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Factors such as its genesis; the colonial model that was initially proposed for the Congo region would have been entirely exceptional but what actually emerged was perhaps not so.
		Leopold II had long dreamt of acquiring a colony to add to the power and prestige of his Belgian monarchy but when the Belgian Government failed to match his enthusiasm he resorted to subterfuge to achieve his goal.
		He managed, through a mixture of cunning and charm to convince the world at large that his motives with regard to the Congo were entirely altruistic and that he was merely a figurehead for the International Association which he had cultivated as a supposedly disinterested organization committed to civilizing Africans.
	www.threemonkeysonline.com /threemon_article.php?id=129 (621 words)

	Boma Technology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Kinshasa 7: the Belgian Congo, replacing the seaside town of Boa.
		Congo Free State 27: d do his bidding.
		Colonisation of the Congo 13: g distance of the Portuguese trading station at oma on the Congo estuary.
	www.super8filmmaking.com /tail/41090-boma-technology.html (512 words)

	CAAM. News. Heart of Darkness (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		It describes the moral tragedy of the Congo Free State, a supposedly humanitarian State created in 1882 under the personal ownership of King Leopold II of Belgium, and recognised by all the western powers in 1885.
		The colonisation of the Congo, considered as a battle against slavery and organised by giving major concessions to international corporations, is an example of European hypocrisy and greed.
		However, the information he gathers along his inland route leads Marlow to realise that Kurtz is really a radical character, nothing like a typical administrative agent, who is suffering from a regression in which he is the king of one of the local tribes and has taken part in dark rituals and atrocities.
	www.caam.net /en/noticias/2004/np_tinieblas.htm (779 words)

	Timeline: Democratic Republic of Congo
		Millions of Congolese are said to have been killed or worked to death during Leopold's control of the territory.
		The constitution was drawn up at talks in South Africa between DR Congo's warring factions.
		Leaders of the main former rebel groups are sworn in as vice-presidents in July.
	www.hartford-hwp.com /archives/35/272.html (1029 words)

	Boma Canada (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Transportation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 25: Banana, CongoBanana, Bma, Bukavu, Bumba, Goma, Kalemie,
		Kinshasa 7: the Belgian Congo, replacing the seaside town of oBma.
		Colonisation of the Congo 13: g distance of the Portuguese trading station at Bomo on the Congo estuary.
	www.super8filmmaking.com /tail/41026-boma-canada.html (284 words)

	History of the Congo Free State. An examination of Colonialism in the Congo Free State. Comparison of Congo Free State ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		An examination of Colonialism in the Congo Free State.
		Comparison of Congo Free State as a Colony with other African States.
		Front Page→ History→The Congo Free State - a colony of gross excess.
	www.threemonkeysonline.com /threemon_article2.php?id=129 (551 words)

	A brief history of colonisation in Africa
		During colonisation, Congo was largely plundered by private French commercial enterprises.
		Formerly known as the Belgian Congo and Zaire.
		The French colonisers instituted an entrenched system to ensure native Malagasy remained economically and socially downtrodden.
	www.ssn.flinders.edu.au /global/africa/lennyeilers (1545 words)

	information on Congo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Current political news, reports on the plight of "Pygmies" in Congo (Kinshasa), Cameroun, and Rwanda, the situation of churches in Kivu, work in conflict mediation and human rights.
		Issues full text reports on Central Africa, examples - "Disarmament in the Congo," "North Kivu, Into the Quagmire" (1998) an overview of the crisis in Eastern Congo, "Africa's Seven-Nation War" (1999), "How Kabila Lost His Way: The performance of Laurent Désiré Kabila's government" (1999).
		Has an interview by Harry Kreisler with Urquhart, "A Life in Peace and War" which includes Early Peacekeeping Operations: Israel/Palestine; the Congo, on the 1960s U.N. intervention the Congo and Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjold.
	www.empereur.com /nations/congo/congoinfo.html (8062 words)

	MyDearDiary.com - Juliet Evelyn - Food for thought
		Everyone who have studied CE History should know one of the reasons for World War 1 is Imperialism and colonisation is one of the ways to carry out imperialism.
		Conrad calls the colonisation of the congo "the vilest scamble for loot that ever disfigured the history of human conscience."
		Joseph Conrad is a late Victorian who wrote a lot of novels concerning the issue of colonisation in Africa by the great powers in the late 19th Century.
	julietevelyn.mydeardiary.com /entry.html?de_key=336909 (619 words)

	Amazon.ca: Books: The Colonial Disease: A Social History of Sleeping Sickness in Northern Zaire, 1900-1940 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Belgians commonly referred to their colonisation of the Congo as a 'civilising mission', and many regarded the introduction of western bio-medicine as a central feature of their 'gift' to Africans.
		As a full study of policy and practice in the major colony of the Belgian Congo, it also adds an important dimension to the history of African environments, previously dominated by research on British Africa.
		The main contrast between the two approaches was that Britain sought to control tsetse-friendly areas by modifying the landscape, basically waging war against vegetation, while Belgium sought to minimize infection among human populations through forced resettlement and coercive quarantine measures.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0521403502 (551 words)

	BBC NEWS \| World \| Africa \| Country profiles \| Timeline: Democratic Republic of Congo
		DR Congo economy is dependent on Africa's second-longest river
		2002 July - Presidents of DR Congo and Rwanda sign a peace deal under which Rwanda will withdraw troops from the east and DR Congo will disarm and arrest Rwandan Hutu gunmen blamed for the killing of the Tutsi minority in Rwanda's 1994 genocide.
		DR Congo's first prime minister recalls the struggle for independence from Belgium
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1072684.stm (1234 words)

	Buy Bestsellers Online
		388739 Congo Eden a comprehensive portrayal of the historical background and scientific aspects of the great game sanctuaries of the Be by Mary L. Jobe Akeley (Author)
		388757 Congo Exploration, Reform, and a Brutal Leagacy Exploration of Africa, the Emerging Nations.
		388823 The river Congo, from its mouth to Blb with a general description of the natural history and anthropology of its western basin by Harry Hamilton Johnston
	gamma.microtox.com /a_387.html (4294 words)

	nkolo-mboka.com - NE JAMAIS TRAHIR LA PATRIE !! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Collectif d'Actifs Pour la République Démocratique du Congo (C.A.P. Rodin Rodino of Top Muzica
		Site du Ministère des Finances de la République Démocratique du Congo
		MISSION PERMANENTE DE LA REPUBLIQUE DEMOCRATIQUE DU CONGO AUPRES DES NATIONS UNIES
	www.nkolo-mboka.com /liens.html (268 words)

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