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Topic: Colonization of Mars

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	Mars colonization, made easy
		The colonization of Mars, although technically definitely feasible, seems to be economically unatractive to most.
		Eventhough the technical problems of the colonization of Mars differ a lot from the colonization of America, the principle is the same.
		Mars also has large quantities of water (if Mars was flat and all ice melted and was on the surface, there would be a 100m deep ocean on the whole surface of Mars), which will help for exploration, base-building, settlement and, of course, terraforming.
	www.geocities.com /marsterraforming/colo.html (482 words)

	Colonization of Mars - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mars is much colder than Earth, with a mean surface temperature of minus 63°C and a low of minus 140°C. There are no standing bodies of liquid water on the surface of Mars.
		Mars has an ionosphere, but it is not clear to what extent it could be used to reflect long distance high frequency communications between points far apart on the Martian surface.
		The Mars Gravity Biosatellite experiment is due to become the first experiment testing the effects of partial gravity, artificially generated at 0.38 g to match Mars gravity, on mammal life, specifically on mice, throughout the life cycle from conception to death.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Colonization_of_Mars (1764 words)

	The Economic Viability of Mars Colonization
		It is certainly true that the technological and economic problems facing Mars colonization in the 21st century are vastly different in detail than those that had to be overcome in the colonization of the New World in the 17th century, or Australia in the 19th century.
		The feasibility or lack thereof of terraforming Mars is thus in a sense a corollary to the economic viability of the Martian colonization effort.
		Moreover, on Mars, as on Earth, hydrologic and volcanic processes have occurred, which is likely to have concentrated various elements into local concentrations of high-grade mineral ore. Indeed, the geologic history of Mars has been compared with that of Africa7, with very optimistic inferences as to its mineral wealth implied as a corollary.
	www.aleph.se /Trans/Tech/Space/mars.html (7344 words)

	Mars Society - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Mars Society is an international space advocacy non-profit organization dedicated to encouraging the exploration and settlement of Mars.
		Founded by Robert Zubrin and others in mid-1998 and attracting the support of notable science fiction writers and filmmakers (including Kim Stanley Robinson and James Cameron), the organization is dedicated to convincing the public and governments of the benefits of Mars exploration, as well as exploring the possibilities of private Mars missions.
		The current board of directors of the Mars Society is Robert Zubrin (chairman), Maggie Zubrin, Gregory Benford, Penelope Boston, and Declan O'Donnell.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mars_Society (481 words)

	Mars colonization, made easy
		Eventhough the technical problems of the colonization of Mars differ a lot from the colonization of America, the principle is the same.
		Mars is the only place in the solar system where plants can grow with no artificial illumination and no massive radiation shielding.
		Mars also has large quantities of water (if Mars was flat and all ice melted and was on the surface, there would be a 100m deep ocean on the whole surface of Mars), which will help for exploration, base-building, settlement and, of course, terraforming.
	geocities.com /marsterraforming/colo.html (482 words)

	Astrobiology: The Living Universe - Mars Colonization
		Rather, it will be a result of a sustained serious of missions to Mars, perhaps on the lines of the Mars Direct mission or the NASA Mars Reference mission (a.k.a 'Mars Semi-Direct').
		In the same way as Puritan colonies were established in America, we might see other extremist colonies being founded on Mars – they might see it all as a chance to create a new, different world, according to their ideals.
		Mars has all the resources anyone would ever want, so any settlement there would not be forever shipping over metals or gases from Earth.
	www.ibiblio.org /astrobiology/index.php?page=mars03 (1292 words)

	Scenario: The Colonization of Space - Future - a Wikia wiki
		Terraforming become her passion as she aided the colonization of Mars and Venus, which become the first two planets to be colonized by Earth.
		The colonization of Mars will be an effort that will be facilitated with the expert knowledge of Dr. Marlene VanGoethem in the field of terraforming.
		Colonies of Mars will probably be matriarchal and ultimately rely on male pregnancy to realize the goals of their society.
	future.wikia.com /wiki/Scenario:_The_Colonization_of_Space (788 words)

	The logistics and ethics of colonizing the red planet. By David Grinspoon
		What we will do on Mars for the next few months and, with future missions, for the rest of the decade, is clear: dig in the dirt and take in the air to learn the history of landscapes far more ancient than any left on Earth.
		This event was hailed as the "Woodstock of Mars," and although there wasn't any rolling in the mud, there may have been some bad acid in the water supply, judging from some of the loose talk spilling from the stage.
		Bob Zubrin, Mars Society President, stated that mankind has a duty to terraform Mars, that given the choice between letting Mars remain the sorry planet that it is and transforming it in Earth's image, we have a moral obligation to do the latter.
	www.slate.com /id/2093579 (1652 words)

	The possibilities for Mars colonization -
		Mars Direct 100 ton full mass ERV would be delivered to the Martian surface without the ascent fuel as a separate 25 ton cargo.
		The current NASA Mars expedition sketch utilizes a Mars Semi-Direct scheme, calling for three Shuttle-Z launches: one for a crew of 6, one for ERV, and one for the additional Earth return rocket stage that would be left in Mars orbit while crew does its job on the surface.
		Those countries, which are interested in sending their representatives to Mars, as well as supporting their aerospace industry and securing themselves respectable place in history, could award, for example, a $20 billion prize to the organization which first builds a manned base on Mars.
	chapters.marssociety.org /usa/oh/janis.htm (2509 words)

	an essay on mars colonization - Astronomy.com Forums
		Another advantage is that although Mars is only about one-third the size of Earth, since there is no water on its surface, the area of the surface is about equal to the area of all the landmass on Earth.
		Another equally important advantage of human presence on Mars would be the invaluable scientific research, especially the answer to the question of life on the Red Planet.
		Mars has so much raw potential that the entire planet could be viewed as a big red ball of opportunity for humankind.
	www.astronomy.com /ASY/CS/forums/278529/PrintPost.aspx (1505 words)

	Astrobiology: The Living Universe - Mars Colonization
		Rather, it will be a result of a sustained serious of missions to Mars, perhaps on the lines of the Mars Direct mission or the NASA Mars Reference mission (a.k.a 'Mars Semi-Direct').
		In the same way as Puritan colonies were established in America, we might see other extremist colonies being founded on Mars – they might see it all as a chance to create a new, different world, according to their ideals.
		Mars has all the resources anyone would ever want, so any settlement there would not be forever shipping over metals or gases from Earth.
	library.thinkquest.org /C003763/index.php?page=mars03 (1284 words)

	Terraformers Society of Canada - Colonization of Mars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Mars is the easiest planet to reach from Earth in terms of energy (delta V) requirements.
		However conditions on Mars are much closer to habitability than the furnace-hot temperatures on Mercury and Venus, the cryogenic cold of the outer planets or the hard vacuum of the Moon and asteroids.
		Mars has an ionosphere, but it is not clear to what extent it could be used to reflect long distance high frequency communications between points far apart on the Martian surface.
	society.terraformers.ca /content/view/38/90 (875 words)

	Colonization of Mars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The question of taking on Mars as an interplanetary goal is not simply one of aerospace accomplisment, but one of reaffirming the pioneering character of our society.
		Mars is unique amoung our solar system in that it is endowed with all the resources needed to support not only life but civilization.
		Additionally, Mars has experienced the same sort of volcanic and hydrologic processes that produced a multitude of mineral ores on Earth.
	library.thinkquest.org /19455/colonization_of_mars.htm (432 words)

	TCS Daily - Cowboys on Mars? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		One that you hear a lot about, and that NASA has, in the interim, even shown some interest in, is Bob Zubrin's Mars Direct mission architecture, which uses mostly proven technology, and which promises to be much, much cheaper.
		Zubrin thinks that we could do a Mars mission using this architecture for $30-40 billion -- which, even if you double it, is still manageable.
		Back when I worked for Al Gore's Presidential campaign in 1988, I did a paper on Mars Missions that concluded that $80-90 billion (in 1988 dollars, about the cost of the Apollo program) was the maximum feasible expenditure on a Mars mission.
	www.techcentralstation.com /011304A.html (868 words)

	SPACE.com -- Space Colonization: The Quiet Revolution
		Small Mars camps with a limited number of explorers could lead to mega-scale colonization of the red planet.
		"Mars is a planet that has many unusual and spectacular features that will draw people to it," McCullough told the STAIF gathering.
		That being the case, Mars is a user-friendly world, rife with many industrially useful minerals for construction and manufacturing purposes.
	www.space.com /businesstechnology/technology/space_colonization_050223.html (1128 words)

	Mars FCF.Baloney.Com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Some claim we have been infected by Mars for millions of years; however, there is a big difference between bits of Mars taking millions of years to travel to earth through space and direct insertion into the Earth biosphere.
		One option for settling Mars is the government funded option, and concerns have been raised whether eliminating or reducing Space Shuttle and Space Station programs would improve funding for automated space probes.
		One certainty is that paper plans for settling Mars can and will be done for much less than the cost of even a single Shuttle Launch, and by organizations other than governments.
	www.baloney.com /marsfcf (1050 words)

	Call for Mars Colonization by
		However, the Mars- colonization project was a featured part of the January 1989 State of the Union address of the new President.
		The main purpose was to build a system of enormous radiotelescopes in the region of space near Mars, and to conduct the construction, maintenance, and improvements of these observatories from bases both in Mars orbit and on the surface of the planet.
		If was clear from the beginning of the project, that if the schedules set for Mars colonization were to be realized, it was indispensable to accelerate thermonuclear-fusion development and development of techniques associated with high-frequency lasers and particle beams.
	www.holysmoke.org /wb/wb0199.htm (5252 words)

	Blue Mars Review
		Red Mars told the story of the initial colonization of Mars, first by the "First Hundred", a joint Russian-American expedition, then by Earth-dominated, mostly corporate-controlled colonists who followed to build on the efforts of the "First Hundred".
		Another view would be that, since Blue Mars is to some considerable extent about rapprochement between the Reds and the Greens, and also between Mars and Earth, that Blue is to be read as a compromise color between Red and Green.
		For me, however, the key to the meaning of this title is in a moving passage in the middle of the book; where one of the main characters, having formed the habit of "cataloguing" the changing Martian sunsets, and analyzing their color, sees one sunset which is a perfect blue, color of Earth's sky.
	www.sff.net /people/richard.horton/bluemars.htm (900 words)

	The logistics and ethics of colonizing the red planet. - By David Grinspoon - Slate Magazine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		What we will do on Mars for the next few months and, with future missions, for the rest of the decade, is clear: dig in the dirt and take in the air to learn the history of landscapes far more ancient than any left on Earth.
		Bob Zubrin, Mars Society President, stated that mankind has a duty to terraform Mars, that given the choice between letting Mars remain the sorry planet that it is and transforming it in Earth's image, we have a moral obligation to do the latter.
		On Mars and beyond, we may have the opportunity to explore lands that are truly unoccupied, giving outlet to our need to explore without trampling on others.
	slate.msn.com /id/2093579 (1558 words)

	Open Directory - Science: Technology: Space: Colonization: Mars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Case for Mars - International Conference for the Exploration and Colonization of Mars.
		The Economic Viability of Mars Colonization - A paper by Robert Zubrin.
		Mars Colony - sponsored by the Martian Federation - A venture to establish a privately funded colony on Mars.
	dmoz.org /Science/Technology/Space/Colonization/Mars (331 words)

	Wired News: The Next Mother Lode: Mars
		The new company, 4Frontiers, plans to mine Mars for building materials and energy sources, and export the planet's mineral wealth to forthcoming space stations on the moon and elsewhere.
		The idea is to make Mars a center for needs of the solar system economy, said Bruce Mackenzie, co-founder of 4Frontiers and the company's vice president and outreach director.
		One plan is to build a full-scale version of the planned Mars settlement and charge visitors to tour the "Mars Settlement Research and Outreach Center." 4Frontiers hopes to have a site selected for the center by the end of this year, said company co-founder and CEO Mark Homnick.
	www.wired.com /news/space/0,2697,68739,00.html (849 words)

	Open Directory - Science: Astronomy: Solar System: Mars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Mars Base dot Net - Provides scientific data of various kinds such as the time on Mars, Sun and Earth rise/set, mission countdowns and news.
		Mars in the Mind of Earth - Bibliographies of Terran literature concerning the planet Mars.
		Mars: Its History - Mars exploration and discovery from earliest times to the present.
	dmoz.org /Science/Astronomy/Solar_System/Mars (755 words)

	Space Colonization and the Future of Human Evolution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Zubrin's book The Case for Mars is an excellent treatment of this subject, received recognition from Carl Sagan, and influenced NASA plans.
		The Economic Viability of Mars Colonization The Economic Viability of Mars Colonization.
		Scientific American: The Mars Direct Plan - leading advocate of manned missions to Mars, Robert Zubrin, outlines his relatively inexpensive plan to send astronauts to the Red Planet within a decade.
	www.human-evolution.org /startravelcolony.php (1356 words)

	The Space Review: Colonize the Moon before Mars
		Mars would be an excellent idea to get started if this were the only space colonization option.
		Mars is an excellent colonization spot and should be colonized because it is a great place to live.
		If the goal of human presence on Mars is to colonize it, $50 billion a year can do it well.
	www.thespacereview.com /article/221/1 (1979 words)

	Oregon Mars Society - Society and Government: Avoiding the Same Mistakes
		The factors involved in colonization were the indigenous peoples in the area, the difficulty in adapting to the environment, and the expansion of their economy.
		When colonization began, the European countries involved were more interested in developing an area of influence to expand their economic resources.
		As the European powers expanded their influence, colonization began to change to the establishment of "Sphere's of Influence." By this time, America, Japan, and Russia had joined in the colonization and expansion of power and influence in the region.
	chapters.marssociety.org /or/msoec1.html (3788 words)

	SPACE.com -- Human Habitats at Mars: Defending Against Contamination
		But advocates from the Mars Society, an organization dedicated to exploring and settling Mars, contend that only human explorers have the skills and smarts to determine if and how life has carved out an ecological niche on that now dry, desert-like planet.
		The technologies are near at hand, proponents believe, to shape the first human mission to Mars with a modest price tag of between $20 billion to $30 billion.
		If terrestrial bacteria on Mars is found, Zubrin said, then it is silly to argue that this life on Earth has some special importance.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/solarsystem/mars_terraform_010904-1.html (587 words)

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