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Topic: Colonization of the Americas

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	Encyclopedia: French colonization of the Americas
		The Duchy of Courland was the smallest nation to colonize the Americas with a short-lived colony in Tobago from 1654 to 1659.
		Spanish colonization of the Americas began with the arrival in the Americas of Christopher Columbus in 1492.
		The Swedish colonization of the Americas consisted of a 17th century settlement on the Delaware River in Delaware, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Maryland, and possessions in the Caribbean during the 18th and 19th century.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/French-colonization-of-the-Americas (2913 words)

	British colonization of the Americas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Colonies were established in North, Central and South America and in the Caribbean, and a protectorate was established in Hawaii.
		The British were one of the most important colonizers of the Americas and their American Empire came to rival the Spanish American colonies in extent.
		Saint Vincent and the Grenadines - Saint Vincent was colonized in 1762.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas (1536 words)

	Dutch colonization of the Americas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		During the 17th century, Dutch traders established trade posts and plantations throughout the Americas; actual colonization, with Dutch settling in the new lands was not as common as with settlements of other European nations.
		A significant number of immigrants to New Netherland were protestants of English or French Huguenot background, including the Louis Dubois colony which settled New Paltz, New York, making a private treaty with the local Native Americans to purchase a large tract of land from the Hudson River to the mountains.
		Dutch colonization of Sint Maarten began in 1620 although the ownership of the island changed hands at least 16 times before 1816, when it was permanently split between France and the Netherlands.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Dutch_America/History (1254 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: America
		Central America forms an isthmus running from northwest to southeast and narrowing to a strip of thirty miles in width at Panama; this isthmus extends from 15° to 8° north latitude, where it connects with the western coast of South America.
		The so-called aborigines of North America are, with the exception of the so-called Eskimo, generally regarded as belonging to one and the same branch of the human family, physically as well as ethnically.
		The methods of colonization pursued by the Portuguese, were in the main similar to those of Spain, with the difference that the Portuguese inclined more to utilitarianism and to commercial pursuits.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/01409c.htm (8250 words)

	Costa Rica: The Spanish Conquest and Colonization
		The Spanish Conquest and Colonization: When Christopher Columbus made his fourth and final voyage to the New World in 1502, he landed at Isla Uvita, a tiny island just off the coast from what is now the major port city of Limón.
		The natives he met on the mainland were wearing such impressive gold and jade jewelry that this region eventually came to be known as Costa Rica, literally "rich coast," because of the mineral wealth that the Spaniards imagined must exist within the territory.
		Despite Vásquez de Coronado's humanitarian approach to colonization, the increasing number of white settlers in the region signaled the irreversible demise of native populations.
	www.angelfire.com /bc/gonebirding/colony.html (874 words)

	The Americas, by Alfred H. Siemens
		Of crucial importance in the cultural evolution of the Americas are the intermontane plateaus of the Mexican- Guatemalan highlands and the Altiplano of the Central Andes, two favored areas in which agriculture and urbanism made their earliest appearance in the Americas.
		The climates of the continental interiors extend in generally parallel east-west zones from the Cordillera to the eastern coasts, except at the seaward margins of Brazil and in the dry belts along the eastern sides of the Cordillera, poleward of the 20-degree parallels of latitude (Fig.
		Latin America's Geographical Jinx Most of Latin America, certainly the Brazilian seaboard and South America's cone, is considerably south of where most of the world's economic action is: western Europe and the eastern United States.
	www.library.ubc.ca /ereserve/geog395/chapter7.html (5666 words)

	ipedia.com: Spanish colonization of the Americas Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		European colonization of the Americas History of the Americas Viking colonization British colonization Danish colonization Dutch colonization French colonization German colonization Portuguese coloniz...
		The Treaty of Tordesillas was an attempt to solve the disputes with the Portuguese colonizers.
		The silver of America (especially the mines of Zacatecas and Potosí) went to pay the enormous debt brought by the wars against the Reformation led by the Spanish kings.
	www.ipedia.com /spanish_colonization_of_the_americas.html (1263 words)

	Vinland
		Later archeological evidence of Norse settlement in North America was found in L'Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland, Canada.
		Until the 19th century, the idea of Viking settlement in North America was considered by historians to be the product of mere folk tales.
		Vinland is also the symbolic name for the cultural landscape of Canada (Upper Vinland) and America (Lower Vinland) which modern Germanic Heathens and Ásatrúar use to distinguish themselves from other ethno-cultural groups who share the same geographical areas of North America.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/vinland (1426 words)

	Colonization of the Americas by Drosophila subobscura: Lethal-Gene Allelism and Association With Chromosomal ...
		Colonization of the Americas by Drosophila subobscura: Lethal-Gene Allelism and Association With Chromosomal Arrangements -- Mestres et al.
		Colonization of the Americas by Drosophila subobscura: Lethal-Gene Allelism and Association With Chromosomal Arrangements
		Colonization of America by Drosophila subobscura: Heterotic effect of chromosomal arrangements revealed by the persistence of lethal genes
	www.genetics.org /cgi/content/abstract/140/4/1297 (273 words)

	History of colonization in South America
		Yellow fever was an uninvited "guest" brought to the Americas on the slave ships from West Africa.
		Yellow fever is caused by a virus spread by the bite of a species of mosquito native to West Africa, the aedes aegypti.
		In 1767, the Jesuits are expelled from South America.
	www.sun.ac.za /forlang/bergman/real/mission/h_s-am.htm (566 words)

	National History Standards - Era 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The roots of representative government are best studied regionally, so that students can appreciate how European colonizers in New England, the mid-Atlantic, and the South differed in the ways they groped their way toward mature political institutions.
		Why the Americas attracted Europeans, why they brought enslaved Africans to their colonies, and how Europeans struggled for control of North America and the Caribbean.
		Trace the arrival of Africans in the European colonies in the 17th century and the rapid increase of slave importation in the 18th century.
	www.sscnet.ucla.edu /nchs/standards/era2-5-12.html (1186 words)

	Skull alters theory on colonization of Americas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		the settlement of the Americas," said Ventura Santos, of the National Museum and the prestigious Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ).
		Before Luiza's appearance, paleontologists had been working on the theory that the earliest Americans were the Asian ancestors of the Indians that European colonizers encountered when they arrived on the American continents 500 years ago.
		Luiza is considered to be Brazil's oldest woman, based on remains found in the state of Minas Gerais that have been dated at 11,500 years old.
	www.trussel.com /prehist/news143.htm (431 words)

	Light Replacing Darkness: A Story of Spanish Colonization in the Americas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		That said, the record of Spanish in the Americas, and the progress to the present of the countries and peoples of the Spanish-speaking Americas, compared with that of English-speaking North America, is hardly an admirable one.
		In Hispanic America there was a great degree of equality among men which unfortunately was not the case in the English, Dutch and French colonies, although their colonial period occurred during a century when the ethical and moral standards were supposedly much higher.
		It is certainly true that during the first 20 years of the colonization, in some islands of the Caribbean, the brutality of some of the conquistadors and the diseases they brought for which the Indians were not immune, brought about an almost total annihilation of the indigenous population.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/fr/776920/posts (13095 words)

	German colonization of the Americas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The German colonization of the Americas consisted of a failed attempt to settle Venezuela in the 16th century.
		A colonization scheme was set up, with Ambrosius Ehinger arriving as governor in 1529.
		He explored the interior in search of the gold of El Dorado.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/German_colonization_of_the_Americas (295 words)

	Interactivist Info Exchange \| International Day of Action Against the Second Colonization of the Americas
		The Latin America Solidarity Coalition (LASC) is a coalition of national and local US grassroots groups working in solidarity with civil society, popular movements, and progressive forces throughout Latin America and the Caribbean to oppose US military and economic intervention and to support the right to self determination and autonomy for all peoples.
		As with the first colonization, the impact of the second colonization falls most heavily on indigenous peoples, survivors of the African diaspora, and the poor in rural communities and cities alike.
		Indians and peasants in Central America and Mexico are subjected to violent expulsion from their land to make way for corporate megaprojects such as the canals, dams, and railroads envisioned by Plan Puebla-Panama and oil and timber exploitation throughout the hemisphere.
	slash.interactivist.net /announcements/02/07/19/103207.shtml (1312 words)

	UUS > Sermons > 1999 > November 28 - "Christopher Columbus" by Jane Scott
		In Mexico and Central America, there is a very high concentration of indigenous people mixed into the population and racism and classism based on race definitely exists.
		Due to the massive forced conversions to Catholicism, the religion in Latin America is generally assimilation between Native American earth-based religion and Christianity.
		There is also some evidence that the Japanese visited Ecuador, in South America around 5000 BC (similar pottery, fishing styles) and that Afro-Phoenicians visited Central America in the time period 1000 B.C-300 A.D. So what we’re looking at here is strong evidence to support the fact that Columbus did NOT Discover America.
	www.uusterling.org /sermons/1999/sermon%201999-11-28.htm (1917 words)

	ABSTRACT: Human colonization of the Americas: timing, technology and process. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Geological and archeological research indicates that humans first colonized the Americas with the use of watercraft along the southern coast of the Bering Land Bridge and the western coast of the Americas.
		Early dates from a number of archeological sites in the Americas indicate human colonization of the Americas began prior to ca.
		The use of watercraft and coastal navigation prior to 11,000 BP are inferentially demonstrated.
	cgrg.geog.uvic.ca /abstracts/DixonHumanGeological.html (181 words)

	The Ultimate Russian colonization of the Americas - American History Information Guide and Reference
		After the discovery of northern Alaska by Ivan Fedorov in 1732, and the Aleutian Islands, southern Alaska, and north-western shores of North America in 1741 during the Russian exploration conducted by Vitus Bering and Aleksei Chirikov, it took fifty years until the founding of the first Russian colony in Alaska in 1784 by Grigory Shelikhov.
		The Russian-American Company was formed in 1799 for the purpose of hunting sea otters for their fur.
		It may be explained in part by the notion that soon after the 1917 revolution in Russia all the secret tsarist international agreements were officially denounced and declared void by the new government.
	www.historymania.com /american_history/Russian_America (338 words)

	Economic Security for All - Chapter Six
		After signing the indenture, in which the immigrants agreed to pay their cost of passage by working for a master for five or seven years, they were often imprisoned until the ship sailed, to make sure they did not run away....
		The voyage to America lasted eight, ten, or twelve weeks, and the servants were packed into ships with the same fanatic concern for profits that marked the slave ships....
		During the early stages of colonization, once indentured servants earned their freedom, they were able to assume ownership of a sizable piece of land.
	www.igc.apc.org /esp/chapvi.htm (10274 words)

	European colonization of the Americas
		This first phase of modern European activity in this region began with the oceanic crossings of the German Didrik Pining 1473, sponsored by Denmark and Christopher Columbus (1492-1500), sponsored by Spain, and those of other explorers such as John Cabot, sponsored by England, and Giovanni da Verrazano, sponsored by France.
		In the British and French regions, the focus of economy soon shifted from resource extraction to trading with the natives.
		This was also practiced by the Russians in the northwest coast of North America.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/european_colonization_of_the_americas (408 words)

	Georgia (U.S. state) : Georgia (state) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		History At the time of European colonization of the Americas, Cherokee and Creek Indians lived in what is now Georgia.
		At the time of European colonization of the Americas, Cherokee and Creek Indians lived in what is now Georgia.
		Though it is unknown exactly who was the first European to sight Georgia, it is possible that Juan Ponce de Leon sailed along the coast during his exploration of Florida.
	www.termsdefined.net /ge/georgia-(state).html (600 words)

	European Colonization Of The Americas - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Columbus's Outpost among the Taínos: Spain and America at La Isabela, 1493-1498
		Natives and Newcomers: The Cultural Origins of North America
		Britain and France at the Birth of America: The European Powers and the Peace Negotiations of 1782-83
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /european_colonization_of_the_americas.htm (104 words)

	Why the English Wanted To Colonize
		RATIONALE: Learning about English colonization of the Americas is important because it will help students understand the motivations to establish a colony in the new world.
		Colonizing was not new to the English because they first colonized Ireland in the late 1500's.
		Tell the students that in England during the time of colonization it was very hard for the Englishmen to find a job.
	curry.edschool.virginia.edu /curry/dept/cise/soc/resources/jvc/unit/corporate/why_colonize.html (776 words)

	SWEDISH COLONIZATION OF THE AMERICAS
		New Sweden, or Nya Sverige, was a Swedish colony in North America corresponding roughly to today's state of Delaware but also containing settlements in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Maryland.
		The first Swedish expedition to North America was launched in late 1637.
		Samuel Blommaert assisted with the fitting-out and appointed Peter Minuit to lead the expedition.
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /definition/SWEDISH+COLONIZATION+OF+THE+AMERICAS (388 words)

	portland imc - 2003.12.03 - An Interview with Evo Morales:Legalizing the Colonization of the Americas
		The state should be in charge of the exploration, the industrialization, and the commercialization of hydrocarbons.
		BD: The Free Trade Agreement of the Americas was recently discussed in Miami.
		From the point of view of the indigenous people here, the FTAA is an agreement to legalize the colonization of the Americas.
	portland.indymedia.org /en/2003/12/275888.shtml (1114 words)

	Linguistic diversity of the Americas can be reconciled with a recent colonization -- Nettle 96 (6): 3325 -- Proceedings ...
		The Americas harbor a very great diversity of indigenous language stocks, many more than are found in any other continent.
		The question of when and how the Americas were colonized is one of the most intriguing in human prehistory and continues to
		Americas and produces a colonization date of 35,000 years ago.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/96/6/3325 (3503 words)

	Muslims in the Caribbean Before Columbus
		Not only was the knowledge of the Presence of Muslims in the Americas known by early Spanish and portuguese explorers, but Muslim geographical and navigational information actually was the foundation of the European expansion.
		Ibn Majid is regarded as the author of a handbook on navigation on the Indian Ocean, the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf, the Sea of Southern China and the waters around the West Indies.
		In actuality the whole colonization of the Americas by the Spanish was an extension of the Reconquest (Recanquista) of the Iberian peninsula.
	muslimsonline.com /babri/columbus6.htm (2354 words)

	americas.org - Indigenous Slam Colonization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		In Cochabamba, Bolivia, demonstrators marched to the Plaza 14 de Septiembre to protest the colonization of the Americas.
		In Argentina and Uruguay, demonstrations were held on October 11 to mark “the last day of freedom of America” for indigenous people and those descended from enslaved Africans, in a countercelebration against the “Day of the Race,” as October 12 is known in Latin America.
		Indigenous Argentines held protests in the provinces of Chaco, in the north, and Neuquén, in the south, while African-descended Uruguayans marched through the center of their country’s capital, Montevideo.
	www.americas.org /item_8021 (229 words)

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