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Topic: Color Graphics Adapter CGA

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	What is CGA? 1981 IBM Color Graphics Adapter Video Standard
		Medium resolution IBM graphics standard capable of displaying 640 x 200 pixels in 2 colors, or 320 x 200 pixels in 4 colors.
		CGA can display 8025 or 4025 text in 16 colors, 640200 pixels graphics* in 2 colors or 320200 in 4 colors*.
		Color Graphics Adapter (CGA) The color graphics adapter (CGA) was, at one time, the most common graphics adapter available.
	bugclub.org /beginners/hardware/cga.html (194 words)

	Web Graphics Seminar
		True color is the specification of the color of a pixel on a display screen using a 24-bit value, which allows the possibility of up to 16,777,216 possible colors.
		Color depth is expressed in the number of colors or color bits available per pixel (e.g., 8-bit color refers to a display that is capable of showing 256 colors, 2-bit color refers to the amount of color that you can buy for a quarter).
		RGB is based on a "subtractive" color scheme, which means that it defines white as a state in which all three of the available colors are present in the maximum amounts, and fl as a state in which all three colors are completely absent.
	cset.sp.utoledo.edu /graphics_terms.html (4342 words)

	PC ComputerNotes - Monitors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		When graphics were first introduced, they were fairly rough by todays standards, and you had to manually type in a command to change from text mode to graphics mode.
		With the introduction of the IBM Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA), the proper monitor was capable of a resolution of 640 X 350 pixels and could display 16 colors from a palette of 64.
		Their new Video Graphics Array adapter was capable of a resolution of 640 X 480 pixels and could display up to 256 colors from a palette of over 260,000.
	www.pccomputernotes.com /monitors/monitors2.htm (697 words)

	Graphic Card (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		On most computers, the graphics card converts digital information to analog information for display on the monitor; on laptops, the data remains digital because laptop displays are digital.
		The byte value corresponds to a color value taken from a larger palette that is 24 bits (3 bytes), which is about 16.8-million possible colors.
		Color for IBM-compatible computers appeared on the scene with the 4-color Hercules Graphics Card (HGC), followed by the 8-color Color Graphics Adapter (CGA) and 16-color Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA).
	members.tripod.com /pc_tutor1/graphic_card.htm (1885 words)

	IBM PC-Compatible CGA Video Reference
		An upgrade using the IBM Computer Graphics Adapter (CGA) allowed the use of 16 fixed colors for text and four colors (white, fl, purple and cyan) for 320x200 color graphics.
		The 16 text colors consisted of 8 colors generated from all possible combinations of enabling or disabling the red, green and blue guns of a color Cathode Ray Tube (CRT).
		CGA and EGA use a D-Subminature 9-pin connector, commonly known as a DB-9.
	nemesis.lonestar.org /reference/video/cga.html (735 words)

	[No title]
		A fuller description of the graphics screen and detailed instructions on using drawing options are given in the rest of this appendix.
		The Graphics Cursor The small, diamond-shaped arrangement of dots near the center of the graphics screen is the graphics cursor.
		Select the erase option from the Graphics Menu by highlighting it with the cursor keys and pressing Enter, or by pressing E. Move the cursor with the cursor keys to one corner of the area you wish to erase, and then press Enter.
	www.cof.orst.edu /net/software/email/ccdos/dosugapd.txt (3059 words)

	Dr. Dobb's \| PCX Graphics \| April 15, 2003
		There are two or three sections to a PCX graphics file — a 128-byte header, the encoded image data (which can be of any length) and an optional 256-color palette (see Table 1).
		The foreground color palette is specified by the fourth byte of the Color Map, which has the structure shown in Table 4.
		The color burst is a periodic burst of a 3.58 MHz signal superimposed on the composite video signal to synchronize the phase of the monitor's internal 3.58 MHz oscillator.
	www.ddj.com /184402396?pgno=1 (3281 words)

	ComputersEasy Glossary
		Color displays assign more bits to display the color of each pixel.
		By rapidly delivering these digital graphics images to the computer's screen one after the other, we can simulate the same kind of video image as we see on our television set.
		Like the traditional paper worksheet, the data is displayed in columns and rows and data may be addressed by cell address (the intersection of a column and a row).
	www.easywindows.com /computerseasy/ecglosry.html (11474 words)

	The HP Ultra VGA graphics board - Technical Hewlett-Packard Journal - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The graphics capabilities of the CGA allowed it to display 320 by 200 pixels in four colors, or 640 by 200 pixels in two colors.
		The HP 45981A multimode adapter increased the resolution to 400 lines but kept the same horizontal and color resolutions and increased the memory to 32K bytes.
		Newer display adapters, such as the HP Ultra VGA board, have taken the next step by increasing the VGA resolution to 1024 by 768 pixels with 256 colors available at all resolutions (increasing the display memory to 1M bytes) and providing some local graphics processing in the video display system.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0HPJ/is_n3_v44/ai_13914609 (939 words)

	Readers' Feedback: Colorful Text (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The most common color adapter, the color/graphics adapter (CGA), can indeed display 16 colors simultaneously, but only in text mode.
		It would be difficult to draw a tank, airplane, or olympic athlete with the text-mode character set built into the CGA adapter, so programmers use the bitmapped screen, which allows each pixel on the screen to be addressed separately.
		Newer IBM graphics cards like the EGA (Enhanced Graphics Adapter) allow more colors, but only now are software publishers beginning to support them.
	www.atarimagazines.com /compute/issue88/Feedback_Colorful_Text.php (226 words)

	TheTechLounge - Graphics Cards Tutorial
		A graphics card (also known as a video adapter or video card)is a card that plugs into your computer so your computer can communicate with the monitor.
		A lot of times the graphics card had a printer port on it since the printer would print the same data shown on the screen.
		Color appeared with the 4 color Hercules Graphics Card (HGC), followed by the 8 color Color Graphics Adapter (CGA) followed by the 16 color Ehanced Graphics Adapter (EGA).
	www.thetechlounge.com /forum/printthread.php?t=1768 (483 words)

	Color Graphics Adapter (CGA) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In graphics mode, it supports 320x200 4-color and 640-200 2-color modes only.
		EGA, VGA, and SuperVGA are all upwardly-compatible with CGA, supporting all of its modes, I/O ports, and BIOS variables.
		Otherwise, its a CGA, EGA, VGA or other compatible color system (video memory is at b800:0).
	webpages.charter.net /danrollins/techhelp/0066.HTM (250 words)

	IBM PC-Compatible EGA Video Reference
		Although not all of that color depth was actually available at all video resolution modes that IBM provided, EGA was generally an improvement over the CGA system, as CGA supported only two-color (white/fl) graphics at 640x200 and four-color graphics (white, fl, magenta and cyan) in 320x200 mode.
		Other video card makers were providing full 16-color graphics as a refinement to both of the CGA graphic resolutions, which meant that an existing CGA monitor could be re-used with a newer video card and better graphics quality could be obtained.
		The stronger the signal sent by the video controller for a given color, the brighter that color is displayed, allowing for a wide range of colors to be allowed by the monitor, even if the early VGA cards did not have sufficient RAM or other components to allow large numbers of colors to be displayed.
	nemesis.lonestar.org /reference/video/ega.html (901 words)

	Crt Tpu
		Colors are represented by the numbers between 0 and 15; to easily identify each color, these constants can be used instead of numbers.
		In the color text modes, the foreground of each character is selectable from 16 colors, and the background from 8 colors.
		When a color text mode is selected, CheckSnow is set to True, and direct video-memory writes will occur only during the horizontal retrace intervals.
	www.geocities.com /anmksa/crt_tpu.htm (753 words)

	Fixed Frequency FAQ -- What are MDA, Hercules, CGA and EGA adapters?-- MonitorWorld.com
		This was the first display adapter shipped with the IBM PC, and was only capable of displaying text, at an effective pixel addressability of 720x350.
		The CGA, released by IBM, supports 4 colours in graphics mode and 8 in text mode at a pixel addressability of 640x200.
		The CGA provides a vertical refresh of 60 Hz (200 lines) with a horizontal refresh of 15.75 kHz (640 pixels.) This limited pixel addressability results in text which is considerably worse than that provided by the MDA.
	www.monitorworld.com /faq_pages/q18_page.html (266 words)

	CGA - Color Graphics Adapter
		CGA is a acronym that can contains many meanings which are listed below.
		There may be many popular meanings for CGA with the most popular definition being that of Color Graphics Adapter
		If you have more information or know of another definition for CGA, please let us know so that we can review it and add that information to our database.
	www.auditmypc.com /acronym/CGA.asp (167 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		IBM Color Graphics Adapter (CGA) The original CGA was built with discrete logic around an MC6845 display controller.
		On the original CGA and some clones accessing the video memory during the active display time caused the display controller to miss some pixels (seen as "snow"), which is the reason many programs only accesses video memory during vertical or horizontal retrace.
		If set the shifts in fore- and background colors by SMARTMAP is limited to the saturation points, if clear the colormapping will be modulo 16 5 Four Grey Scale Bit.
	thorkildsen.no /faqsys/docs/cga.txt (1984 words)

	[No title]
		Acuplot will display the results to either the monitor screen or to the printer with the further option of graphically displaying the results (if option 1 on line 2 is set to 1).
		Also, if option 2 on file line 2 is set to 1 the program will assume that the user has a printer which is supported by the graphics package and the option of generating a hard-copy on the printer is requested by the program.
		The species are distinguished on the graph using different plotting symbols and further identified in the figure legend by name and symbol with the appropriate concentration scale factors.
	carbon.cudenver.edu /public/chemistry/classes/example.doc (3612 words)

	Overview of MICHPAVE
		Graphic screens produced by MICHPAVE can be dumped onto an attached printer if the DOS command GRAPHICS.COM is issued after the computer is turned on and before MICHPAVE is used.
		In case a mistake is made when specifying this information, or if the graphics adapter in the computer or the printer is changed at a later time, the file SYSTEM.DAT should be deleted before running MICHPAVE so that it will prompt again for a description of the new hardware.
		The graphics resolution for EGA systems will be substantially higher than for CGA systems.
	www.egr.msu.edu /~harichan/software/michpave/overview.html (1093 words)

	color graphics adapter information -- color graphics adapter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		CGA allowed a maximum of four colors at a resolution of 320 x 200 or two colors at 640 x 200.
		s first color graphics card, the Color Graphics Adapter The CGA supports several different modes; the highest quality text mode is 80x25 characters in 16 colors.
		There was also a Color Graphics adapter for the TRS-80 model I/III from a company in Yaphank, NY.
	www.mnasgraphics.info /colorgraphicsadapter (838 words)

	DVI (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Digital-only solutions cause problems as well, both in compatibility between graphics adapters and digital displays, and in their inability to support legacy analog displays.
		The Color Graphics Adapter (CGA) used a parallel interface with two signals for each of the three colors: red, green, and blue.
		The answer is to switch from the parallel design of CGA and move to a high-speed serial design.
	www.siliconimaging.com /dvi.htm (530 words)

	Color Graphics Adapter - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Although a roundabout way of achieving 16 color graphics display, this worked quite well [4] and the mode was even mentioned (although not explained) in IBM's official hardware documentation.
		CGA's most noticeable hardware bug was snow in 80×25 text mode.
		Another extension in some CGA-compatible chipsets (including those in the Olivetti M24, the DEC VAXmate, and some Compaq and Toshiba portables) was a doubled vertical resolution.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Color_Graphics_Adapter (2766 words)

	EPA GWERD Software - GEOEAS
		Graphics capability is not required, but is highly recommended, as most programs will produce graphics output.
		Graphics support is provided for the Hercules graphics card, the Color Graphics Adapter (CGA), and the Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA).
		For hardcopy of results, a graphics printer (IBM graphics compatible) is required.
	www.epa.gov /ada/csmos/models/geoeas.html (379 words)

	Apache Graphics ~ color graphics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		free color graphics for nokia bhangra ringtones ericsson
		Color Management Definition: Color management is a term that describes a technology that translates the colors of an object (images, graphics or text) from their current color space to the color...
		Founded in 1963, Color Graphics is a leader in the large format imaging field.
	www.apachegraphics.com /1/colorgraphics (1120 words)

	What is CGA? - A Word Definition From the Webopedia Computer Dictionary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Introduced in 1981 by IBM, CGA was the first color graphics system for IBM PCs.
		Designed primarily for computer games, CGA does not produce sharp enough characters for extended editing sessions.
		CGA's highest-resolution mode is 2 colors at a resolution of 640 by 200.
	www.webopedia.com /TERM/C/CGA.html (120 words)

	Color Graphics Adapter (CGA)
		The CGA supports several different modes; the highest quality text mode is 80x25 characters in 16 colors.
		Graphics modes range from monochrome at 640x200 (which is worse than the Hercules card) to 16 colors at 160x200.
		These dots are accessible individually when in a graphics mode but in text each character was formed from a matrix that is 8x8, instead of the MDA's 9x14, resulting in much poorer text quality.
	www.pcguide.com /ref/video/stdCGA-c.html (209 words)

	Color Graphics Adapter from FOLDOC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		graphics> (CGA) One of IBM's earliest hardware video display standards for use in IBM PCs.
		CGA can display 8025 or 4025 text in 16 colors, 640200 pixels of graphics* in two colors or 320200 in four colors* (IBM PC video modes 0-6).
		Nearby terms: co-location « colon « color « Color Graphics Adapter » color model » Colossus » colour
	foldoc.org /?query=cga&action=Search (61 words)

	[No title]
		Internal video cards have been around as long as the PC—IBM's original 1981 model had no graphics at all, until you added the IBM Color Graphics Adapter (CGA) and reveled in its 320 by 200 resolution modes in all four glorious available colors.
		The Quadro Plex 1000 is a set of graphics processors enclosed in its own box, capable of rendering 80 billion pixels per second and powering multiple monitors with a combined resolution of up to 148 million pixels.
		A completely external graphics card might be a neat upgrade for laptop users, but there are some technical hurdles that have to be overcome first.
	arstechnica.com /news.ars/post/20060802-7409.html (542 words)

	[No title]
		Sometimes CGA isn't involved at all in color problems or screen corruption--early games that supported VGA are guilty as well.
		I've included a CGA technical reference sheet in the Resources section so you have something to look at while you monitor port writes.
		The only exception to this is if it's a extra-color tweaked CGA mode (a quasi-text mode like that used in Round42, Moon Bugs, Bricks, etc.), in which case you'll probably want to patch what it's doing into its EGA and VGA equivalents.
	www.oldskool.org /guides/oldonnew/video (1001 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		* RSTERM * RSTERM is a graphics terminal emulator for the IBM-PC (and clones) using either the Color Graphics Adapter (CGA) or the Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA).
		In addition to providing graphical capability within RS/1, RSTERM provides VT-100 emulation for terminal emulation outside of RS/1, and KERMIT file-transfer protocol for moving files between the PC and the host.
		Within RS/1, RSTERM can operate in one of two graphics modes: IBMPC_EGA - when your display is (or emulates) an Enhanced Color Display with an Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA).
	www-acs.ucsd.edu /offerings/userhelp/COLD/rsterm.readme (2738 words)

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